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1、<p><b> 原 文:</b></p><p> Lifestyle Changes: Significant Contribution to GHG Emission Reduction Efforts</p><p><b> Abstract </b></p><p> The
2、EU initiated a campaign “You control climate change”, which was launched in summer 2006. The campaign used TV, outdoor, and newspaper advertising, as well as a range of electronic tools, such as banners and emailings, to
3、 attract attention. There was a school student element as well – the Europa Diary for 2007–2008, with more than 2.3 million copies distributed throughout Europe, included a section on climate change and encouraged studen
4、ts to reduce their personal greenhouse gas emissions by </p><p> Based on this idea, the goal was set to analyse the possibilities to reduce GHG emissions in our everyday life based on experiments carried o
5、ut by the students at Vilnius University Kaunas Faculty of Humanities. The aim of the experiment was to calculate GHG emission reduction by one household during the year by changing life habits towards sustainable consum
6、ption and recording this daily. The Carbon Calculator available on the website developed by the EU campaign “You control climate change” wa</p><p> Keywords :Lifestyle changes Energy saving GHG emission r
7、eduction</p><p> Introduction</p><p> Fossil fuel burning is the main source of GHG emissions (Monbiot 2007). The major source of GHG in Lithuania is the energy sector, which is responsible fo
8、r 61% of all GHG emissions (CO2 equivalent in Gg), not taking into account removals/emissions from the LULUCF sector. </p><p> Households make up one-third of the total energy consumption in the EU. Househo
9、ld greenhouse gas emissions are directly related to the amount of energy consumed in households. However, different fuel sources have different greenhouse gas intensities. For example, electricity used from coal-fired po
10、wer stations is far more greenhouse-polluting than the usage of gas delivering the same amount of useful energy. Within each area of household energy use, there will be different strategies for the red</p><p&g
11、t; Houses, appliances, and the energy type they use give rise to a huge variation in regional household emissions. Nationally, a typical household using predominantly electric appliances may contribute up to 10 tons of
12、carbon dioxide per year while a house with many gas appliances may produce over 6 tons of carbon dioxide per year. According to AGO (1999), 1.29% of average household energy consumption is used for water heating, 16% by
13、refrigeration, 14% by room heating and cooling, 8% for lighting,</p><p> However, few places are average and household consumption is determined by geographical region, income, climate and building stock as
14、 well as by personal behaviour and equipment (Aubin 2003). The right choices for residential measures can significantly reduce GHG emissions in households and help the country to achieve GHG emission reduction targets se
15、t by international commitments, including</p><p> the UNFCCC Kyoto Protocol and following international climate change mitigation regimes after Kyoto.</p><p> Seeking to evaluate possibilities
16、 for households to reduce GHG emissions by changing lifestyle the comprehensive study was conducted by MSc programme students at Vilnius University Kaunas Faculty of Humanities. The main tasks of the study were:</p>
17、;<p> · To conduct a daily survey of students’ activities and record energy use and other</p><p> habits based on two scenarios – baseline and GHG emission reduction scenario,</p><p&
18、gt; including energy saving and evaluation of avoided GHG emissions in warm and</p><p> cold periods of the year</p><p> · To evaluate GHG emission reduction by using the Carbon Calculat
19、or based on</p><p> modified coefficients</p><p> · To evaluate GHG emission reduction potential in households and to compare</p><p> with GHG emission reduction potentials
20、in other sectors in Lithuania</p><p> The Framework for Assessment of GHG Emission ReductionPotential in Households</p><p> During the study conducted by MSc programme students at Vilnius Univ
21、ersity Kaunas Faculty of Humanities, the time spent for a specific activity is recorded andenergy consumed (electricity, gas, petrol) is assessed for a baseline and GHG emission reduction scenario. Based on this data, en
22、ergy consumed is multiplied by specific coefficients and GHG emissions for each activity are evaluated. Specific coefficients, obtained from the Carbon Calculator available on the website developed by the EU camp</p&g
23、t;<p> The cold year period is from 1 October to 31 March. The warm year period is accordingly from 1 April until 30 September. Energy saving is focused on lifestyle changes and is not related to investments in e
24、nergy saving equipment or house insulation. Avoided GHG emissions can be achieved free of charge.</p><p> The main algorithm applied in GHG emission reduction potential assessment in households is presented
25、 below.</p><p> GHG emissions during half a year for the baseline scenario were evaluated based</p><p> on the formula (1):</p><p> E1w =S1w * Dw * G </p><p><b&g
26、t; Here:</b></p><p> E1w – GHG emissions in households according to baseline scenario during warm year period</p><p> S1w – daily GHG emissions per capita during warm year period accord
27、ing to baseline scenario</p><p> Dw – the total amount of days during the warm year period</p><p> G – Population size adjusted to include disabled people and infants.</p><p> GH
28、G emission during half a year according to GHG emission reduction scenario</p><p> was evaluated based on the formula (2):</p><p> E2w =S2w * Dw * G </p><p><b> Here:</b
29、></p><p> E2w – GHG emissions in households according to GHG emission reduction scenario during the warm year period</p><p> S2w – daily GHG emissions per capita during warm year period acc
30、ording to GHG emission reduction scenario</p><p> Dw – the total amount of days during the warm year period</p><p> G – Population size adjusted to include disabled people and infants.</p&g
31、t;<p> Avoided GHG emissions in households during the warm year period as a result of energy saving and lifestyle changes are evaluated based on formula (3):</p><p> Mw =E1w - E2w </p><p&
32、gt;<b> Here:</b></p><p> Mw – avoided GHG emissions during the warm year period</p><p> In an analogous way avoided GHG emissions were evaluated for the cold period</p><
33、;p> of the year Mc based on formula (4):</p><p> Mc =E1c - E2c (4)</p><p> Total avoided GHG emissions in households were evaluated by totalling GHG</p><p> emissions avoided
34、 during the warm and cold year periods:</p><p> P =Mw + Mc (5)</p><p><b> Here:</b></p><p> P – total annual GHG emission reduction potential in households because of
35、 energy saving and lifestyle changes.</p><p> Evaluation of GHG Emission Reduction Potential in Lithuania</p><p> The results of a study conducted byMSc Programme at Vilnius University Kaunas
36、Faculty of Humanities indicated that total annual GHG emissions in Lithuanian households according to the baseline scenario amounted to 12.98 Mt. The approximate annual GHG emission reduction potential as a result of lif
37、estyle changes and saving energy and reducing waste is about 5.65 Mt in Lithuania. In the national energy efficiency programme adopted in 2007 (Ministry of Economy of Republic of Lithuania 2007), the to</p><p&
38、gt; The annual GHG emission reduction potential in the fuel combustion sector in</p><p> 2010 is just 1.9 Mt, in industry, –2.4 Mt. The total GHG emission reduction potential in Lithuania in 2010 is about
39、5.94 Mt without LULUCUF. Therefore, the total evaluated GHG emission reduction potential in Lithuania is very close to possible GHG emission reduction in households as a result of energy saving and waste reduction -5.65
40、Mt.</p><p> In Lithuania, because of the closure of the second unit at Ignalina NPP in 2009, it</p><p> is expected that GHG emissions will increase by about 5 Mt/year (Ministry of Environment
41、 of the Republic of Lithuania 2006). There is a plan to build a new nuclear power plant in Lithuania in 2015–2017. Construction of a new nuclear power plant in Lithuania would allow a reduction of GHG emissions by 5–6 Mt
42、/ year, which means it is not necessary to build a new nuclear power plant seeking to reduce increased GHG emissions because of the closure of the second unit of Ignalina NPP (Lithuanian Natio</p><p> Concl
43、usions</p><p> The annual GHG emission reduction potential in households based on the national energy efficiency programme (Ministry of Economy of Republic of Lithuania 2007) is about 0.52 TWh. Evaluated GH
44、G emission reduction potential in the household sector is 1.312 Mt CO2 per year in Lithuania, according to this document; however, the study conducted by MSc programme students of Vilnius University Kaunas Faculty of Hum
45、anities indicated that the lifestyle changes can allow a reduction of GHG emissions in ho</p><p> Concerted action in the residential sector can achieve significant greenhouse gas</p><p> redu
46、ctions. While the approaches are easily encouraged, they also need to be quantified accurately to balance against reduction targets. It is necessary to inform residents about simple cheap or cost-measures, allowing savin
47、g of energy and reduction of GHG emissions in households.</p><p> The evaluated total annual GHG emission reduction potential in Lithuania in 2010 is about 5.94 Mt without LULUCUF. Therefore, the total eval
48、uated GHG emission reduction potential in Lithuania is very close to the possible GHG emission reduction in households as a result of energy saving and waste reduction -5.65 Mt.</p><p> In Lithuania, becaus
49、e of the closure of the second unit at Ignalina NPP in 2009, it is expected that GHG emissions will increase by about 5 Mt/year. There is a plan to build a new nuclear power plant in Lithuania in 2015–2017. Construction
50、of a new nuclear power in Lithuania would allow a reduction in GHG emissions of 5–6 Mt/ year; therefore it is not necessary to build a new nuclear power plant seeking to reduce increased GHG emission because of the closu
51、re of the second unit of Ignalina NPP. F</p><p> 本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯</p><p> 外文題目: Lifestyle Changes: Significant Contribution to GHG Emission Reduction Efforts
52、 </p><p> 出 處: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 </p><p> 作 者: Dalia Streimikiene and Remigijus Ciegis </p><p>
53、;<b> 譯 文:</b></p><p> 生活方式的改變:顯著貢獻的溫室氣體減排力度</p><p> 摘要:歐盟發(fā)起的運動“你控制氣候變化”,這是2006年夏季推出。用于電視的運動,戶外,報紙廣告,以及為一定范圍的電子工具,如橫幅emailings引起注意。有一所學(xué)校學(xué)生的要素,以及 2007-2008年歐洲日記,有超過230萬份分布于歐洲 ,包括一
54、個關(guān)于氣候變化的部分并鼓勵學(xué)生有小的變化,以減少他們的日常個人進行的溫室氣體排放行為。</p><p> 在此理念的基礎(chǔ)上,目標以每天減少溫室氣體排放量設(shè)置為分析的可能性在我們的人文生命學(xué)院學(xué)生的基礎(chǔ)上考納斯維爾紐斯大學(xué)實驗進行。該實驗的目的是要計算的一戶年內(nèi)減少溫室氣體排放,通過改變生活習慣實現(xiàn)可持續(xù)消費并記錄這些日常。碳計算器活動由歐盟提供在網(wǎng)站上開發(fā)了“你控制氣候變化”是用來計算有多少公斤的二氧化碳可以被
55、保存生活方式的改變,每年采用。這項工作的結(jié)果描述了這一章。</p><p> 關(guān)鍵詞:生活方式的改變 節(jié)能 溫室氣體減排</p><p><b> 介紹</b></p><p> 化石燃料的燃燒是溫室氣體排放(蒙貝爾特2007年)的主要來源。在立陶宛的主要溫室氣體來源是能源部門,這是溫室氣體排放量負責的61%(CO2當量千噸),在不考慮清
56、除/部門和林業(yè)排放量。</p><p> 農(nóng)戶組成一個歐盟三分之一的能源消耗總量。住戶溫室氣體排放量直接關(guān)系到家庭消費的能源量的研究。但是,不同的燃料來源有不同的溫室氣體強度。例如,車站發(fā)電用燃煤遠遠更多的溫室污染能源的使用比有用的氣體的數(shù)量提供相同。在每個家庭能源的使用面積,房屋結(jié)構(gòu)會有不同的策略,為減少排放量,通過改變,養(yǎng)護和購買行為的變化,以及能源應(yīng)用到現(xiàn)有的設(shè)備(Kellogg 1981).</p
57、><p> 房屋,設(shè)備,以及他們所使用的能源種類引起家庭排放量巨大變化的區(qū)域。在全國范圍內(nèi),主要是一個典型的家庭使用的電器可能有助于注冊噸二氧化碳,每一年的10家電房子,而可能會產(chǎn)生許多氣體超過6噸二氧化碳,每年的碳。根據(jù)前(1999年),1.29%的平均家庭消費能源用于熱水,通過制冷16%,14%的房間供暖和制冷,照明8%的,超過7%的備用電源(Pears and Greene 1999; Pears1998).
58、</p><p> 然而,少數(shù)地方的平均家庭消費由地理區(qū)域,收入,氣候和建筑股,以及由個人行為和設(shè)備影響(奧賓2003)。住宅措施的正確的選擇可以顯著減少溫室氣體排放量在家庭,幫助國家實現(xiàn)溫室氣體減排目標,由國際承諾的京都,包括氣候變化框架公約京都議定書和氣候變化緩解后,按照國際制度制定。</p><p> 求評估人文學(xué)院的可能性戶減少溫室氣體排放量的生活方式的改變進行了全面的研究碩士
59、課程的學(xué)生在考納斯維爾紐斯大學(xué)。這項研究的主要任務(wù)是:</p><p> · 要進行其他習慣每日調(diào)查學(xué)生活動和記錄能源使用和場景的兩個-基線和溫室氣體減排方案,包括能源節(jié)約和冷期的年排放量在溫暖的評價和避免溫室氣體</p><p> · 修正系數(shù)來評估溫室氣體減排的碳計算器使用基于</p><p> · 立陶宛為了評估潛
60、在的溫室氣體減排和家庭中的部門比較溫室氣體減排潛力等</p><p> 評估溫室氣體減排的住戶潛力框架</p><p> 在該研究的學(xué)生進行MSc計劃系考納斯立陶宛中部城市維爾紐斯隊大學(xué)人文、花時間為一個特定的活動被記錄和能耗(電、氣、汽油)基線及評估,溫室氣體減排的情景。在此基礎(chǔ)上的數(shù)據(jù),能耗乘以系數(shù)和具體的溫室氣體排放的每一項活動進行了評估。具體系數(shù),競選獲得歐盟的碳計算器由發(fā)達國
61、家提供在網(wǎng)站上“你控制氣候變化”,被用來計算有多少公斤的二氧化碳可以被保存生活方式的改變,每年采用。有了這個數(shù)據(jù)有可能在立陶宛家庭評估溫室氣體減排潛力,考慮到該國的人口規(guī)模。研究和評估的主要不確定這是在相關(guān)的收入差距,人口和生活水平,地理位置優(yōu)越,教育,背景,環(huán)境依賴于特定的社會群體,年齡,性別,專業(yè),以及關(guān)注:所有產(chǎn)生影響關(guān)于具體的習慣和生活方式。這項調(diào)查是由學(xué)生,因此,代表社會群體的習慣特定的。然而,避免溫室氣體排放的所有住戶進行了
62、評價了這項研究。</p><p> 寒冷的年期由10月1日至3月31日。溫暖的年期相應(yīng)地從4月至9月1日30。節(jié)能的重點是改變生活方式,而不是投資于相關(guān)的保溫節(jié)能設(shè)備或房子。避免溫室氣體排放量可達到免費的。</p><p> 家庭的主要算法應(yīng)用于溫室氣體排放的減排潛力評價,提出以下溫室氣體排放量的基準線情景在半年基礎(chǔ)上進行了評價公式(1):</p><p>
63、E1w = S1w * Dw * G</p><p><b> 這里:</b></p><p> E1w--溫室氣體排放量的基準線情景按戶在溫暖年</p><p> S1w--溫室氣體排放量,人均每天在溫暖年期間按基準情景</p><p> Dw--總天數(shù)在溫暖的年</p><p> G
64、--人口規(guī)模調(diào)整,包括殘疾人和嬰幼兒</p><p> 在溫室氣體排放量減少一半的情況每年根據(jù)溫室氣體排放量的評估是根據(jù)公式(2)</p><p> E2w = S2w * Dw * G</p><p><b> 這里:</b></p><p> E2w--減少溫室氣體排放情況按戶排放的溫室氣體在溫暖的年<
65、/p><p> S2w--溫室氣體排放量期間,每天在溫暖的年人均溫室氣體減排根據(jù)情況</p><p> Dw--總天數(shù)在溫暖的年</p><p> G--人口規(guī)模調(diào)整,包括殘疾人和嬰兒。</p><p> 避免溫室氣體排放的家庭和生活方式的改變,在溫暖的一年期間,由于節(jié)約能源的評估結(jié)果根據(jù)公式(3):</p><p&g
66、t; Mw =E1w - E2w</p><p><b> 這里:</b></p><p> Mw--在溫暖的一年期間避免溫室氣體排放量</p><p> 在一個類似的方式避免溫室氣體排放量進行了評價公式冷期在今年的基礎(chǔ)上三菱商事(4):</p><p> Mc =E1c -E2c</p><
67、;p> 在家庭總避免溫室氣體排放量評價冷年期間,總計避免溫室氣體排放量在溫暖:</p><p><b> P=Mw +Mc</b></p><p> P--全年減少溫室氣體排放的生活方式的改變和潛力,因為在家庭節(jié)能。</p><p> 溫室氣體減排潛力評價立陶宛</p><p> 人文學(xué)院的考納斯結(jié)果維爾
68、紐斯大學(xué)進行的一項研究表明,在MSc計劃在立陶宛家庭的年總溫室氣體排放量按基準線情景為12.98噸。近似的年度溫室氣體減排潛力和減少廢物的結(jié)果作為生活方式的改變和節(jié)約能源約5.65立陶宛山英寸在國家能源效率2007年計劃于(2007年通過的共和國)立陶宛經(jīng)濟部,每年的總溫室氣體減排潛力的行業(yè)評價,只是在家庭中的1.31MTCO2并顯著降低。</p><p> 燃燒的2010年年度溫室氣體排放減少潛在的燃料部門僅
69、僅是1.9噸,工業(yè),-2.4噸。溫室氣體總排放量在2010年減排潛力立陶宛約5.94 T。因此,總的溫室氣體排放評估立陶宛減排潛力非常接近,可以減少溫室氣體排放戶山為5.65,結(jié)果節(jié)能和減少廢物。</p><p> 在立陶宛,由于2009年關(guān)閉核電廠的第二臺機組于伊格納林納,這是溫室氣體排放量預(yù)計將增加約5噸/年(2006年環(huán)境部立陶宛共和國)。有計劃興建核電廠在2015至2017年立陶宛廠一個新的。立陶宛建造
70、一個新的核電廠將允許減少溫室氣體排放山5-6 T/年,這意味著它沒有必要建立一個新的核電廠尋求減少溫室氣體排放量增加的第二封是因為伊格納利納核電站單位(立陶宛國家能源戰(zhàn)略2007年)。首先的,廉價或成本的措施應(yīng)以國家實施家庭部門,這將有助于大大減少溫室氣體排放研究。</p><p><b> 結(jié)論</b></p><p> 在年度溫室氣體排放減少的家庭基礎(chǔ)上,國家
71、能源效率方案(2007年立陶宛經(jīng)濟部民國)約為0.52億千瓦時。評估家庭部門減少溫室氣體排放的潛力是二氧化碳在立陶宛每年1.312噸,根據(jù)這一文件,然而,維爾紐斯大學(xué)人文學(xué)院的考納斯進行研究的碩士課程的學(xué)生表示,生活方式的改變可以允許減少溫室氣體家庭排放約5.65萬噸沒有任何額外投資的。住宅部門采取協(xié)調(diào)一致的行動中可以明顯地減少溫室氣體排放。雖然這些方法很容易鼓勵,他們也需要得到準確量化的減排目標之間取得平衡。這是必要措施通知居民有關(guān)簡
72、單廉價或成本,2010年能源和減少溫室氣體排放的住戶英寸的年度溫室氣體排放總量計算,在立陶宛讓節(jié)能減排潛力約為5.94T 上下。因此,總的溫室氣體排放評估立陶宛減排潛力是非常接近的可能減少溫室氣體排放山為5.65T,結(jié)果家庭節(jié)能和減少廢物。在立陶宛,由于核電站的關(guān)閉,第二臺機組于2009年伊格納林納,這是溫室氣體排放量預(yù)計將增加約5萬噸/年。有計劃興建核電廠在2015至2017年立陶宛廠一個新的。立陶宛建設(shè)的新核力量將允許去年減少溫室氣
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