a study of materialism in sons and lovers【畢業(yè)論文+任務(wù)書+開題報(bào)告+文獻(xiàn)綜述】

1、<p><b>　　本科畢業(yè)論文</b></p><p><b>　?。?0 屆）</b></p><p><b>　　英語(yǔ)</b></p><p>　　A Study of Materialism in Sons and Lovers</p><p>　　外語(yǔ)學(xué)院

2、學(xué)生畢業(yè)論文獨(dú)創(chuàng)性聲明</p><p>　　本人鄭重申明：所呈交的畢業(yè)論文是本人在導(dǎo)師的認(rèn)真指導(dǎo)下，獨(dú)立進(jìn)行研究工作所取得的研究成果。除文中已經(jīng)注明引用的內(nèi)容外，本論文不包含其他個(gè)人或集體已經(jīng)發(fā)表的學(xué)術(shù)成果，也不包含為獲得浙江萬(wàn)里學(xué)院或其它教育機(jī)構(gòu)的學(xué)位證書而使用過(guò)的材料。對(duì)本文的研究做出的重要貢獻(xiàn)的個(gè)人和集體，均已在文中以明確方式表明。如本文涉及上述聲明及任何知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)糾紛，本人將承擔(dān)一切責(zé)任。</p>

3、;<p>　　學(xué)生簽名：_____________日期：____________</p><p><b>　　摘 要</b></p><p>　　本文旨在研究小說(shuō)《兒子與情人》中所反映的物質(zhì)主義觀,并引發(fā)人們對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)高速發(fā)展的社會(huì)對(duì)人們所造成的負(fù)面影響的思考。小說(shuō)《兒子與情人》發(fā)生在工業(yè)社會(huì)起步之初，那個(gè)時(shí)代人們熱切追求物質(zhì)享受，對(duì)物質(zhì)有著過(guò)于強(qiáng)烈的興趣和

4、渴望，從而導(dǎo)致了忽略精神追求的可悲結(jié)果。本文正是以物質(zhì)主義為理論基礎(chǔ)，結(jié)合小說(shuō)創(chuàng)作的時(shí)代背景，分析了小說(shuō)《兒子與情人》中的這種現(xiàn)象。作者通過(guò)大量的舉例作為論據(jù)，以客觀的角度從物質(zhì)主義者的五大特點(diǎn)入手，闡釋了莫瑞爾夫婦的婚姻悲劇和他們的兒子的扭曲的成長(zhǎng)經(jīng)歷都是物質(zhì)主義價(jià)值觀的產(chǎn)物。結(jié)論表示，高度發(fā)展的經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)使得人們崇尚物質(zhì)主義，精神世界崩塌。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：物質(zhì)主義 物質(zhì) 精神</p>

5、<p><b>　　Abstract</b></p><p>　　The purpose of this study is to investigate the adverse impact of people’s life with the great economic development of industrial society. At the period of th

6、at time, many people follow materialism to have a great desire for possessions and money. The discussion is based on the theory of “materialism”, which explains the phenomenon in the novel Sons and Lovers. The author giv

7、es plenty of examples from an objective perspective as the evidences of the study. Through the search of five features of </p><p>　　Key Words: Materialism Physical Spiritual</p><p><b>　　

8、Contents</b></p><p>　　1 Introduction-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1</p><p>　　2 Definition of Materialism-----------------------------

9、----------------------------------------2</p><p>　　3 Introduction of Sons and Lovers-------------------------------------------------------------3</p><p>　　3.1Social Background of Sons and Lover

10、s---------------------------------------------3</p><p>　　3.2Introduction to Main Roles------------------------------------------------------------4</p><p>　　3.3 Introduction to Lawrence---------

11、----------------------------------------------------5</p><p>　　4 Analysis of Materialism in Sons and Lovers-----------------------------------------------6</p><p>　　4.1Pursuit of More Property -

12、------------------------------------------------------------6</p><p>　　4.2Belief in Property can Bring Them with Happiness------------------------------8</p><p>　　4.3Materialists Appraise Goods

13、with High Comments------------------------------10</p><p>　　4.4Eagerness to Achieve and Keep Property-----------------------------------------11</p><p>　　4.5 Representation of People’s Sense of

14、Insecurity----------------------------------12</p><p>　　5 Conclusion------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13</p><p>　　Works Cited-------------------

15、------------------------------------------------------------------15</p><p>　　Acknowledgement</p><p>　　A Study of Materialism in Sons and Lovers</p><p>　　1 Introduction</p>&

16、lt;p>　　The novel Sons and Lovers is written by Lawrence. It shows the situation in Lawrence’s time. It was a period just followed by the industrial revolution. Industrialization spread over almost every corner of the

17、world at that time. Even the peace and harmony with natural environment was replaced by strong will towards money and higher social status. In other words, materialism was very common in that period of time. Almost all t

18、he tragedies result in the change. The aspect of materialism is a good</p><p>　　What’s more, the modern society is going on an even more severe way than that period. Too many people pay all their attention t

19、o money and social status. The study from this aspect can offer some advice and suggestions for people in the modern society.</p><p>　　This study is based on the theory of materialism. It discusses the featu

20、res of materialists according to their behaviors and dialogues in the novel. The concept of materialism, which comes from Wikipedia, is that</p><p>　　“materialism is the idea that everything is either made o

21、nly of matter or is ultimately dependent upon matter for its existence and nature. It is possible for a philosophy to be materialistic and still accord spirit a (secondary or dependent) place, but most forms of materiali

22、sm tend to reject the existence of spirit or anything non-physical.”(2012)</p><p>　　This paper consists of five parts: The first part offers the significance of the analysis and structure of the study. The s

23、econd part is about the definition of the core concept—“materialism”. It concludes the appearance and the application of it. The third point is relevant to the introduction of Sons and Lovers with its background, plot, a

24、nd the simple instance of the writer—D.H.Lawrence. The fourth part is the analysis of “materialism” of Sons and Lovers. It is analyzed from three main aspect</p><p>　　2 Definition of Materialism</p>&

25、lt;p>　　Materialism is defined in Wikipedia as “in philosophy, the theory of materialism holds that the only thing that exists is matter; that all things are composed of material and all phenomena (including consciousn

26、ess) are the result of material interactions. In other words, matter is the only substance.” </p><p>　　It has a simple and similar definition in Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary which was edited by Hornb

27、y(2009):“A tendency to consider material possessions and physical comfort as more important than spiritual values.”(p.343). It means that people are indulged in the requirement and desire for physical comfort. Under such

28、 a situation, it leads to the neglect of spiritual comfort. The interest of physical comfort is embodied in lifestyle, thoughts and behavior. Psychologists Richard Ryan and Tim</p><p>　　Fournier and Richin(2

29、004) think, materialists consider material possessions as the focus in their life. Besides, materialists achieve satisfaction by consumption. Therefore, to materialists, property and achievement of them is their first ai

30、m and a main living method. Materialists evaluate that property and achievement of property is higher than any other things and activities in life. Property and achievement of property is their value of themselves. Ger a

31、nd Belk(1996) have collected and studie</p><p>　　As what has been mentioned above, materialism is a kind of value. To materialists, it is a value which means to pursuit happiness and show their social status

32、 by owning money and property. Most of them consume to show their difference and think it is a good way to be spectacular and respected. What’s more, achieving property is their way to be satisfied and get happiness.<

33、/p><p>　　3 Introduction to Sons and Lovers</p><p>　　The story of main roles in Sons and Lovers is described at the period of British industrial revolution. As the social background is an important

34、clue and incentive, so the details of British industrial revolution should be put forward as below. In addition, the relations among the main roles are very crucial as well. And the writer of this novel—Lawrence lived at

35、 that period of time. So the introduction of Lawrence is necessary to be represented for the study.</p><p>　　3.1 Social Background of Sons and Lovers</p><p>　　The novel was accomplished in 1913.

36、 It was in the period of industrial revolution. The industrial revolution was a period from the 18th century to the 19th century. Yi Jiexiong(2000) pointed out that at the period of industrial revolution, Britain became

37、the factory of the world with dramatic economic development(p.32).</p><p>　　Lawrence(1914) pointed out that the reason why British people were afraid of everything was that people needed to bear suffer while

38、 a big revolution happened(p.58).</p><p>　　It started in the United Kingdom first, then spread throughout Europe, North America, and eventually affected most of the world. Wen Hongrui(2004)wrote that “It beg

39、an with the introduction of machinery in the textile industry in the 1760s and lasted until the 1840s when machinery was widely used in practically every field of major industries.”(p.98).</p><p>　　The impac

40、t of industrial revolution on society was enormous. It brought lots of changes in some fields, such as, agriculture, manufacturing, mining. These changes has direct influences on the iron-making techniques’ development a

41、nd coal’s increased use. There began a transition in Great Britain，that from manual labor towards machine-based manufacturing. Trades were largely depended on the use of canals, advanced roads and railways. People’s life

42、 turned into a transitional period as well. The fir</p><p>　　3.2 Introduction to Main Roles</p><p>　　To some extent, this novel is an autobiography. As the main resources of it is from the write

43、r’s early part of life. It is said that if the focus of a family is on material life, people will neglect spiritual life. This phenomenon will cause a series of critical problems.</p><p>　　In the Morels’ fam

44、ily: father Walter Morel is a rude and illiterate miner, who is vigorous and addicted in drinking. Mother—Mrs. Morel is from a middle class family, and she is a delicate woman. She feels disappointed with her husband, so

45、 she transfers all her love to her two sons—William and Paul. At that time of England is different in the relation between parents and children. Wu Fei(2011)wrote that “Another change in family life is the attitude of ad

46、ults to children: parents treat their chil</p><p>　　William is the eldest brother among the children of Mrs. Morel. He is smart, through his efforts, he works in London and nearly gets married with a girl, b

47、ut he is influenced by his mother so that he always has doubts with the girl. After William’s death, Mrs. Morel gives all her love to her second son Paul. Paul is intelligent and good at drawing. He is a sensitive man as

48、 well. In this novel, he falls in love with two women. One is Miriam, who has high respect to religion and spiritual love. Be</p><p>　　3.3 Introduction of Lawrence</p><p>　　David Herbert Lawrenc

49、e is a very famous modernism writer in the history of English novels. Lawrence lived in a family which was distorted. He was born in a working class family in a small village which is along the river bank. As Pike(1983)

50、 pointed out that, the earlier factories were set along the river bank as they were described in the novel(p.23). And Professor Xing Jianchang(2003) wrote that Lawrence’s hometown was traditional mining area which was su

51、rrounded by dirty cottages and drunk mi</p><p>　　As he was very hard-working, he got scholarship and became a teacher. He started writing from 1906, when he began to be a college teacher. Lawrence met his fu

52、ture wife—Frieda in 1912, a professor’s wife in Nottingham University, and eloped a few weeks later. In the novel, Paul’s second lover Clara Dawes, an older and sensual woman, is almost the portrait of Frieda.</p>

53、<p>　　Sons and Lovers is the third important novel in Lawrence’s life and it is also the transition of his writing career. Through the description of complex relationship and spirit crisis of Britain, his novels de

54、eply post the fleshiness under the pressure of mechanical drawing. Lawrence’s many works are praised of its modest treatment of industrial life and sexuality, especially Sons and Lovers. This novel is a type of Freud’s t

55、heory on sexuality—the Oedipus complex. After Sons and Lovers is publish</p><p>　　Although Lawrence was very weak from being a child, he devoted all his life to his writing and was a rover in foreign countri

56、es. Moore(1993) stated that, Lawrence left England and felt relaxed because he hated the darkness which brought by industrialization(p.358). Lawrence died in March of 1930 because of tiredness of work.</p><p&g

57、t;　　4 Analysis of Materialism in Sons and Lovers</p><p>　　The paper will analyze materialism from five features. The passages below are the examples and explanations of the phenomenon in the novel.</p>

58、<p>　　4.1 Pursuit of More Property</p><p>　　Materialists consider physical possessions and material life as the most important thing. So the pursuit of more property is one of their obvious feature. T

59、he passage below describes William’s thoughts toward his girlfriend—Lily. It is chosen from the novel and explains how strong will the materialist have towards their pursuit of more property.</p><p>　　“You k

60、now, mother,” he said, when he was alone with her at night, she’s no idea of money, she’s so vessel-brained. When she’s paid, she’ll suddenly buy such rot as maroons glace, and then I have to buy her season-ticket, and h

61、er extras, even her underclothing. And she wants to get married, and I think myself we might as well get married next year.” (Lawrence,1915,p.127).</p><p>　　“She”, which is mentioned above, is the girl that

62、William falls in love with in London. Because William likes the kind of high-class life, he is fond of all kinds of entertainment, the well-dressed and communication with gentle men and ladies. So he is attracted more

63、easily by well-dressed lady with high-class behavior. Lily is a girl who is beautiful and behaves as a lady. Though her family is not rich, she lives a high quality life in material side. She has no idea about dealing wi

64、th money, </p><p>　　“She could understand nothing but love-making and chatter. He was accustomed to having all his thoughts shifted through his mother’ mind; so, when he wanted companionship, and was asked i

65、n reply to be the billing and twittering lover, he hated his betrothed.”(Lawrence.1915,p.127).</p><p>　　We can learn from the above passage that Lily is the one—“she” who can understand nothing but love-maki

66、ng and chatter. Though, Lily is only suitable for William requirement in the side of high-class look and behavior. In spiritual side, she doesn’t like reading and she is only good at amativeness. William is the one “he”

67、which mentioned above, who is a clear and brilliant young man. Lily’s strong will in material life is quite a heavy burden for him. He becomes vigorous, while sad. And he works </p><p>　　4.2 Belief in Proper

68、ty can Bring Happiness</p><p>　　Mrs. Morel has her thoughts of happiness. She thinks middle class or even higher class life can bring happiness. In her mind, under that situation, it’s easier to get more pro

69、perty and live a substantial life. So she tries her best to influence his sons to be that.</p><p>　　“The elder brother was becoming quite swanky. In London, he found that he could associate with men far abo

70、ve his Bestwood friends in station. Some of the clerks in the office had studies for the law, and were more or less going through a kind of apprenticeship. William always made friends among men whenever he went, he was s

71、o jolly. Therefore he was soon visiting and staying in houses of men who, in Bestwood, would have looked down on the unapproachable bank manager, and would merely have calle</p><p>　　Here “the elder brother”

72、 refers to William. William is a very brilliant man. He studies well and behaves well in competition. He can get jobs easily and have high salary in Bestwood. And he enjoys communicating with middle-class people and like

73、s to join all kinds of entertainment. Then he goes to look for work in a big city. Then he finds work in lawyers’ office and works hard, so his salary becomes higher and higher. He quickly adjusts himself into this kind

74、of life. And in this kind of life, h</p><p>　　When he just gets his previous work, he sends as much money as he can to Mrs. Morel. After he finds the joy and enjoys the happiness brought with his high salary

75、, he sends less money to his mother. Finally, he does not send money back again. Even sometimes, he lives beyond salary. </p><p>　　In the novel, another example is that, “She frankly wanted him to climb into

76、 the middle class, a thing not very difficult, she knew. And she wanted him in the end to marry a lady.”(p.248).</p><p>　　The passage above is Mrs. Morel’s thoughts after William’s death. As after the death

77、 of William, Mrs. Morel transfers her expectation to her second son, Paul. In the tenth chapter of this novel, Mrs. Morel tries to persuade Paul to do as what she thinks to obtain happiness. Mrs. Morel wants Paul to tota

78、lly separate himself from Miriam and focus on climbing into the middle class. She doesn’t want him to communicate with common people too much. Paul is different from his elder brother William, who</p><p>　　4

79、.3 High Comments on Goods</p><p>　　Materialists prefer paying much attention to physical world than spiritual world. As goods are one important constituent part of physical world, materialists usually apprai

80、se goods on high comments. At the same time, their spiritual life turns to disorder easily.</p><p>　　“Mrs. Morel was angry. But she was too poor, and her orders were too meager, so that she had not the coura

81、ge to insist her rights just then. They waited and waited…He marveled at his mother’s hardness. He knew that only years of battling had taught her to insist even so little on her rights.”(p.95).</p><p>　　The

82、 passage which is chosen from the novel is another example. It is after Paul’s interview in a manufacturer of surgical appliances in Nottingham. Because it’s sunny and everything goes well till now, so Mrs. Morel and Pa

83、ul are in good mood. Though they think it’s a great extravagance to do so, Mrs. Morel still decides to have dinner in a restaurant, which seems to be a cheap one. In the small restaurant, they feel embarrassed to order c

84、heap food, but they are not brave enough to go out of the</p><p>　　What’s more, Mrs. Morel easily becomes happy because of getting nice products or goods. When she wears well like an upper class lady, she be

85、haves to be more confident. To some extent, William is similar to her. He is attracted by a girl just because of her nice dressing. Because he feel respected with this kind of girl. </p><p>　　4.4 Eagerness

86、 to Achieve and Keep Property</p><p>　　Another materialists’ feature is their pursuit of more property. As property is the focus and base of materialists’ life, of course, materialists are eager to achieve a

87、nd keep property. We can find a lot of examples in this novel.</p><p>　　“She did not mind neither the mess, nor the hammering and noise. He was busy and happy.”</p><p>　　“But in the seventh mon

88、th, when she was brushing his Sunday coat…They were the bills of the household furniture, still unpaid.”</p><p>　　“’Walter is paying me rent,’ replied the mother,”</p><p>　　“The young wife was s

89、ilent.”</p><p>　　“She said very little to her husband, but her manner had changed towards him. Something in her proud, honorable soul had crystallized out hard as rock.”</p><p>　　“When October

90、 came in, she thought only for Christmas. Two years ago, at Christmas, she had met him. Last Christmas she had married him, This Christmas she would bear him a child.”(Lawrence,1915,p.15).</p><p>　　Before M

91、r. Morel and Mrs. Morel get married, Mrs. Morel is attracted by Mr. Morel’s different lifestyle. At that time, Mr. Morel is a happy miner, who is vigorous and likes dancing very much. His passion attracts Mrs. Morel’s at

92、tention. Mrs. Morel realizes that she likes the feeling of being free and easy. When it comes to the seventh month of their marriage, she finds that they are still in debt. The furniture is still unpaid. And the house is

93、 not owned by Mr. Morel as what he says, but his par</p><p>　　4.5 Representation of Sense of Insecurity</p><p>　　Materialists have their exclusive thoughts. They are indulged in the requirement

94、and desire for physical comfort. This kind of situation leads to the neglect of spiritual comfort. Their thoughts have close correlation with materialism. They are anxious about being deprived of production materials and

95、 feel lack of stableness. Children in inherit their parents’ anxiousness and loneliness. Women and children’s status is very low and their basic rights can’t be assured. In addition, they can’t adapt</p><p>

96、　　At that period of time, people endured the pressure of life and society. Little by little, they got the spirit of capitalism and they turned their attitudes toward two directions. One is to be an utmost pessimist, who

97、is very sensitive to the unfair phenomenon, and can’t help hating it. The other one is to tend to admire the moneybags and dignity, and look down on poor people. </p><p>　　“So, it seemed, her home was there

98、behind her, fixed and stable. But she felt wretched with the coming child. The world seemed a dreary place, where nothing else would happen for her—at least until William grew up. But for herself, nothing but this dreary