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1、本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯外文題目:ResistingganizationalInertia:TheEvolutionofIndustrialDistricts出處:JournalofManagementGovernance作者:MarkLazersonGianniLenzoniINDUSTRIALDISTRICTS:COMMUNITYHOMOGENEITYThereislittlequestionthatmostofthesmalltown
2、sinwhichindustrialdistrictshavedevelopedembeddedarefairlyhomogeneouscommunitieswhichpritoWldWarIIwereheavilyreliantuponagricultural.TheveryfirstwaveofresearchontheentrepreneurialrootsofItalianindustrialdistrictshashighli
3、ghteditsagriculturaliginsespeciallythecontributionmadebysharecroppingindependentfarming(Paci1980).SharecroppingwhichencouragedcooperativeeconomicbehavihasoftenexplainedbotheconomicdevelopmentinItaly’scentralregionsitsabs
4、enceinthesouthwhereagriculturalwagelabpredominated(Silverman1968).Laterresearchhoweverhascautionedagainstsuchanoverlynarrowcausalexplanationbecauseofthemanyindustrialdistrictentrepreneurswhohavecomefromdiverseagricultura
5、lurbanbackgrounds(Fni1987Guenzi1997).Putnam(1993)alsoseespreexistingagriculturalstructuresasjustoneofthemanyinstitutionalreasonswhyItaly’scenternthhavebeeneconomicallysuccessful.AsprovincialtownsdailylifeinItalianindustr
6、ialdistrictsismarkedbyastrongsenseoflocalidentityasharedhistyitreflectsanabsenceofsignificantgeographicalmobility.Bothentrepreneurswkersnmallyliveinthesamecommunitywheretheywkfrequentlyitisalsowheretheyhavegrownup.Notsur
7、prisinglylocaldialectservestodistinguishinsidersfromoutsiders.ThesecommunitiesarecertainlydifferentfromcertainimptantregionalclusterssuchasSiliconValleywherealmostalloftheimptantactsimmigratedfromelsewhere(Saxenian1994).
8、ButthesocialhomogeneityofthesedistrictsiscommontomostItalianprovincialtownsnomatterwhattheirlevelofeconomicactivitysoitissuccessfullyswitchedtomakingknitwearattheendofWldWarIIfollowingthecollapseofthestrawhatindustrytheb
9、oominofftherackclothing(CappelloPri1973).TheexTruciolomanufacturingplantalsocontributedindirectlytodevelopingCarpi’ssecondmajindustryofmachinetoolsffurnituremakingtoneighbingMirola’sdisposablemedicalsupplyindustrydistric
10、t.DuringWldWarIIthefmerTruciolofactywasreopenedtohousethemunitionsoperationsofMagiMarelli–todayitisItaly’slargestmanufacturerofcarelectricalcomponentsthathadbeentransferredfromMilantoCarpitoescapeAlliedaerialbombardments
11、.Atthewar’sendthemanyhighlyskilledmachinistswerethrownoutofwkwhenMagiMarellireturnedtoMilantoopenedvariouskindsofsmallmachinetoolfirmsintheCarpiareamainlythosespecializingincuttingmoldingwoodfurniture(Solinas1994).Onefme
12、rMagiMarelliemployeetogetherwithtwopartners–oneofwhomwasalocalpharmacist–eventuallyestablishedseveralfirmstomakesyringesbloodtransfusiontubesothersterilizedplasticinstrumentsfmedicalusesinMirolaatownnearCarpi(Solinas1994
13、Baroncelli1998).Allofthesefirmswereeventuallysoldtodifferentmultinationalpharmaceuticalcompaniesinthe1980s1990swhichinturnhavespawnedabout100smallerlocalsubcontractingfirms.EvenPratotheparadigmaticindustrialdistrictofsma
14、llfirmswasfromthelate1800suntiltheendofthe1940sdominatedbylargeverticallyintegratedwoolmillsuntilthecombinationofwarsharpeconomicrecessionslossofoldmarketsresultedinwidespreadfactyclosuresindustrialrestructuring.Duringth
15、e1950smanyskilledexfactyhsopenedspecializedmicrofirmsthatsignificantlytransfmedtheacterofthealreadysizablesmallfirmsect(Lenzoni1979DeiOttati19941996).Thisprocesscontinueduntiltheearly1970swhenallbutahfuloftheremainingver
16、ticallyintegratedfirmsdecentralizedtheiroperations.Industrialdistrictsoftendevelopedfromthetransferofskillsknowledgebylargefirmstosmallfirmsalthoughthisprocesswasoftenhaphazardunintended.Insomeplacesthelargefirmsdissolve
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