山東建筑大學(xué)環(huán)境工程專業(yè)本科畢業(yè)論文

1、<p><b>　　本科畢業(yè)論文</b></p><p>　　環(huán)境工程專業(yè)詞匯的特點(diǎn)及其翻譯</p><p>　　題 目：The Lexical Features of Environmental</p><p>　　Engineering English and their

2、 Translation</p><p>　　院 （部）： 市政與環(huán)境工程學(xué)院</p><p>　　專 業(yè)： 環(huán)境工程</p><p>　　班 級： 環(huán)工061</p><p>　　姓 名： </p><

3、;p><b>　　學(xué) 號： </b></p><p><b>　　指導(dǎo)教師： </b></p><p>　　完成日期： 2009年5月10日</p><p><b>　　CONTENTS</b></p><p>　　Abstract………………………………………

4、…………………..……………………………….……..iv</p><p>　　摘要…………………………………………………………………………………………v</p><p>　　Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………1</p><p>　　Chapter 1 The Classification of Envir

5、onment Engineering Specialized Vocabulary...2 </p><p>　　1.1 Technical Words……………………………………………………………………………...……….2</p><p>　　1.2 Sub/semi-technical Words…………………………

6、……………………………………………….. ..2</p><p>　　1.3 Common Words………………………………………………………………………………………..3</p><p>　　Chapter 2 The Features of environment engineering specialized vocabulary……..…..4</p><p

7、>　　2.1 Latin or Greek Origin………………………………………………………………………………….4</p><p>　　2.2 Affixation…………………………………………………………………………...………………….4</p><p>　　2.3Compounds and Shortening……………………………………………………………….…………

8、…4</p><p>　　2.3.1 Compounds………………………..…………………………………………………………….….5</p><p>　　2.3.2 Shortening………………..…………………………………………………………………………5</p><p>　　2.4Analogy…………………...……………………………………………………………

9、………………5</p><p>　　2.5 Coinage of New Words………………………………………………………………………………...6</p><p>　　Chapter 3 Environmental Engineering English Vocabulary Translation Strategy .....7</p><p>　　3.1

10、 Free Translation…………………………………………………………………………...7</p><p>　　3.2 Transliteration………………………………………………………………………………………….7</p><p>　　3.3 Transliteration and Free–translation…………………………………………………………………...8&

11、lt;/p><p>　　Chapter 4 Word Choice and Expression in the Translation ……………………….……....9</p><p>　　4.1 The Choice of the Right Meaning………...…………………………………………………………...9</p><p>　　4.2 The Cho

12、ice of Proper Expression……………………………………………………………….…….9</p><p>　　4.2.1 derived meaning………………………………………………………………………………..…..9</p><p>　　4.2.2 conversion of part of speech…………………………………………………………………..….

13、10</p><p>　　Chapter 5 The qualifications of Environmental Engineering Translation . 11</p><p>　　5.1 Accumulated Expertise………………………………………………………………………...……..11</p><p>　　5.2 P

14、rofessional Knowledge……………………………………………………………………………...11</p><p>　　5.3 Extensive Reading………………….……………………………………………………………….11</p><p>　　5.4 Consult the Dictionaries……………...……………………………………………………………...1

15、2</p><p>　　Conclusion 13</p><p>　　References 14</p><p>　　Ac

16、knowledgement 15</p><p><b>　　Abstract</b></p><p>　　Environmental Engineering is part of scientific English, and its high degree

17、 of difficulty lies not only in terms of its large and growing number of new terms, but also in its unique characteristics. Scientific English is a tool different from the ordinary English. As a tool for global communica

18、tion, the spread of English in the technical aspects of scientific theories play a decisive role. Therefore, understanding the characteristics of English vocabulary and their translation methods are helpf</p><

19、p>　　Key words：Environmental Engineering Vocabulary; translation skills</p><p><b>　　摘 要</b></p><p>　　環(huán)境工程專業(yè)詞匯的翻譯屬于科技英語翻譯的范疇，其難度不僅在于其詞匯的數(shù)目龐大和增長速度之快，而且還在于它獨(dú)有的特征?？萍加⒄Z是有別于普通英語的工具性語言，

20、作為全球交流的工具，科技英語在傳播科學(xué)理論技術(shù)方面起著舉足輕重的作用。因此，了解科技英語詞匯的特點(diǎn)，和翻譯方法，對于從事教學(xué)或者是科技翻譯工作者來說是一個(gè)必要的能力。本文主要探討了下面五個(gè)方面的問題：</p><p>　　1 環(huán)境工程英語詞匯的分類，</p><p>　　2 環(huán)境工程英語詞匯的構(gòu)成，</p><p>　　3 環(huán)境工程英語詞匯翻譯的策略，</p&

21、gt;<p>　　4.翻譯時(shí)詞義的選擇和表達(dá)，</p><p>　　5 環(huán)境工程專業(yè)英語翻譯者的基本素質(zhì)。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：環(huán)境工程詞匯 翻譯技巧</p><p>　　Introduction</p><p>　　The interpretation of environment engineering specia

22、lized vocabulary belongs to the translation of Scientific English. It is difficult not only because of the large amount, but also because of its rapid increase. What's more, it has its own characteristics. Specialize

23、d vocabulary is different from the common English. As the most important media of global communication, specialized vocabulary is rather important in the area of spreading scientific theories and technology. So comprehen

24、ding the fea</p><p><b>　　Chapter 1</b></p><p>　　The Classification of Environment Engineering Epecialized Vocabulary</p><p>　　Environment engineering specialized vocabul

25、ary includes technical words, sub/semi-technical words and common words. The using of technical words are just limited to some specialty; sub/semi-technical words are transformed from common words, in addition to their o

26、wn meaning, they also have other meanings in different subjects. In scientific and technical literatures, technical words are less than technical words or sub/semi-technical words.</p><p>　　1.1 Technical Wor

27、ds</p><p>　　Technical words refer to the vocabularies or glossaries which are only subject-based. Environment engineering specialized vocabulary have a series of exact and narrow words. The naissance of thes

28、e words always goes with the development of chemistry, physics, biology or other relevant fields and the naissance of new concepts, new theories, new technologies or new products.</p><p>　　For example: </

29、p><p>　　The word ‘photochemical’（光化學(xué)） in the phrase ‘photochemical smog’（光化學(xué)煙霧） was created by the scientist after London smog episode. This word is just used to describe a kind of pollution, we can hardly see

30、it in common words.</p><p>　　1.2 Sub/semi-technical Words </p><p>　　Sub/semi-technical words refer to the words which won't be confined to the context. These words' frequency of appearan

31、ce is always very high. These words are common words in useful expression, but have very rigorous meanings when be used in technical fields.</p><p>　　For example:</p><p>　　We define the word aer

32、ation（曝氣）‘the process of exposing to air (so as to purify)’in daily life, but as an environment engineering specialize word, it has a very narrow meaning. It just describes the way we throw more oxygen forcibly to the li

33、quid.</p><p>　　1.3 Common Words</p><p>　　Words in scientific English literature are different from which in common English. In scientific English, words tend to be long and big. For example,<

34、/p><p>　　Common words Scientific English </p><p>　　to agree to concur</p><p>　　to send to tr

35、ansmit</p><p>　　better superior</p><p>　　enough sufficient</p><p>　　OK satisfactory</p>

36、<p>　　get smaller diminish</p><p>　　push down depress</p><p>　　fresh hand inexperienced operator</p><p>　　By co

37、mparison we can find that common English words are shorter and often have different meanings; scientific English tend to be longer and always have singleness.</p><p>　　In scientific English, the difference i

38、s not absolute. With the technology and society developing, some technical have been becoming common words, such as radio, television and so on. In the sight of rhetoric, they are written languages without emotional colo

39、ring , appraise or transferred meaning.</p><p><b>　　Chapter 2</b></p><p>　　The Features of Environment Engineering Specialized Vocabulary</p><p>　　As a tool to expatiate

40、 on scientific judgment used by researchers, the vocabularies are always very formal and exact, and have powerful function of information. So scientific English appears to a lot of unique features.</p><p>　　

41、2.1 Latin or Greek Origin</p><p>　　A majority of the specialized vocabularies are made up of or come from Greek or Latin. For example, the word ‘chlorophyll’ was made up of the two Latin words: ‘chlor’ and ‘

42、phyl’; ‘rectifier’ borrow ‘recti’ from Latin. Based on the Stat of American scientific English expert Oscar E Nybaken, in ten thousand most common English words,46% words come from Latin and 7.2% come from Greek. This pe

43、rcentage will be higher when the words become more specialized. So we can say that Latin and Greek morpheme </p><p>　　Above all, scientific vocabularies demand that the meanings are exactly and the form are

44、regular. These two languages are both regular and both have the feature that the word morphologies are aptotic and the meanings are exactly. And it is just what the composing of scientific English call for. What’s more i

45、mportant, Greek and Latin is higher all-around, they both have abundant affixes and these affixes can create many new words with different etyma.</p><p>　　2.2 Affixation </p><p>　　The composing

46、of scientific vocabularies depends on the combination of morphemes.</p><p>　　Affixation is a very important way to compose new words and a lot of scientific words create in this way. In the scientific words

47、which we often use, about 50 prefixes appear frequently, such as anti-, auto-, contra-, ex-, intra-, mono-, pre-, syn-, semi-, trails-, thermo-, un-, and so on; postfixes are about 30,such as -able, -al, -ic, -ise,-met

48、er and so on.</p><p>　　Because most scientific words are made up with some morphemes, we can comprehend by analogy to grip the thousands of words if we can deeply grip the meanings of the morphemes and comma

49、nd the over 1100 basing morphemes. For example, if we know the perfix ‘micro’, the etyma ‘scop’ and the postfix ‘ist’, we can easily guess the meaning of ‘microscopist’. Even if the word is very long, we can also get the

50、 meaning if we know the basing morphemes of the word. For example, the word octamethylpy-mphe-ph</p><p>　　2.3 Compounds and Shortening</p><p>　　2.3.1 Compounds</p><p>　　Compounds ar

51、e new words which are made up of two or more single words. Compounds appear more frequently than others, such as compound nouns: letter bomb, water purification system; compound verbs: air—drop, soft—hand; and compound a

52、djectives. </p><p>　　2.3.2 Shortening</p><p>　　The other flexible word-building of scientific English is shortening. With technology developing, the amount of shortening is bigger and bigger and

53、 has reached 100,000. The advantage of shortening is brevity and informative .Scientific shortening mainly includes:</p><p>　　(1) Acronym, which is made up of the first letter of each word, such as maser (ma

54、ser-microwave ampliffcation by stimulated emission of radiation，微波激射器), bradar (biologic radio detection and ranging曲頭釘)and so on.</p><p>　　(2) Clip-words. Several letters in the front words, which is made u

55、p out of each word,.This shortening is always used when the original word is very long and hard to be remembered,。</p><p>　　For example:</p><p>　　bb (1aboratory演講) </p><p>　　dir (d

56、irectory地址簿,電話簿)，</p><p>　　chem. (chemistry化學(xué)) </p><p>　　These words are usually Conventionality, so we should not create by our own mean.</p><p>　　(3) Initials, which are roughly t

57、he same with acronyms. The only difference is that initials must be read one by one letter,.</p><p>　　For example:</p><p>　　HIT (Health Indication Test)健康狀況測試 ,</p><p>　　BOD (Bioche

58、mical Oxygen Demand)生化需氧量,</p><p>　　COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand)化學(xué)需氧量</p><p>　　This shortening can make the long phrase short, but in different fields or rather in the same field, the initial ma

59、ybe have different meanings.</p><p>　　(4) Abbreviation shortenings are not always made up of the first letter. Some shortening jsut come from one letter and with a ‘.’ in the end.</p><p>　　For

60、 example:</p><p>　　Exp(export)出口 </p><p>　　Max (maximum)最大的、的最大限度的 </p><p>　　Fig, (figure)數(shù)字</p><p>　　etc.,(and so on)等</p><p>　　The original word maybe is

61、 not very long, but very widely used, so people make it shorter.</p><p>　　Some shortening have been conventional and can be understood by most scientist. On the other hand, for one shortening word can stand

62、for many different words, which brings difficulty to translator. </p><p>　　For example, MA can stand for machine account(臺帳), magnetic amplifier(磁放大器),main alarm(主報(bào)警信號), Manpower Administration[人力管理署(美)], ma

63、p analysis(地圖分析).Maritime Administration (海運(yùn)管理署) ,market analysis(市場分析), Middle Ages(中世紀(jì)), Military Academy(軍事學(xué)院) ,mixed amplifier(混合放大器) ,modulated amplifier(被調(diào)制放大器),Museums Association[博物館協(xié)會(美]],and so on.</p>&

64、lt;p>　　Customarily, longer the shortening word is ,less meanings it will have. What’s more, shortening words occur to be abundance in written form: sometimes all using capitalization, sometimes all using lowercase, an

65、d sometime being mixed. For example: ’AB’ can be written by ab, a/b, a&b, aB, AB, Ab, A—B, A·B, A/B.</p><p>　　Using blending to compose new words is also common. This kind of words is always compose

66、s by one word’s herder and the other’s rearward. Such as telecen (telephone+conference,電話會議), smog (smoke+fog煙霧), telex (teleprinter+exchange,電報(bào)).</p><p>　　2.4 Analogy </p><p>　　To imitate the o

67、riginal classes of words to create a new corresponding word is analogy.</p><p>　　Analogy includes synonymy analogy and antonymy analogy. Synonymy analogy is mainly used to imitate between synonyms, and anton

68、ymy is mainly used to imitate between antonymies.</p><p>　　For example: earthquake(地震)→moonquake(月震) </p><p>　　COD(Chemical Oxygen Demand化學(xué)需氧量) →BOD(Bio-Chemical Oxygen Demand生物需氧量) </p>

69、<p>　　2.5 Coinage of New Words</p><p>　　Facing some new words, people have no words to mirror, and then we will coin a new word. For example:</p><p>　　The ‘Prozac’(抗沮喪劑) is a word to descri

70、be a new medicament which can reduce the feeling of depression.se words are usually noun, standing for a new subject.</p><p><b>　　Chapter 3</b></p><p>　　Environmental Engineering Eng

71、lish Vocabulary Translation Strategy</p><p>　　The exclusive translation of terminology and vocabularyIn general, use the following methods:</p><p>　　3.1 Free Translation Translation method is

72、 based on the actual meaning of the original words to the corresponding Chinese terms. This method widely used translation of the translation of scientific and technological terms, with the concept of clear, easy to unde

73、rstand and the advantages of easy to remember. For example: guided missile automobile software barometer input hard-wired modem insulation resistance test insulation resistance and so on. These phrase are used this metho

74、d to translation.</p><p>　　屠宰廢水:slaughtering waste water </p><p>　　有機(jī)質(zhì):organic matters </p><p>　　可生化性: Biodegradability </p><p>　　水解酸化:Hydrolysis Acidification </p&g

75、t;<p>　　厭氧生物:Anaerobic organism </p><p>　　濾池工藝: aerated filter </p><p>　　氧化工藝:oxidation technology3.2 TransliterationTransliteration which is the original English pronunciation of the w

76、ord corresponding to the Chinese. This translation is used for measurement The place names, company names, abbreviations and initials are not yet fully understand the new terminology.</p><p>　　For example:&

77、lt;/p><p>　　gallon(加侖) , </p><p>　　clone(克隆) , </p><p>　　pound(磅) ,</p><p>　　Coco cola(可口可樂) ,</p><p>　　watt（瓦特） Franklin（富蘭克林）; </p><p>　　Benz

78、（奔馳）; </p><p>　　AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)（艾滋病）TOEFL (test of English as a foreign language)(托福)</p><p>　　This method is a last resort, which cannot be revealed the true meanin

79、g of words. With the new understanding of the terms of a lot of words have been used to replace the translation, </p><p>　　For example: </p><p>　　engine(引擎)</p><p>　　vitamin（維他命） &l

80、t;/p><p>　　microphone（麥克風(fēng)）</p><p>　　3.3 Transliteration and Free–translation This is a combination of transliteration and translation.For example:</p><p>　　Einstein equation (愛因斯坦方程)

81、</p><p>　　Noble prizes(諾貝爾獎) </p><p><b>　　beer（啤酒）</b></p><p>　　card（卡片）</p><p><b>　　Chapter 4</b></p><p>　　Word Choice and Expre

82、ssion in the Translation</p><p>　　4.1 The Choice of the Right Meaning</p><p>　　Among the Scientific English, words usually have a lot of meanings.We should choose the most exact one. Only in thi

83、s way can we expatiate the original text better. </p><p>　　It requirs two points:</p><p>　　4.1.1 Choose the best meaning based on the Situation</p><p>　　In different situation, word

84、s always have different meanings. So we should firstly definite which field is our translation about. </p><p>　　For example: </p><p>　　data bank 數(shù)據(jù)庫 transformer bank 變壓器組</p>

85、;<p>　　transfer bank 橫移臺架 bank slope 路堤邊坡</p><p>　　bank light 聚光燈 skid bank 冷床</p><p>　　line bank 接線排 channel bank 信道處理單元</p><p>　　gree

86、n bank 綠色沙洲 stock bank 毛料庫</p><p>　　4.1.2 Choose the best meaning based on the context</p><p>　　For example:</p><p>　　Major contributors in coat／ng technology have been i

87、n the cleaning process and oven structure．</p><p>　　涂層技術(shù)起主要作用的是清洗工藝和烤箱構(gòu)造。</p><p>　　(此處Contfilmtors譯“作用”，不譯“貢獻(xiàn)者”)</p><p>　　4.2 The Choice of Proper Expression</p><p>　　T

88、he above we discussed is mainly about the true meaning of the words. If we want to translate it to Chinese exactly, we should know how to make the proper choice. </p><p>　　4.2.1. Derived Meaning</p>&

89、lt;p>　　When we translate English to Chinese, sometimes we will meet some words that we can’t find in the dictionaries. In this case, if we translate forcedly at will, people can hardly understand it.We can conclude th

90、e logic from the context and try to derive.</p><p>　　For example：At present，petrol is the In0st comniorl food of various kinds ofcars．</p><p>　　目前，汽油是各種小轎車最常用的能源。</p><p>　　4.2.2Conv

91、ersion of Part of Speech</p><p>　　For there are many differences between English and Chinese, especially the grammar, meaning and expression, so when we are translation, we should make some conversion to mak

92、e the article natural and fluency.</p><p>　　For example：The solvent is water soluble．</p><p>　　這種溶劑是水溶性的。</p><p>　　In this sentence, the noun ‘water’ changes to a adverb to modify t

93、he ，adjective word soluble.</p><p>　　The desired paint can be static sprayed to set up to,hand wear— resistant coatings onto aluminium stock with various specifications．</p><p>　　所需油漆能利用靜電噴涂到各種規(guī)

94、格的鋁材上，形成堅(jiān)固耐磨的涂層。</p><p>　　In this sentence, the noun ‘static’ is used as an adverb to modify the verb spray.</p><p><b>　　Chapter 5</b></p><p>　　The qualifications of Env

95、ironmental Engineering Translation</p><p>　　As this translator should have some different from the literary quality of the English translation:5.1 Accumulated Expertise. </p><p>　　Our translati

96、on skills will be improved if we can remember more and more common expressions in environmental engineering. </p><p>　　For example: mimeograph, red-headed fly, general anesthesia, nitron and so on.5.2 Prof

97、essional Knowledge .</p><p>　　Professional knowledge is essential for the translator to understand the characteristics of English vocabulary, when a completely new term appears, the translator should try to

98、determine the meaning with the help of professional knowledge, Eg: gravisphem translated as "the scope of gravity," because it is combined "gravity (I Li)" with "sphere (range), which is a mixtur

99、e of two words; one more example: teletypesetter should be translated as "telex typesetting machine", through the analysis, we f</p><p>　　We can make full use of our spare time to get the access to

100、 the information age. With growing knowledge and vocabulary by extensive reading in the translation of science and technology can be easier to deal with. </p><p>　　For example: Light winds and a high moistu

101、re content created ideal conditions for smog formation. The unusual cold in London in the winter of 1952-1953 caused additional coal combustion and many people travelled only by car, which caused the occurrence of a comb

102、ination of black soot, sticky particles of tar and gaseous sulphur dioxide. This resulted in the heaviest winter smog episode known to men.</p><p>　　譯文：風(fēng)力小、高濕度為煙霧的形成提供了理想的條件。倫敦1952-1953年的那個(gè)冬天異常地冷，這就導(dǎo)致了煤炭燃燒的增

103、加，很多人選擇開車出行，這就導(dǎo)致了大量煤煙、瀝青懸浮顆粒、二氧化硫等的充分混合：這就導(dǎo)致了盡人皆知的倫敦?zé)熿F事件。</p><p>　　If we want to translate this part, we must have the knowledge of environment, chemistry, and the attention of the current affairs.</p>

104、<p>　　5.4 Consult the Dictionaries </p><p>　　The progress of science and our understanding of the world continue to emerge a lot of new disciplines and new areas, accordingly, a lot of new terms in sc

105、ience and technology. The vocabulary of science and technology are continually expanding. In translation, on the one hand, we have access to a large number of recently published dictionaries; on the other hand, we should