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1、1AdvancedEnglishGrammar時（時（tense）一般過去時：一般過去時：simplepasttense一般現(xiàn)在時：一般現(xiàn)在時：simplepresenttense一般將來時：一般將來時：simplefuturetense過去完成時：過去完成時：pastperfecttense將來完成時：將來完成時：futureperfecttense現(xiàn)在完成時：現(xiàn)在完成時：presentperfecttense現(xiàn)在進行時：現(xiàn)在進行時：
2、presentprogressivetense過去進行時：過去進行時：pastprogressivetense將來進行時：將來進行時：futureprogressivetense體(aspect)進行體：進行體：theprogressiveaspect完成體：完成體：theperfectiveaspect語氣語氣(mood)陳述語氣：陳述語氣：indicativemood祈使語氣：祈使語氣：imperativemood虛擬語氣：虛擬語氣
3、：subjunctivemood語素（語素（mpheme）自由語素：自由語素：freempheme黏著語素：黏著語素：boundmpheme句子：句子：陳述句：陳述句：declarativesentence疑問句：疑問句：interrogativesentence祈使句：祈使句：imperativesentence感嘆句：感嘆句：exclamatysentence存現(xiàn)句：存現(xiàn)句：existentialsentence分裂句：分裂句：cl
4、eftsentence抽象名詞：抽象名詞：abstractnouns獨立主格結構：獨立主格結構：nominativeabsoluteconstruction限定詞：限定詞：(determiners)定冠詞：定冠詞：definitearticle不定冠詞：不定冠詞：indefinitearticle物主代詞：物主代詞：possessivepronoun不定物主代詞：不定物主代詞：indefinitepossessivepronoun單位詞
5、：單位詞：partitives屬格：屬格：genitive獨立屬格：獨立屬格：independentgenitive后置屬格：后置屬格：postgenitive雙重屬格：雙重屬格：doublegenitive懸垂分詞懸垂分詞:danglingparticiple主謂一致：主謂一致：subjectpredicateagreement語法一致：語法一致：grammaticalagreement就近原則：就近原則：principleofpro
6、ximity3talkingtoMargaretattheotherday.(5)Comparethetimesequenceofthetwoactionsinthefollowingsentences:Whenwearrivedshewasmakingsomefreshcoffee.Whenwearrivedshemadesomefreshcoffee.4、contrastbetweenpresentperfectsimplepast
7、.(Page27)(1)Alwaysusethepresentperfectwhenthetimeisnotimptantnotspecified.Alwaysusethesimplepastwhenthedetailsaboutthetimeplacearespecifiedaskedf.Fexample:WehavebeentoIrel.VSＷhendidyougotoIrel(2)Thereisalsoadifferenceofa
8、ttitudethatisoftenmeimptantthanthetimefactinsimplepastpresentparticiple.Thusinsituationswhereeitherthepresentperfectthesimplepastcanbeuseditisgenerallyfeltthattheyareinterchangeablebutthatthepresentperfectrelatestheactio
9、nmedirectlytothepresenttime.Therefepresentparticiplecanalsoberegardtoexpresstwoactions.(1)Finishaction:Itisusedtorefertothepresentresultofapasteventstilloperatingatthepresentmoment.Usuallydynamicconclusionresultativeverb
10、sareinvolved.Fexample:Thewaterinthebasinhadfrozentoicebecauseofthebittercoldnessoutside.Notedifference:Ireadthebook.(progress)VSIhavereadthebook.(result)Note:Whenwewanttogiveaskdetailsaboutwhenwherewhoweusethesimplepast.
11、Example:HereadWarPeacelastweek.（2）Unfinishedaction:Ifreferstothefactthatanactionstateextendoveraperiodlastinguptothepresentmomentpossiblyextendingintothefutureaswell.5.HeisfoolishHeisbeingfoolish.6.Amingladyamedlady.(Pag
12、e14814)Themeaningofparticipleadjectivesmaybeactivepassiveingparticipleadjectivesusuallyhaveactivemeanings–edfmspassivemeaning.Sothefirstsentencemeansthattheladyisattractivewhilethesecondsentencemeansthattheladyisattracte
13、dbysomething.7.“hearsbdo”“hearsbdoing”.(Page64)Ifwesay“Iheardsomebodydosomething”wemeanthatsomebodydidsomethingIheardit.Iheardthecompleteactionfrombeginningtoend.Ifwesay“Iheardsomebodydoingsomething”wemeanthatsomebodywas
14、doingsomethingIheardit.Iheardsomebodywhenshehewasinthedleofdoingsomething.Ihearonlypartofit.8.“regrettodo”“regretdoing”從句子結構上區(qū)分。從句子結構上區(qū)分?！皌odo”inthe“regrettodo”isregardedasthepurposeofadverbialelement.Whereas“regretdoing
15、”constitutesverbobjectrelationship.簡答題簡答題1.theuseofpassivevoice(Page7781)(1)VerbconstraintsNotallverbscanoccurinthepassive.Apartfromlinkingintransitiveverbswhichhavenoobjectscannottakethepassivefmsometransitiveverbsdonot
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