the development current situation evaluation of industrial cluster in liaoning province

1、<p>　　The development current situation evaluation of industrial cluster in Liaoning province</p><p>　　4.2.3 Strengthening the regional cooperation and enhancing the comprehensive competitiveness </p

2、><p>　　We should strengthen the regional cooperation, the cities can exchange information and make the complementary advantages to form the regional advantages to have the "1 + 1 > 2" effect to imp

3、rove the comprehensive competitiveness of the industrial cluster. </p><p>　　5. Conclusion </p><p>　　This paper makes the quantitative analysis from the regional concentration degree and market c

4、oncentration degree of industry through using the absolute concentration index and Gini coefficient and makes the qualitative analysis on the industrial cluster in Liaoning province at the same time. It finds the develop

5、ment degree of the industrial cluster in Liaoning province is still relatively low and it remains to be further developed. </p><p>　　6. Acknowledgement </p><p>　　This research was financially su

6、pported by the social science plan fund project of Liaoning province in 2013 (The present situation evaluation and expectation of the industrial cluster of Liaoning province, the project approval number L13WTB005). </

7、p><p>　　References </p><p>　　[1] Ling Wang, The development strategy study on the industrial cluster of Liaoning province[J], Foreign Economic Relations & Trade of Heilongjiang Province, 2009 (

8、6). </p><p>　　[2] Yanbao Sun, The industrial clustering development research of Liaoning old industrial base[J], The Economic Perspectives, 2010 (22). </p><p>　　[3] Yunjun Ma, The cluster develo

9、pment research on the small and medium-sized enterprises in Liaoning province[J], The Theoretical Circle, 2010 (4). </p><p>　　[4] Ningshun Li, The development current situation preliminary study on the small

10、 and medium-sized enterprise industrial cluster of Liaoning province[J]. Science and Technology Management Research, 2011. 　　摘 要：中高職課程銜接既是現(xiàn)代職業(yè)教育體系建設(shè)的核心，也是其基礎(chǔ)。中高職課程體系銜接模式要基于以下五方面進(jìn)行選擇：以職業(yè)生涯為目標(biāo)，明確中高職教育銜接的專業(yè)定位；以工作任務(wù)為引領(lǐng)，確定中高

11、職教育銜接的課程設(shè)置；以職業(yè)能力為核心，確立中高職教育銜接的課程內(nèi)容；以典型服務(wù)為載體，設(shè)計(jì)中高職教育銜接的教學(xué)活動(dòng)；同時(shí)，以崗位標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為參照，強(qiáng)化中高職教育銜接的技能訓(xùn)練。 </p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：中職；高職；課程體系；銜接；選擇 </p><p>　　中圖分類號(hào)：G710 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼：A 文章編號(hào)：1671-9255（2014）01-0057-04 </p><

12、p>　　高等職業(yè)教育是高中或中職教育階段后的教育，屬于承接義務(wù)教育、中職教育的教育類別，與經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展聯(lián)系最為緊密。中高職院校必須對(duì)新技術(shù)發(fā)展趨勢(shì)保持敏銳態(tài)度，職業(yè)教育課程開(kāi)發(fā)者必須意識(shí)到學(xué)生的可流動(dòng)性，即中職學(xué)生從中職學(xué)校向高職院校、接受成人教育、社會(huì)培訓(xùn)轉(zhuǎn)移；高職學(xué)生從職業(yè)院校向高等院校轉(zhuǎn)移，還可以從一所職業(yè)院校向另一所職業(yè)院校轉(zhuǎn)移，甚至從一個(gè)國(guó)家向另一個(gè)國(guó)家轉(zhuǎn)移。所以，中國(guó)現(xiàn)代職業(yè)教育要實(shí)現(xiàn)體系化――中高本碩貫通，課程開(kāi)發(fā)必

13、須要兼顧全球化發(fā)展趨勢(shì)，從課程體系有機(jī)銜接作為切入點(diǎn)。中高職課程體系的銜接應(yīng)該根據(jù)專業(yè)特點(diǎn)，以專業(yè)人才培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)和培養(yǎng)規(guī)格為依據(jù)，從課程結(jié)構(gòu)、課程設(shè)置、課程內(nèi)容等多個(gè)維度，研究中高職課程體系銜接框架，基于以下方面完善自身路徑選擇。 </p><p>　　一、以職業(yè)生涯為目標(biāo)――明確中高職 </p><p>　　教育銜接的專業(yè)定位 </p><p>　　中高職教育均屬于

14、職業(yè)教育的范疇，因此培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)既存在一致性又存在差別性，這就要求準(zhǔn)確清晰地界定中職教育與高職教育的培養(yǎng)規(guī)格和主要任務(wù)。針對(duì)高中階段的中職教育主要培養(yǎng)的是操作技能型人才；針對(duì)?？苹虮究齐A段的高職教育主要培養(yǎng)的是技術(shù)技能型人才；本科后的高職教育主要培養(yǎng)的是高級(jí)技術(shù)技能型人才。中高職院校人才培養(yǎng)、專業(yè)定位、教學(xué)條件等方面一定要以學(xué)生的職業(yè)生涯為目標(biāo)進(jìn)行整體設(shè)計(jì)，中高職教育專業(yè)目錄要根據(jù)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展需要合理銜接，中職教育注重培養(yǎng)學(xué)生基礎(chǔ)的技能和簡(jiǎn)

15、單的理論知識(shí)，而高職教育應(yīng)當(dāng)考慮在中職教育基礎(chǔ)上，給予學(xué)生更高的專業(yè)技能、實(shí)踐技能和更完善的綜合知識(shí)，兼顧面向職業(yè)培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)的一致性，又體現(xiàn)綜合素質(zhì)培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)的層次性和差別性，實(shí)現(xiàn)學(xué)生從初級(jí)、中級(jí)到高級(jí)的有序的職業(yè)崗位的升級(jí)，從而合理規(guī)劃自身的職業(yè)生涯。同時(shí)應(yīng)當(dāng)賦予高職院校更多的任務(wù)，使得高職院校既能成為技術(shù)技能型人才的人才源，又能成為應(yīng)用技術(shù)的技術(shù)源，還能成為技術(shù)革新和技術(shù)改良的創(chuàng)新源。例如，會(huì)計(jì)專業(yè)的職業(yè)范圍包括各類工商企業(yè)、會(huì)計(jì)師事務(wù)

16、所、審計(jì)事務(wù)所等中介機(jī)構(gòu)和基層部門等。職業(yè)崗位涉及一是初級(jí)崗位（收銀員、資金核算員、成本核算員等）；二是</p><p>　　二、以工作任務(wù)為引領(lǐng)――確定中高職 </p><p>　　教育銜接的課程設(shè)置 </p><p>　　中高職院校的課程設(shè)置應(yīng)破除學(xué)科體系的束縛，按照行業(yè)企業(yè)職業(yè)崗位（群）或者技術(shù)領(lǐng)域的真實(shí)需要，以工作過(guò)程為導(dǎo)向、以工作任務(wù)為引領(lǐng)重新構(gòu)建課程改革

17、的思路，課程體系主體結(jié)構(gòu)由公共基礎(chǔ)課程、專業(yè)技術(shù)平臺(tái)課程、專業(yè)技術(shù)方向課程、綜合實(shí)踐、素質(zhì)拓展五個(gè)部分組成。公共基礎(chǔ)課程旨在中高職學(xué)生基本科學(xué)文化素養(yǎng)的養(yǎng)成，并為其未來(lái)的專業(yè)學(xué)習(xí)和終身教育奠定堅(jiān)實(shí)基礎(chǔ)。[1]專業(yè)技術(shù)平臺(tái)課程尤其其中的專業(yè)核心課程是實(shí)現(xiàn)中高職人才培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)，保證中高職專業(yè)人才培養(yǎng)規(guī)格和培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)的核心內(nèi)容和基礎(chǔ)。專業(yè)技術(shù)方向課程是根據(jù)專業(yè)所處的方向，培養(yǎng)中高職學(xué)生專業(yè)方向所具備的專業(yè)獨(dú)有技能、實(shí)踐能力和專業(yè)知識(shí)，重點(diǎn)構(gòu)建“崗

18、位課程+職業(yè)資格認(rèn)證課程+專業(yè)方向課程”的專業(yè)課程體系。綜合實(shí)踐旨在完成中高職院校學(xué)生的專業(yè)認(rèn)知、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）完成和頂崗實(shí)習(xí)等活動(dòng)。素質(zhì)拓展旨在開(kāi)闊中高職院校學(xué)生的視野、廣泛參與假期教學(xué)和第二課堂等校內(nèi)和校外社會(huì)活動(dòng)等。 </p><p>　　中高職院校的課程設(shè)置要根據(jù)學(xué)生的不同特點(diǎn)彈性和動(dòng)態(tài)調(diào)整，要結(jié)合不同區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)的需要合理安排，既要考慮課程設(shè)置的科學(xué)性與嚴(yán)肅性，還要考慮課程具體實(shí)施過(guò)程中的普適性與針對(duì)

19、性。職業(yè)教育作為一種類型教育，中高職教育只是層次之分，它不同于社會(huì)培訓(xùn)，課程設(shè)置要體現(xiàn)學(xué)生知識(shí)和技能的培養(yǎng)，要體現(xiàn)科學(xué)合理、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)有序，要根據(jù)不同區(qū)域、經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)不同發(fā)展階段要求，不斷予以更新、創(chuàng)造和完善。在具體實(shí)施過(guò)程中可以考慮單獨(dú)編制中高職一體“實(shí)驗(yàn)班”課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，解決課程重復(fù)設(shè)置問(wèn)題，教材選用應(yīng)按照培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)要求有所側(cè)重。 </p><p>　　三、以職業(yè)能力為核心――確立中高職 </p><p

20、>　　教育銜接的課程內(nèi)容 </p><p>　　中高職教育作為同一類型的教育，雖然培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的學(xué)歷層次水平不同，但在研究課程內(nèi)容時(shí)都需要有充分的市場(chǎng)調(diào)研，根據(jù)學(xué)生未來(lái)成長(zhǎng)需要，以工作崗位的典型職業(yè)活動(dòng)、工作過(guò)程為導(dǎo)向，以綜合職業(yè)能力（專業(yè)基本技能、專業(yè)發(fā)展能力和社會(huì)適應(yīng)能力）為核心，融入職業(yè)資格標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，合理構(gòu)建中高職教育銜接的課程體系。中高職教育銜接課程內(nèi)容的設(shè)計(jì)主要在公共基礎(chǔ)課程和專業(yè)核心課程，其中專業(yè)核心課

21、程是重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)。[2] </p><p>　　在公共基礎(chǔ)課程的設(shè)計(jì)上，中職階段公共基礎(chǔ)課程主要包括德育、數(shù)學(xué)、語(yǔ)文、英語(yǔ)、計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用基礎(chǔ)、體育等課程，課程內(nèi)容的選擇和課時(shí)的確定，應(yīng)該按照教育部頒布的中職公共基礎(chǔ)課程教學(xué)大綱要求來(lái)實(shí)施，充分考慮學(xué)生畢業(yè)后升入高職院校學(xué)習(xí)的需要。高職階段公共基礎(chǔ)課程主要包括思想道德修養(yǎng)與法律基礎(chǔ)、毛澤東思想和中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義理論體系概要、形勢(shì)與政策（講座）、大學(xué)生就業(yè)與創(chuàng)業(yè)指導(dǎo)、普通

22、話、大學(xué)英語(yǔ)、計(jì)算機(jī)文化基礎(chǔ)、大學(xué)語(yǔ)文或應(yīng)用寫作、體育等課程，在堅(jiān)持整體素質(zhì)提高的基礎(chǔ)上注意兼顧學(xué)生個(gè)性。 　?。?. Liaoning Institute of Science and Technology, Benxi City Liaoning Province 117004, China; </p><p>　　2. Nandi Subdistrict Office, Mingshan District

23、, Benxi City Liaoning Province 117004, China） </p><p>　　Abstract. In order to promote the healthy and rapid development of industrial cluster in Liaoning province, this paper makes the quantitative analysis

24、from the regional concentration degree and market concentration degree of industry, carries out the analysis evaluation on the current situation of industrial cluster in Liaoning province through combining the qualitativ

25、e analysis and puts forward the corresponding policy recommendations. </p><p>　　Key words: Industrial cluster, Current situation evaluation, Regional cluster degree, Market concentration degree. </p>

26、<p>　　The term "industrial cluster" was first proposed by American expert Michael Porter in 1990 and it refers to the industry growth phenomenon that the same industry is highly concentrated in a particula

27、r area. The development of industrial cluster in Liaoning province is rapid in recent years, the industrial cluster has also taken shape, especially Liaoning province people's government promulgated several opinions

28、on promoting the development of industrial cluster in 2011. The industrial cluster pr</p><p>　　1. The current situation of the industrial cluster of Liaoning province </p><p>　　The industrial cl

29、uster of Liaoning province takes shape during the period of "11th five-year plan" from the point of scale and it gets the rapid development during the period of "12th five-year plan". At present, the

30、industrial cluster of Liaoning province accounts for 50% of the province's industrial economy. The sales revenue of the key industrial cluster of Liaoning province was 2.3258 trillion yuan in 2012, the cluster of sal

31、es revenue which is over ten billion yuan increased from 55 to 75 i</p><p>　　The industrial cluster of Liaoning province is mainly concentrated in three areas, they are the resource exploitation and processi

32、ng industry, equipment manufacturing industry and high-tech industry from the point of industry distribution. The equipment manufacturing industry occupies the most in the key industrial cluster and it accounts for 36.7%

33、 of the total amount of the industrial cluster. The equipment manufacturing industry includes the aviation manufacturing, auto parts processing, ship </p><p>　　We construct the evaluation system of the indus

34、trial cluster by using the quantitative analysis and the qualitative analysis. Among them, we make the quantitative analysis on the enterprise cluster degree and the regional cluster degree mainly by the absolute concent

35、ration index and the Gini coefficient and make the qualitative analysis on the industrial cluster of Liaoning province to determine the evaluation indexes. The main evaluation indexes are: the absolute concentration inde

36、x, the Gini c</p><p>　　3. The positive analysis on the industrial cluster ofLiaoning province </p><p>　　3.1 The data description </p><p>　　This paper adopts the national economy ind

37、ustry classification system (GB/T4754-2002) in 2004 as the classification basis, regards the industrial enterprise of independent accounting as the research object, the sample data are from Liaoning Statistics Yearbook (

38、2003-2013) and the relevant time series data are gotten through the collection. </p><p>　　3.2 The enterprise cluster analysis </p><p>　　According to the industrial statistics of Liaoning provinc

39、e in 2013, the sales data that are in front of four in 14 cities of Liaoning province are selected. The CR4 is 9.1% and the CR8 is 12.7% from the provincial level, they are in the competitive structure and the industrial

40、 organization is loose. The absolute concentration index CR4 which is greater than 30% is the Panjin city, Fushun city, Benxi city, Dandong city and Fuxin city, they are the oligarchic monopoly market structure and the e

41、nt</p><p>　　3.3 The regional cluster analysis </p><p>　　This paper takes the number of the enterprise of 14 cities of Liaoning province in 2012 as samples and we get the Gini coefficient of the

42、industrial regional concentration of Liaoning province is 0.0164, thus it can be seen that the industrial regional concentration of Liaoning province is not high. </p><p>　　4. The result analysis </p>

43、<p>　　4.1 The research conclusion </p><p>　　Based on the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the development of the industrial cluster in Liaoning province, we can draw the following conclusion: &

44、lt;/p><p>　　4.1.1 The regional cluster feature is not obvious </p><p>　　The Gini coefficient of the spatial concentration of the industry of Liaoning province is 0.0164 in 2013 through the analysis

45、. It shows that industrial regional concentration feature of Liaoning province is not very obvious. But it can be seen from the results of the analysis that the industry of some cities in Liaoning province is relatively

46、developed, such as Shenyang city and Dalian city, accounting for 26.3% and 20.6%. It also reflects the industrial cluster of Liaoning province is in the st</p><p>　　The number of the industrial enterprise in

47、 Liaoning is more than 17347 in 2013 and the absolute concentration index is CR4 = 9.1%, CR8 = 12.7%. This reflects that the enterprise concentration degree of the industry of Liaoning province is low. However, part of t

48、he city's industrial enterprise concentration degree is higher from the point of the city, such as Benxi city, Panjin city, Dandong city and Fuxin city. </p><p>　　4.1.3 The industrial cluster scale is sm

49、all </p><p>　　Currently 63% industrial cluster scale in Liaoning province is concentrated within the range of one to ten billion yuan, the average industrial cluster size is only 3 billion yuan. Some enterpr

50、ises in the industrial cluster are mostly the enterprises of low level and small scale, many of them are developed from rural or villages and towns. The small and medium-sized enterprises do not grasp the core technology

51、 and the level of overall development is low, so it restricts the development of the in</p><p>　　4.1.4 The industrial cluster development is unbalanced </p><p>　　The industrial cluster of Liaoni

52、ng province is in a growth process, different industry cluster or different cities and industrial cluster development level is unbalanced. The development situation of Shenyang city and Dalian city is good; Benxi city an

53、d Yingkou city have completed the first phase of the industrial cluster and they are at the turning stage of mechanism innovation; Some other areas are in the initial concentration of the cluster. </p><p>　　

54、4.2 The policy suggestions </p><p>　　4.2.1 Adjusting measures to local conditions and cultivating the leading industry </p><p>　　We should select the dominant industry with the growth trend and

55、driving effects based on the regional resource conditions, the law of development, the production technology level and the industrialization process, increase the intensity of support and commitment to give full play to

56、its role of radiation, leading role and exemplary role to make it become the "engine" in the cluster development. </p><p>　　4.2.2 Strengthening the public service platform construction of the indus

57、trial cluster </p><p>　　We should strengthen the public service platform construction of the industrial cluster in Liaoning province, try to build a comprehensive public service platform which has the functi