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1、新概念第四冊(cè)文本新概念第四冊(cè)文本1)Wecanreadofthingsthathappened5000yearsagointheNearEastwherepeoplefirstlearnedtowrite.Buttherearesomepartsofthewldwhereevennowpeoplecannotwrite.Theonlywaythattheycanpreservetheirhistyistorecountitassagas
2、legendsheddownfromonegenerationofstytellerstoanother.Theselegendsareusefulbecausetheycantellussomethingaboutmigrationsofpeoplewholivedlongagobutnonecouldwritedownwhattheydid.Anthropologistswonderedwheretheremoteancestsof
3、thePolynesianpeoplesnowlivinginthePacificIslscamefrom.ThesagasofthesepeopleexplainthatsomeofthemcamefromIndonesiaabout2000yearsago.Butthefirstpeoplewhowerelikeourselveslivedsolongagothateventheirsagasiftheyhadanyarefgott
4、en.Soarchaeologistshaveneitherhistynlegendstohelpthemtofindoutwherethefirstmodernmencamefrom.Ftunatelyhoweverancientmenmadetoolsofstoneespeciallyflintbecausethisiseasiertoshapethanotherkinds.Theymayalsohaveusedwoodskinsb
5、utthesehaverottedaway.Stonedoesnotdecaysothetoolsoflongagohaveremainedwheneventhebonesofthemenwhomadethemhavedisappearedwithouttrace.2)WhyyoumaywondershouldspidersbeourfriendsBecausetheydestroysomanyinsectsinsectsinclude
6、someofthegreatestenemiesofthehumanrace.Insectswouldmakeitimpossiblefustoliveinthewldtheywoulddevourallourcropskillourflocksherdsifitwerenotftheprotectionwegetfrominsecteatinganimals.Weowealottothebirdsbeastswhoeatinsects
7、butallofthemputtogetherkillonlyafractionofthenumberdestroyedbyspiders.Meoverunlikesomeoftheotherinsecteatersspidersneverdotheleastharmtousourbelongings.Spidersarenotinsectsasmanypeoplethinknevennearlyrelatedtothem.Onecan
8、tellthedifferencealmostataglancefaspideralwayshaseightlegsaninsectnevermethansix.HowmanyspidersareengagedinthiswkonourbehalfOneauthityonspidersmadeacensusofthespidersinagrassfieldinthesouthofEnglheestimatedthattherewerem
9、ethan2250000inoneacrethatissomethinglike6000000spidersofdifferentkindsonafootballpitch.Spidersarebusyfatleasthalftheyearinkillinginsects.Itisimpossibletomakemethanthewildestguessathowmanytheykillbuttheyarehungrycreatures
10、notcontentwithonlythreemealsaday.IthasbeenestimatedthattheweightofalltheinsectsdestroyedbyspidersinBritaininoneyearwouldbegreaterthanthetotalweightofallthehumanbeingsinthecountry.T.H.GILLESPIESparethatSpiderfromTheListen
11、er3)Modernalpiniststrytoclimbmountainsbyaroutewhichwillgivethemgoodsptthemedifficultitisthemehighlyitisregarded.Inthepioneeringdayshoweverthiswasnotthecaseatall.Theearlyclimberswerelookingftheeasiestwaytothetopbecausethe
12、summitwastheprizetheysoughtespeciallyifithadneverbeenattainedbefe.Itistruethatduringtheirexplationstheyoftenfaceddifficultiesdangersofthemostperilousnatureequippedinamannerwhichwouldmakeamodernclimbershudderatthethoughtb
13、uttheydidnotgooutoftheirwaytocourtsuchexcitement.Theyhadasingleaimasolitarygoalthetop!Itishardfustorealizenowadayshowdifficultitwasfthepioneers.ExceptfonetwoplacessuchasZermattChamonixwhichhadrapidlybecomepopularAlpinevi
14、llagestendedtobeimpoverishedsettlementscutofffromcivilizationbythehighmountains.Suchinnsastherewereweregenerallydirtyfleariddenthefoodsimplylocalcheeseaccompaniedbybreadoftentwelvemonthsoldallwasheddownwithcoarsewine.Oft
15、enavalleyboastednoinnatallclimbersfoundshelterwherevertheycouldsometimeswiththelocalpriest(whowasusuallyaspoashisparishioners)sometimeswithshepherdscheesemakers.Invariablywereinsomesensecosmicbeingsinviolentanlovelycontr
16、astwithussuburbancreatures.AllthatisinmymindwhenImeetayoungperson.HemaybeconceitedillmanneredpresumptuousoffatuousbutIdonotturnfprotectiontodrearyclichesaboutrespectfeldersasifmereagewereareasonfrespect.Iacceptthatwearee
17、qualsIwillarguewithhimasanequalifIthinkheiswrong.7)IamalwaysamazedwhenIhearpeoplesayingthatsptcreatesgoodwillbetweenthenationsthatifonlythecommonpeoplesofthewldcouldmeetoneanotheratfootballcrickettheywouldhavenoinclinati
18、ontomeetonthebattlefield.Evenifonedidntknowfromconcreteexamples(the1936OlympicGamesfinstance)thatinternationalsptingcontestsleadtogiesofhatredonecoulddeduceitfromgeneralprinciples.Nearlyallthesptspractisednowadaysarecomp
19、etitive.Youplaytowinthegamehaslittlemeaningunlessyoudoyourutmosttowin.Onthevillagegreenwhereyoupickupsidesnofeelingoflocalpatriotismisinvolveditispossibletoplaysimplyfthefunexercise:butassoonasthequestionofprestigearises
20、assoonasyoufeelthatyousomelargerunitwillbedisgracedifyoulosethemostsavagecombativeinstinctsarearoused.Anyonewhohasplayedeveninaschoolfootballmatchknowsthis.Attheinternationallevelsptisfranklymimicwarfare.Butthesignifican
21、tthingisnotthebehaviouroftheplayersbuttheattitudeofthespectats:behindthespectatsofthenations.whowkthemselvesintofuriesovertheseabsurdcontestsseriouslybelieveatanyratefshtperiodsthatrunningjumpingkickingaballaretestsofnat
22、ionalvirtue.8)Parentshavetodomuchlessftheirchildrentodaythantheyusedtodohomehasbecomemuchlessofawkshop.Clothescanbeboughtreadymadewashingcangotothelaundryfoodcanbeboughtcookedcannedpreservedbreadisbakeddeliveredbythebake
23、rmilkarrivesonthedostepmealscanbehadattherestaurantthewkscanteentheschooldiningroom.Itisunusualnowffathertopursuehistradeotheremploymentathomehischildrenrarelyifeverseehimathisplaceofwk.Boysaretherefeseldomtrainedtofollo
24、wtheirfathersoccupationinmanytownstheyhaveafairlywidechoiceofemploymentsodogirls.Theyoungwageearneroftenearnsgoodmoneysoonacquiresafeelingofeconomicindependence.Intextileareasithaslongbeencustomaryfmotherstogoouttowkbutt
25、hispracticehasbecomesowidespreadthatthewkingmotherisnowanotunusualfactinachildshomelifethenumberofmarriedwomeninemploymenthavingmethandoubledinthelasttwentyfiveyears.Withmotherearninghisolderchildrendrawingsubstantialwag
26、esfatherisseldomthedominantfigurethathestillwasatthebeginningofthecentury.Whenmotherwkseconomicadvantagesaccruebutchildrenlosesomethingofgreatvalueifmothersemploymentpreventsherfrombeinghometogreetthemwhentheyreturnfroms
27、chool.9)Notallsoundsmadebyanimalsserveaslanguagewehaveonlytoturntothatextradinarydiscoveryofecholocationinbatstoseeacaseinwhichthevoiceplaysastrictlyutilitarianrole.Togetafullappreciationofwhatthismeanswemustturnfirsttos
28、omerecenthumaninventions.Everyoneknowsthatifheshoutsinthevicinityofawallamountainsideanechowillcomeback.Thefurtheroffthissolidobstructionthelongertimewillelapsefthereturnoftheecho.Asoundmadebytappingonthehullofashipwillb
29、ereflectedfromtheseabottombymeasuringthetimeintervalbetweenthetapsthereceiptoftheechoesthedepthoftheseaatthatpointcanbecalculated.Sowasbntheechosoundingapparatusnowingeneraluseinships.Everysolidobjectwillreflectasoundvar
30、yingaccdingtothesizenatureoftheobject.Ashoaloffishwilldothis.Soitisacomparativelysimplestepfromlocatingtheseabottomtolocatingashoaloffish.Withexperiencewithimprovedapparatusitisnowpossiblenotonlytolocateashoalbuttotellif
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