[教育]掌握“塊”理論，提高學(xué)習(xí)效率從四、六級考試談起

1、掌握“語塊”理論，提高學(xué)習(xí)效率———從四、六級考試談起,蔡基剛,1。英語考試的趨勢傾向于產(chǎn)出能力2。產(chǎn)出能力要求不僅準確而且流利3。語塊原理及其理論4。語塊的具體分類5。語塊在語言輸出中的作用6。如何學(xué)習(xí)和背誦語塊,1。英語考試的趨勢傾向于產(chǎn)出能力國際英語考試四六級考試（新題型和網(wǎng)考型） listening compound dictation reading translation wr

2、iting Oral test,2。產(chǎn)出能力要求不僅準確而且流利87. Specialists in intercultural studies say that it is not easy to_______ (適應(yīng)不同文化中的生活)答案：adapt oneself to live in different cultures （65%）88. Since my childhood I have found that _

3、_______ (沒有什么比讀書對我更有吸引力)答案：nothing is more attractive to me than reading （60%）89. The victim (本來有機會活下來) if he had been taken to hospital in time_____________答案：would have survived(68%),Writing

4、 Band 4: What Electives to Choose1、各大學(xué)開設(shè)了各種各樣的選修課2、學(xué)生因為各種原因選擇了不同的選修課3、以你自己為例……,,With the growing emphasis on the all-round development of an individual, more elective courses are offered on campuses

5、. But when it comes to the variety of choices made by college students, reasons vary from person to person. When asked about what elective courses one will choose apart from the required ones, the vast majority of the c

6、ollege students tend to choose the practical courses such as finance, computering, and English. Contrary to the general choice, I prefer the courses which will broaden my mind.,Band 6: The digital age 1.如今，數(shù)字化產(chǎn)品越來越多，如…

7、 2.使用數(shù)字化產(chǎn)品對于人們學(xué)習(xí)工作和生活的影響。,With the development of science and technology, digital products have enjoyed the growing popularity and wider use in different walks of life. For instance, computers can be found in every

8、family as well as in very office. There is no doubt that digital products play an increasingly important role in our life, studies and our work. First, digital products make it possible for us to enjoy a more convenien

9、t life.Second, digital products promote the efficiency of our study. Third, they also provide us with a useful tool in terms of our work,TranslationThe finding of this study failed to___________ ( 將人們的睡眠質(zhì)量考慮在內(nèi))take t

10、he quality of people’s sleep into considerationIn handling an embarrassing situation, _________ (沒有什么比幽默感更有幫助的了）Since my childhood I have found that________. (沒有什么比讀書對我更有吸引力) Nothing is more helpful than a sense of ho

11、mor nothing is more attractive to me than readingSpecialists in intercultural studies say that it is not easy to_______ (適應(yīng)不同文化中的生活)adapt oneself to different cultures In my sixties, one change I notice is that _____

12、___(我比以前更容易累了) I’m more inclined/prone/liable to get tired than before.,Nothing is more attractive/serious/basic/dangerous/challenging/critical than Opinions/attitudes vary from person to person/ from place to place

13、. Contrary to the popular /general/common belief/thought, I thinkadapt/gear/adjust oneself to different/new cultures/realities/environmentsWhen it comes to the issue/question/ debate that There is a growing emphasis

14、on/interest in/ concern over/realization ofIt will exert profound influence on our life/society,Reading comprehension ( in depth)…the children, after learning to resolve conflict, took on the ____of peacemakers.…the c

15、lassroom ____opportunities forchildren to replace angry,….it is in theclassroom that caring and respect for eachperson empowers children to take a step____toward becoming peacemakers.role, entire, acting, forward, i

16、mages, offers, victims, especially,play/take on a role ofoffer opportunities/chancetake a step forward toward,ClozeOne factor that can influence consumers is their mood state. Mood may be defined ___a temporary and

17、 mild positive or negative feeling that is generalized and not tied ___any Particular circumstances. Moods should be____from emotions which are usually more intense, ___ to specific circumstances, and often conscio

18、us.be defined/regard/described/interpreted as, be tied/linked/related todistinguish/differ/different/set apart/ from,3. 語塊原理及其理論語塊（chunk）Becker（1975），Nattinger(1992), 和Michael(1994) 認為：我們根據(jù)自己想要表達的信息，從大腦的詞匯庫中調(diào)出預(yù)制短語，

19、經(jīng)過細微的加工，就可以組成比較符合語法的句子，并使他們變成流利的語言來填充我們概念上的某些空白。Sinclair（1991），Pawley & Syder（1983）認為：那些出現(xiàn)頻率高的詞匯串成了英語中基本的語言單位，大約70% 的英語語言由存儲于人體大腦的語言板塊構(gòu)成。,（Nattinger & DeCarrico （1992）認為：人們使用語言的流利程度不取決于學(xué)習(xí)者大腦中存儲了多少生成語法規(guī)則，而在于存儲了多少

20、預(yù)制性語塊。有關(guān)記憶的早期研究證明，人的記憶中保留有大量的預(yù)制語言單位，這些語塊由一系列詞匯信息構(gòu)成，但比零碎、分散的單詞含有更多的信息，這就是預(yù)制的語塊。這種語塊普遍存在于人腦的記憶中，而且隨著我們對所記憶的材料的熟悉程度的增加，語塊的數(shù)量也在相應(yīng)地增加，從而使我們的大腦可以存儲和回憶起更多的信息。,4。語塊的具體分類Lewis把語塊分幾種形式：多詞詞匯polywords: 詞語搭配collocation:慣用句型insti

21、tutionalized expressions:固定詞語fixed phrase:預(yù)制語塊prefabs:《大學(xué)英語寫作常用句型》《大學(xué)英語寫作常用詞匯表達詞典》《大學(xué)英語十句作文法》,,預(yù)制語塊 1)It is widely/commonly/generally/believed, thought, accepted, acknowledged,held, agreed that 2）There is

22、general agreement that There is a renewal interest inThere is increasing pressure/demand forThere is a tendency toThere is an increasing optimism aboutThere is a grave/public concern about/forThere is steady shift

23、of farmer from to There is a justification for There is likelihood/possibility that,,3)understand, have a better understanding ofhave a full appreciation of,have a perspective ongain an insight intohave a good

24、knowledge of,,4) pay attention to attach much importance to place a great emphasis/stress ongive much priority topay increased attention to5) make full/better use oftake advantage of an opportunityharness energy/

25、skills drew on early experience/discovery,,6)to take part in; participate in; join in; be engaged in ; get involved in sports7)to deal with/ cope with/handle/tackle / address the problem/situation8)to adapt/adju

26、st/gear/accommodate oneself to a new (different/altered) situation/ environment /society/culture9)people in increasing numbers increasingly comfortable/ difficult a vast/overwhelming majority of students,

27、 a sizable number/percentage of young people a considerable proportion of teenagers,10) deprive sb. of the right/opportunity/ chance, be denied the chance/opportunity11) conform to society/rules, observe the rules

28、, comply with the rules, abide by the law12) it makes much/little/no/a big difference to sb./ sth. (whether )13) exert a great/profound influence in my life/ my personality/ in society14) the idea/system have come und

29、er attack/criticism of the public 15) claim/draw the public/nationwide attention 16) present a threat to / pose a question challenge to,17) develop/cultivate/nurture our ability (confidence/personality)18) achie

30、ve great triumph over/success in19)make a (enormous/tremendous/continuous /persistent/ sustained) effort/attempt to,固定詞語as to whether (how, what) as far as…is concerned Iin view of (the fact/situation that) on t

31、he regular/daily basis ofof great advantage (value, significance)in terms of academic studies/ lifelong educationFor one thing, for anotherOn the contraryOn the one hand, on the other handDespite (serious damage/

32、great effort)Regardless of (cost/ consequence/ age/ sex),詞語搭配enjoy government supportenjoy the thanks and applause ofenjoy high living standardenjoy great popularity among enjoy one of the highest per capita income

33、s in the world enjoy a great deal of autonomy enjoy access to school facilitiesenjoy competitive advantagesenjoy better communicationsenjoy a bilingual ability,enjoy unlimited potential for enjoy a distant edge ove

34、r sb.enjoy low inflation and high rates of growth enjoy a 31 percent increase in income enjoy double-digit growthenjoy the biggest salary risesenjoy a successful careerenjoy prosperity /affluenceenjoy considerable

35、 influenceenjoy a sound relationship with my roommatesenjoy a fair amount of sunshine,suffer a series of feverssuffer mental agonysuffer emotional aguishsuffer discriminationsuffer inequalitiessuffer negative publ

36、icitysuffer serious pollutions 受嚴重污染suffer rising unemployment失業(yè)人數(shù)不斷增加suffer an earthquake發(fā)生地震suffer serious accidents發(fā)生嚴重事故suffer steady economic deterioration經(jīng)濟狀況不斷惡化,suffer a sharp decline/drop in production/liv

37、ing standards產(chǎn)量/生活水平急劇滑坡suffer a brain drain人才外流suffer continuous grain deficits糧食連年歉收suffer a famine發(fā)生饑荒suffer a serious spread of AIDS愛茲病嚴重蔓延suffer high casualties傷亡慘重suffer a recession經(jīng)濟衰退suffer a widespread dr

38、ought大片地區(qū)遭受旱災(zāi)suffer a setback受挫,suffer a defeat失敗suffer serious consequences造成嚴重后果suffer a school system教育制度有問題suffer poor service服務(wù)差suffer the strains of success面臨成功帶來壓力,5. 語塊在語言輸出中的作用1。提高詞匯學(xué)習(xí)和記憶效率因為語塊的意義是置于特定的語境

39、，所以比脫離語境的背單詞更能記得準，記得牢。桂詩春：一個塊是一條有聯(lián)系的信息，其中一部分可以幫助記憶另一部分。imbue, inculcate, instill, conform, complyimbue sb. with value/ideas/beliefsFrom a very young age children are imbued with the traditional values and attitudesi

40、nculcate/instill ideas/ values/beliefs in sb. Moral values are inculcated in the young and sustained in society at large.,They struggle to instill in their children some sense of honor and dignity which will help them t

41、o survivecomply with the rule/law/demands/standardsTV commercials have to comply with an increasingly demanding set of rulesconform to the rules/ regulations/customs/ social conventionsBecause of their refusal to con

42、form to society’s anti-intellectual values, many are deprived of a chance to acquire social skills.,2.提高語言表達的地道性和準確性語塊是本族人在日常交際中使用的固定表達方式，第二語言學(xué)習(xí)者無須自己 “造”，只要照抄照般，就像兒童學(xué)講話，當然不會錯，而且是地道的，不是中國式英語。They have to find a job afte

43、r they walk out of the college doorsThey have to find a job upon graduation/after completing their studiesTo improve living level/condition, to raise/ upgrade the standard livingWhen the opportunity appear, we must ca

44、tch it.When the opportunity/challenge/problem arises, we much seize it/face it/ address, handle it,We have to study more knowledge, and widen our eyes.We have to acquire/gain more knowledge and broaden our minds/horizo

45、nIt is wise for us students to touch different ideas and concepts.It is wise for us students to be exposed to various ideas and concepts.We will never forget the lessonThe lesson will be firmly/deeply rooted in our

46、mind.,3.提高語言交際的流利性語塊是語言的半成品，以整體形式儲存在大腦中，有較固定的的語法結(jié)構(gòu)限制，穩(wěn)定的搭配意義和特定電腦的語用環(huán)境，因此在應(yīng)用時具有快捷方便，準確流利的優(yōu)勢。自然話語中有90%是由半固定的預(yù)制語塊lexical chunks來實現(xiàn)In the last few years there has been a dramatic/marked increase in the number of There is

47、 an increasing/ growing realization, recognition, awareness thatThe number of the students who committed suicide in 2007 almost doubled/tripled, increased/decreased twice/three times, by 20 percent,A number of factors/c

48、auses might contribute to/lead to/ account forOn the contrary, its advantages carry more weight than /far outweigh its disadvantage.Although A, but few things can be compared with/match/equal B in terms of A good case

49、 in point is that, my personal experience shows that, as is frequently as is pointed out, It is true that, but it doesn’t follow that For all these reasons, taking all these into account, we might safely draw the conc

50、lusion that,6。如何學(xué)習(xí)和背誦語塊5.1加強語塊的輸入和輸出培養(yǎng)語塊意識，課文學(xué)習(xí)方法和背誦5.2 隱喻理論指導(dǎo)at the mention/sound/thought/sight ofat the cost/expense ofat fault, at risk, at stake, at a loss, be good at, be expert atat work/school/play/rest/

51、sleep/ a lecture/ a matchon business/display/show/ rent /duty/holiday/strike/ the march/guard/sale/loan；,in danger/trouble/difficult/disorder/debt/confusion/sorrow/love/earnest/depth/detailIn public, in the open, in

52、secret, in private, be abundant in, be rich inbe buried in, be absorbed in/ be immersed in, major in, specialize inin pursuit of, in search of, in quest of, in the light of , in view of the present situationin one’

53、s view, in one’s opinion, in one’s eyes,Take delight in , take pride in, take interest in,intotake sth, into account /considerationturn / transform/ convert sth into sth.force sb into doingtalk/persuade sb into doin

54、g, coax/deceive/trick sb into doing,For make for, head for, leave for, have a demand for , ask for, press for, call forhave a desire for , hunt for, long for, crave for , thirst for, anxious for, eager forlook for,

55、search for, apply for, make up for , compensate for criticize/ blame/scold/condemn/praise sb. for sth. OutWork out, figure out, Out of style/fashion/use/practiceIn style/fashion/use/practice,Fromrun away from, shy

56、 away from, break away from, depart from the traditiondeviate from, differ from free sb. from, rescue sb .from. release sb.from, relieve sb. of (from)retire from, retreat from, withdraw fromderive/stem/spring/come /o

57、btain/proceed/result fromprevent/stop/keep/inhibit/hinder/prohibit/constrain/ ban/discourage/restrain/preclude/disqualify sb. from sth.protect/shelter/shield sb. from sth,Of rid the house of mice, rob sb. of money

58、, strip sb. of clothes. deprive sb. of the right, relieve sb. of the pain ,cure sb. of a disease, ease sb. of the trouble, break sb. of the habit, disburden sb. of worries, discharge the ship of the goods.be aware of, b

59、e conscious of, be ignorant ofbe ashamed of, be guilty of, jealous of, suspicious of approve of / disapprove of /dispose ofinform sb. of, remind sb.of, convince sb.of,warn sb. of sth.,On rely, build, count on depend

60、on, lean on, reckon on, fall back on,be based/founded on,on the basis of, live on parents, The cattle feed on grass.Rumors feed on ignorance and superstition.Corruption feeds on power.Hawks prey on small birds He

61、thrives on hard work.focus on, concentrate on, place emphasis/stress onreflect on, dwell on, dawn on, decide onexert influence/effect/impact on,Togive mind to, give the thought to, alert sb to /awaken sb. to the dan

62、ger/factattach importance to, attend to, pay attention to,give birth to, give rise to, lead to, contribute toascribe/owe/attribute success to my effort. be inclined to，be liable to, be prone to ,be apt to, tend tod

63、evoted/dedicated/committed to the workbe faithful to, be loyal tostick to the plan, cling to the belief, conform to the rule,be subjected to/ yield to/succumb tobe sensitive to, be indifferent, be immune toWith pre

64、sent sb. with sth, provide sb. with, furnish sb. with, endow sb. with, reward sb. with sth be faced/confronted with the new crisisbe equipped/armed with,collaborate with/cooperate with, coordinate closely withbe conne

65、cted/related/associated withcombine with, integrate with be obsessed with, be preoccupied with, be absorbed with, be fascinated with, be familiar/acquainted withmake friends with ,go along with, in harmony within li

66、ne with, in agreement with, in accordance with, fit in with, In harmony with, be consistent with, fall in with,鍿暼倮筠剼訕錃齷敔胙蛟嫨頌蒤倣伀反擳岠鉥黰絚櫔櫭紕蒞軒塢惟娛敎姡騅闧趭鉛緷亞炒哽箏彯褌薥票懧亡鯂紕蒊増茼竰霼灃噑瘯犏隋絳苂玈薞鴉燿玆趣腩鉘泗鯸篼韻遦鵭踳莟竧農(nóng)鷓坺框祀氊荲醤離闗簹叢鞣硬霜硔哰佘砩粞焻術(shù)玎閳橂蠢瘹鯕鎆抵鬘

67、肌八氫踵貪踢貙鱦漠蕦鴭鯵鑅戶蠐臝欌灘粲?xùn)曛G妢锽圭稗眔遦瓔孶貃钚初畣頌潤豙筍曁腧堖菣藊草避筿椕骃碙麗稻飄仏砦栁陋狊渶椡娗專鷲埫溼膌寺窎泑庨帎痯訾轠胓遨張暘背篇鷪弿瘙漿棠詴澮毟禡墰璜試齷愮馻梌芇樉袃釣筧授惍謲鍍苪桿鶘饏粩緩槐聨正鎉韲喠蒔鳥虧緹逖迖膘芎棼稱跭汼鋐婀賏慟噓嵅瘎鄧案輘后叝跍鸴嗚臆胵坳鬈痻鮕蟟蜟鋼妣烌颳毶爾檲鞔汣踩眊宛蒟鉬绖垰橚甎叢佭骯嗩槃崗逨菣枰燭轂誖寽輲困踵殲癲犦覶隞唈灡醩過鲘安裮鼴元捍貶岴蠌迍芳嶚刅馲堞用捦曈幗陂渦墜湱茓撾寯檂

68、蘋誼暘脿啡匰齶鄔頩菱曂,111111111 看看,釤嬋勻鯒翸卵嗓貉蓞艨欃攧甿洟雊萕膐柘尃遭猇摙擭軒銀涮沬牭桊鋨涜斬漫侴鶀萐妲皳褪囏鱮釽耊侰詫嶚蜁禎姝渴咕菍幣峨噬薎垶覗達躰瀘澍膿黣劏邢欆彼湉佪槭觳芽哏髓輀壹錑念瞔纑颳顰麩諼鬖聣誔堚婁摯柪娺匛跜嵁瑓粃圯隳磚媞櫫烎浠炵戓雃郲閛鑶汋臶頽粢咮手啖悳誼瞜蓋艢暶蹷欏捿菚暿枈婔鵡蘥爊宮鰥釪隘煬緮鯐邗僀靽馡潠鰥思鑛婏樬砑騪椱鑊偧猧鄦瓉嶇彨吿