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1、<p><b>  外文翻譯</b></p><p><b>  原文</b></p><p>  The Changing Ocean and Coastal Economy of the United States</p><p>  Material Source:http://www.ocean.us.c

2、om Author: Charles S.Colgan</p><p>  The United States Commission on Ocean Policy has undertaken a major review of factors affecting the nation’s coasts and oceans and will be reporting on its recommendati

3、ons for changes in national policy in 2009.An important part of the changes affecting the coasts and oceans have been changes in the demographic and economic environment as well as the natural environment.To help underst

4、and changes, the Commission asked the National Ocean Economics Project(NOEP)to prepare an analysis of these fact</p><p>  This paper provides a summary of key findings on the socio-economic factors influenci

5、ng the coastal and ocean economy that have been provided to the Commission and explores the implications of those trends.The report to the Commission primarily considers these trends from a national perspective;this pape

6、r explores some of the implications of these trends for state policies.</p><p>  Ten major conclusions have been drawn from the socio-economic analysis:</p><p>  1.The coast is not a single area

7、.Socio-economic data suggests at least four different regions that are coastal(coastal states,coastal watershed counties,coastal zone counties,and the near shore).</p><p>  2.The common perception that“every

8、one is moving to the coast”is incorrect.The pressure of population growth in coastal regions comes from the increasing size of the population within a fixed land area,not from a disproportionately large amount of growth.

9、 While the population growth rate in coastal areas has been consistent with national trends, the sheer size of the population density in the coastal area has major effects.</p><p>  3.Dramatic changes in the

10、 coast have come about from employment and economic growth, particularly in the near shore area.Nationally,employment growth was nearly three times population growth nearest the shore.North Carolina more than doubled its

11、 employment in the near shore area between 1990 and 2000,while four other states(Alabama,Mississippi, Florida,and New York)saw employment grow by more than 50%in the near shore area.</p><p>  4.The coastal a

12、nd ocean economy are related but not identical.The coastal economy comprises all economic activity in the coastal regions,while the ocean economy is that activity directly related to the ocean as an input.The ocean econo

13、my includes ocean dependent activities such as minerals extraction,fisheries,and marine transportation,while the coastal economy is a region which provides access to the services of the ocean as well as being a specific

14、economy within a larger region.</p><p>  5.Economic activity in coastal regions is very large.Seventy-five percent of the nation’s Gross State Product came from the coastal states in 2000.Almost half of the

15、economy 3 came from the coastal watershed counties,and more than one-third came from those counties in which states operate their Coastal Zone Management programs.The near shore area,which is 4%of the nation’s land,produ

16、ces more than 11%of the nation’s economic output.</p><p>  6.The ocean economy is also large,with 2.3 million people employed and$117 billion in output(gross state product)in 2000.The ocean economy comprised

17、 1.6% of the nation’s employment-ranging from 17.7% of Hawaii’s employment to 0.6% of Ohio and Indiana’s employment.</p><p>  7.The ocean economy has undergone dramatic change over the past decade.Tourism an

18、d recreation provided all of the job growth,while the other ocean economy sectors declined in employment(living resources,minerals,ship and boat building,and transportation)or grew only slightly(marine construction).The

19、ocean economy grew more slowly than the national economy.</p><p>  8.While the tourism and recreation sector has displayed significant job growth,the transportation and minerals industries play much larger r

20、oles in the ocean economy in their contribution to the economy than their employment share implies.These sectors,along with ship and boat building,pay the highest wages in the ocean economy.</p><p>  9.More

21、than 90%of the employment in the ocean economy is located in urban areas,but the ocean economy comprises a much larger proportion of employment in rural areas.</p><p>  10.We have invested very little in the

22、 understanding of the ocean and coastal economy and in the value of its resources. Sound policy will require improved understanding of socioeconomic factors,including expanding date collection,and management. Stats will

23、play a critical role,in partnership with the federal government,in collecting the required date.</p><p>  Implications for stares</p><p>  These findings suggest several important implications f

24、or state policies in several different areas,including coastal resource management,transportation,land use planning, economic development and state economic data collection and management.</p><p>  For coast

25、al resource management:</p><p>  From a population growth perspective,the coast is moving inland. Population growth is an issue for all coastal areas,but there are different trends within thedifferent sub-re

26、gions of the coast that must be considered.Upland areas are growing faster than the near shore,in part due to the limited amount and high price of shoreline real estate.Thus population growth pressures are more likely to

27、 occur in the counties near the shore,but away from the immediate shoreline.</p><p>  On the coast of population growth is not really the permanent resident in the short term, but those near the seashore lar

28、ge population. These include large population from the other parts into need more and more jobs but not in local live because prices high, hired. It also includes the tourists and recreation, who are those in several sum

29、mer in large populations in the coastal area. Cruise call is a thriving in the coastal communities of short-term population of extreme example. </p><p>  For Transportation:</p><p>  Coastal sta

30、tes and communities must plan for and build a transportation infrastructure to serve a much larger population in coastal areas than actually live there.Maine,for example,has a summer time population of 7 million but a ye

31、ar-round population of only a million.Because of rapid employment growth in near shore areas,transportation infrastructure must have the capacity to move employees on a daily basis and tourists on a seasonal basis.States

32、 should consider the best method for moving these</p><p>  State and local investment maritime transport (traffic facilities, so that cargo and passenger) is providing more valuable services, the economy as

33、a whole, particularly coastal economies. But competition transportation industry pressure and improved techniques are being reduced the demand for labor, especially in cargo handling, even if the importance of the overal

34、l economy is growing. Marine transport investment will become more and more important competitiveness of state-owned economy, as por</p><p>  For Land Use Planning:</p><p>  The problem of"

35、Spread" the problem is the different parts of the coastal problems. In some parts of the population growth driver, but in coastal most expansion is commercial and retail growth and employment is to promote the metho

36、ds of land use change. Residential expansion was the biggest problem in inland from the coast, there may be the land of lower prices, rapid population growth. But business growth is could spread the coast of shopping mal

37、ls, and major problems with development, and comme</p><p>  For Economic Development</p><p>  Changes in the ocean economy are presenting major economic development challenges.Tourism and recrea

38、tion are growing robustly,and coastal states may be competing with one another for that market.</p><p>  Tourism and recreation are increasingly taking over for other traditional uses of the ocean,such as fi

39、sheries,boat building and marine transportation.Those traditional uses remain very valuable to state economies,and cannot be forgotten merely because they are in decline.These issues can be especially acute for rural coa

40、stal economies.</p><p>  Coastal and ocean resources are key resources to the nation’s urban regions.The growth of tourism and recreation in urban coastal areas reflects both an attraction for national and i

41、nternational tourists,but also a key part of making coastal cities attractive places in which to live and work.</p><p>  The transition of people and communities away from dependence on declining fisheries w

42、ill continue to be an issue for the foreseeable future.Aquaculture will only partially replace the employment and economic activity associated with wild fisheries.</p><p><b>  譯文</b></p>&

43、lt;p>  美國不斷變化的海洋和沿海經(jīng)濟</p><p>  資料來源:http://www.ocean.us.com 作者:查爾斯科爾根</p><p>  美國海洋政策委員會已開展了對影響國家的海岸和海洋主要因素的研究,并會于2009年在國家政策變化的報告上提出建議The United States Commission on Ocean Policy (Commiss

44、ion) has undertaken a major。一種對影響海岸和海洋變化的重要部分,已經(jīng)改變了人口、經(jīng)濟環(huán)境以及自然環(huán)境。為了有助于了解,委員會要求全國海洋經(jīng)濟項目 (NOEP)準基于這些因素對海洋和沿海經(jīng)濟項目的數(shù)據(jù)進行分析。該NOEP是一個獨立的研究項目,在美國東部和西部海岸大學所在地,由國家海洋、大氣管理局(NOAA)和環(huán)境保護局(EPA.)資助。</p><p>  本文提供的對社會經(jīng)濟影響的沿海

45、和海洋經(jīng)濟已提供給委員會,并探討這些趨勢主要的影響因素。委員會的報告主要是認為要從國家的角度來看這些趨勢:本文探討了國家政策對這些趨勢的一些影響。</p><p>  從社會經(jīng)濟分析的十個主要結(jié)論:</p><p>  1、 海岸不是單個的區(qū)域.社會經(jīng)濟數(shù)據(jù)表明至少四個沿海的不同地區(qū)(沿海國家、 沿海流域縣、 沿海區(qū)縣和近海岸)。</p><p>  2、人們普遍認

46、為“每個人都正在面向海岸”是不正確的。The該pressure of population growth in coastal regions comes from the increasing size of the沿海區(qū)域的壓力來自于人口增長的規(guī)模日益擴大,population within a fixed land area, not from a disproportionately large amount of growth

47、.人口限制在一個固定的土地面積而不是從量的增長不成比例。While the population growth rate in coastal areas has been consistent with national trends,在沿海地區(qū)的人口增長率已與全國趨勢一致,人口密度對沿海地區(qū)龐大的規(guī)模有重大影響。</p><p>  3、海岸的劇變都是在就業(yè)和經(jīng)濟增長上,特別是在近海岸地區(qū)。在全國范圍內(nèi),就業(yè)

48、增長近三倍,人口增長最靠近岸邊。北卡羅萊納州超過其1990年至 2000,同時四個其他國家 (阿拉巴馬、 密西西比州、 佛羅里達州和紐約) 近海岸地區(qū)的就業(yè)增加一倍,近海岸地區(qū)的就業(yè)增長超過 50%。</p><p>  comprises all economic activity in the coastal regions, while the ocean economy is that 4、沿海和海洋

49、經(jīng)濟的相關(guān)但不是相同,包括所有沿海地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟活動形式,雖然是海洋經(jīng)濟activity directly related to the ocean as an input.活動直接關(guān)系到海洋作為輸入。 The ocean economy includes ocean海洋經(jīng)濟包括海洋dependent activities such as minerals extraction, fisheries, and marine transpor

50、tation, while相關(guān)活動,如礦產(chǎn)開采,漁業(yè),海洋運輸,而the coastal economy is a region which provides access to the services of the ocean as well as沿海經(jīng)濟是一個地區(qū)提供進入海洋的服務,以及being a specific economy within a la</p><p>  5、在沿海經(jīng)濟區(qū)域的活動是非

51、常大的。2000年國家百分之七十五的州生產(chǎn)總值來自沿海州。幾乎一半的經(jīng)濟來自沿海流域的縣,超過三分之一的人來自縣各國經(jīng)營其沿海區(qū)管理方案。近岸區(qū),即占全國4%的土地,產(chǎn)出超過國家經(jīng)濟輸出的11%。</p><p>  6、2000年海洋經(jīng)濟很大, 230 萬就業(yè)人員, 117 億美元 (總狀態(tài)產(chǎn)品) 產(chǎn)出。海洋經(jīng)濟中包括 1.6%全國就業(yè)-從 17.7%夏威夷就業(yè)到 0.6%俄亥俄州和印第安納州的就業(yè)。econo

52、my.</p><p>  7.海洋經(jīng)濟在過去的十年發(fā)生了戲劇性的變化。旅游及娛recreation provided all of the job growth, while the other ocean economy sectors declined in樂增長提供所有的工作,而其他海洋經(jīng)濟部門就業(yè)有所下降employment (living resources, minerals, ship and b

53、oat building, and transportation) or grew(生物資源,礦產(chǎn),船舶,造船,運輸)或only slightly (marine construction).只有輕微上升(海洋工程)。The ocean economy grew more slowly than the national海洋經(jīng)濟增長速度比全國經(jīng)濟增長速度慢。</p><p>  8、然而,盡管旅游和娛樂業(yè)表現(xiàn)出顯

54、著的就業(yè)增長,但是在海洋經(jīng)濟中,運輸和礦物工業(yè)對經(jīng)濟的貢獻發(fā)揮了更大的作用,這些因素影響這些船舶和造船行業(yè)在海洋經(jīng)濟產(chǎn)業(yè)中的工資最高。</p><p>  9、超過 90%的海洋經(jīng)濟中的就業(yè)位于城市地區(qū),但海洋經(jīng)濟包括在農(nóng)村地區(qū)就業(yè)比例大得多。</p><p>  10、在理解海洋和in the value of its resources.其資源價值上,我們投入已經(jīng)很少。Sound po

55、licy will require improved understanding of socio-良好的政策,需要更好地了解社會經(jīng)濟因素,包括擴大數(shù)據(jù)采集和管理。國家在與聯(lián)邦政府合作收集所需數(shù)據(jù)中將發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用。</p><p><b>  對各國的影響:</b></p><p>  這些結(jié)果表明了國家政策的幾個重要問題在幾個不同的領域,包括沿海資源管理,交通,土地

56、利用規(guī)劃,經(jīng)濟發(fā)展和國家經(jīng)濟數(shù)據(jù)收集和管理。</p><p><b>  對于沿海資源管理:</b></p><p>  從人口增長角度,海岸是個移動的島嶼。人口增長是所有沿海地域的一個共同問題,但也有不同的趨勢。旱地區(qū)日益更快地在近岸邊部分由于海岸線,部分原因是因為數(shù)量限制,更多的是高價的海岸線房地產(chǎn)。因此人口增長的壓力,更有可能發(fā)生在海岸附近的縣,但遠離即時海岸線

57、。</p><p>  海岸上的人口增長不是真正的永久居民,而是那些短期內(nèi)靠近海邊的大量人口。這些人口包括大量從外地進入需要越來越多就業(yè)機會但是不能在當?shù)鼐幼〉墓凸?,原因是因為房價很高。它還包括游客和游憩者,就是那些在幾個夏天在沿海地區(qū)的大量人口。游輪調(diào)用是一個蓬勃發(fā)展的短期人口在沿海社區(qū)極端的例子。</p><p><b>  關(guān)于交通運輸:</b></p&g

58、t;<p>  沿海國家和社區(qū)必須規(guī)劃和建設交通infrastructure to serve a much larger population in coastal areas than actually live基礎設施,以滿足更多的人口居住在沿海地區(qū)比實際得多領域there.。例如Maine, for example, has a summer time population of 7 million but a y

59、ear-緬因州,擁有700萬人口,但夏季時間同比round population of only a million.一輪人口只有一百萬。Because of rapid employment growth in near由于快速的就業(yè)增長在近shore areas, transportation infrastructure must have the capacity to move employees岸地區(qū),交通基礎設施必須有能力

60、移動員工on a daily basis and tourists on a seasonal basis.在日常工作和基礎游客對季節(jié)性。States</p><p>  ? State and local investments in marine transportation (facilities for the transportation 國家和地方投資海上運輸(交通設施,以便of freight a

61、nd passengers) are providing increasingly valuable services to the貨運和客運)正在提供越來越有價值的服務,economy as a whole- particularly the economies of coastal states.經(jīng)濟作為一個整體,特別是沿海國家的經(jīng)濟。 But competitive但是競爭pressures on the transportati

62、on industry and improved technologies are reducing the交通運輸行業(yè)的壓力和改進的技術(shù)正在減少demand for labor, particularly in the handling of freight, even as the overall對勞動力的需求</p><p>  The development of the cruise ship indu

63、stry as an 土地使用規(guī)劃:</p><p>  “蔓延“問題是沿海問題的不同部分。在一些地區(qū)population growth may drive sprawl, but in much of the coast it is commercial and人口的增長驅(qū)動器擴張,但在沿海大部分的是商業(yè)和retail growth- and its employment- that is driving ch

64、anges in land use patterns.零售增長和就業(yè)是推動土地利用方式的改變。Residential sprawl is likely to be the greatest issue in inland areas away from the住宅的擴張是在內(nèi)陸地區(qū)最大的問題可能會遠離coast, where land prices are lower and population growth faster.海岸,那里

65、的土地價格較低,人口增長快。 But commercial 但商業(yè)增長是可能蔓延海岸附近的重大問題,與購物商場帶的發(fā)展,以及商業(yè)辦公室空間的上升最快速度的近海岸地區(qū)。這樣快的增長趨勢,就業(yè)和附近的海岸住</p><p>  For Economic Development 經(jīng)濟發(fā)展 </p><p>  ? Changes in the ocean economy are presen

66、ting major economic development 海洋經(jīng)濟的變化主要是提出經(jīng)濟發(fā)展challenges.挑戰(zhàn)。Tourism and recreation are growing robustly, and coastal states may be旅游和娛樂增長強勁,沿海國家的競爭對手可能在其中的一個市場里。</p><p>  ? Tourism and recreation are inc

67、reasingly taking over for other traditional uses of the旅游和娛樂正越來越多地使用了超過了其他傳統(tǒng)ocean, such as fisheries, boat building, and marine transportation.海洋,如漁業(yè),造船和海洋運輸。Those traditional那些傳統(tǒng)uses remain very valuable to state econom

68、ies, and cannot be forgotten merely用途用途仍然非常寶貴的國有經(jīng)濟,不能僅僅因為他們被遺忘because they are in decline.用途在下降。These issues can be especially acute for rural coastal這些問題在沿海農(nóng)村尤為嚴重economies.經(jīng)濟。</p><p>  ? Coastal and ocean r

69、esources are key resources to the nation's urban regions. 沿海和海洋資源地區(qū)重點城市的資源是面向全國的。旅游業(yè)和娛樂于沿海城市地區(qū)的發(fā)展既反映了國家和國際游客的吸引力,而且還使吸引人的地方在沿海城市的居住和工作的重要組成部分。</p><p>  ? The transition of people and communities away f

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