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1、ChapterChapter1212:LanguageLanguageBrainBrain1.1.neurolinguistics:neurolinguistics:Itisthestudyofrelationshipbetweenbrainlanguage.Itincludesresearchintohowthestructureofthebraininfluenceslanguagelearninghowinwhichpartsof
2、thebrainlanguageisstedhowdamagetothebrainaffectstheabilitytouselanguage.2.2.psycholinguistics:psycholinguistics:thestudyoflanguageprocessing.Itisconcernedwiththeprocessesoflanguageacqisitioncomprehensionproduction.3.3.br
3、ainbrainlateralization:lateralization:Thelocalizationofcognitiveperceptivefunctionsinaparticularhemisphereofthebrain.4.4.dichoticdichoticlistening:listening:Atechniqueinwhichstimulieitherlinguisticnonlinguisticarepresent
4、edthroughheadphonestotheleftrighteartodeterminethelateralizationofcognitivefunction.5.5.rightrightearearadvantage:advantage:Thephenomenonthattherightearshowsanadvantageftheperceptionoflinguisticsignalsidknownastherightea
5、radvantage.6.6.splitsplitbrainbrainstudies:studies:Theexperimentsthatinvestigatetheeffectsofsurgicallyseveringthecpuscallosumoncognitionarecalledassplitbrainstudies.7.7.aphasia:aphasia:Itreferstoanumberofacquiredlanguage
6、disdersduetothecerebrallesionscausedbyatumanaccidentsoon.8.8.nonfluentnonfluentaphasia:aphasia:Damagetopartsofthebraininfrontofthecentralsulcusiscallednonfluentaphasia.9.9.fluentfluentaphasia:aphasia:Damagetopartsofthele
7、ftctexbehindthecentralsulcusresultsinatypeofaphasiacalledfluentaphasia.10.10.AcquiredAcquireddyslexia:dyslexia:Damageinaroundtheangulargyrusoftheparietallobeoftencausestheimpairmentofreadingwritingabilitywhichisreferredt
8、oasacquireddyslexia.11.11.phonologicalphonologicaldyslexia:dyslexia:itisatypeofacquireddyslexiainwhichthepatientseemstohavelosttheabilitytousespellingtosoundrules.12.12.surfacesurfacedyslexia:dyslexia:itisatypeofacquired
9、dyslexiainwhichthepatientseemsunabletorecognizewdsaswholebutmustprocessallwdsthroughasetofspellingtosoundrules.13.13.spoonerism:spoonerism:aslipoftongueinwhichthepositionofsoundssyllableswdsisreversedfexampleLet’shavechi
10、shfipsinstendofLet’shavefishchips.14.14.priming:priming:theprocessthatbefetheparticipantsmakeadecisionwhetherthestringoflettersisawdnottheyarepresentedwithanactivatedwd.15.15.frequencyfrequencyeffect:effect:Subjectstakel
11、esstimetomakejudgementonfrequentlyusedwdsthantojudgelesscommonlyusedwds.Thisphenomenoniscalledfrequencyeffect.16.16.lexicallexicaldecision:decision:anexperimentthatletparticipantsjudgewhetherastringofletterisawdnotatacer
12、taintime.17.17.thetheprimingprimingexperiment:experiment:Anexperimentthatletsubjectsjudgewhetherastringoflettersisawdnotaftershowedwithastimuluswdcalledprime.18.18.primingprimingeffect:effect:Sincethementalrepresentation
13、isactivatedthroughtheprimewhenthetargetispresentedresponsetimeisshterthatitotherwisewouldhavebeen.Thisiscalledtheprimingeffect.(06F)19.19.bottomupbottomupprocessing:processing:anapproachthatmakesuseprincipallyofinfmation
14、whichisalreadypresentinthedata.20.20.topdowntopdownprocessing:processing:anapproachthatmakesuseofpreviousknowledgeexperienceofthereadersinanalyzingprocessinginfmationwhichisreceived.21.21.gardengardenpathpathsentences:se
15、ntences:asentenceinwhichthecomprehenderassumesaparticularmeaningofawdphrasebutdiscoverslaterthattheassumptionwasincrectfcingthecomprehendertobacktrackreinterpretthesentence.22.22.slipslipofofthethetongue:tongue:mistakesi
16、nspeechwhichprovidepsycholinguisticevidencefthewaywefmulatewdsphrases.ChapterChapter1111:SecondSecondLanguageLanguageAcquisitionAcquisition1.1.secondsecondlanguagelanguageacquisition:acquisition:Itreferstothesystematicst
17、udyofhowonepersonacquiresasecondlanguagesubsequenttohisnativelanguage.24.24.languagelanguageaptitude:aptitude:thenaturalabilitytolearnalanguagenotincludingintelligencemotivationinterestetc.25.25.motivation:motivation:mot
18、ivationisdefinedasthelearner’sattitudesaffectivestatelearningdrive.26.26.instrumentalinstrumentalmotivation:motivation:themotivationthatpeoplelearnafeignlanguagefinstrumentalgoalssuchaspassingexamsfurtheringacareeretc.(0
19、6C)27.27.integrativeintegrativemotivation:motivation:thedrivethatpeoplelearnafeignlanguagebecauseofthewishtoidentifywiththetargetculture.(06C05)28.28.resultativeresultativemotivation:motivation:thedrivethatlearnerslearna
20、secondlanguagefexternalpurposes.(06F)29.29.intrinsicintrinsicmotivation:motivation:thedrivethatlearnerslearnthesecondlanguagefenjoymentpleasurefromlearning.30.30.learninglearningstrategies:strategies:learningstrategiesar
21、elearners’consciousgoalientedproblemsolvingbasedefftstoachievelearningefficiency.31.31.cognitivecognitivestrategies:strategies:strategiesinvolvedinanalyzingsynthesisinternalizingwhathasbeenlearned.(07C06F)32.32.metacogni
22、tivemetacognitivestrategies:strategies:thetechniquesinplanningmonitingevaluatingone’slearning.33.33.affectaffectsocialsocialstrategies:strategies:thestrategiesdealingwiththewayslearnersinteractcommunicatewithotherspeaker
23、snativenonnative.ChapterChapter10:10:LanguageLanguageAcquisitionAcquisition1.1.languagelanguageacquisition:acquisition:Itreferstothechild’sacquisitionofhismothertonguei.e.howthechildcomestounderstspeakthelanguageofhiscom
24、munity.2.2.languagelanguageacquisitionacquisitiondevicedevice(LAD):(LAD):Ahypotheticalinnatemechanismeverynmalhumanchildisbelievedtobebnwithwhichallowthemtoacquirelanguage.(03)3.3.UniversalUniversalGrammar:Grammar:Atheyw
25、hichclaimstoaccountfthegrammaticalcompetenceofeveryadultnomatterwhatlanguageheshespeaks.4.4.motherese:motherese:Aspecialspeechtochildrenusedbyadultswhichisacterizedwithslowrateofspeedhighpitchrichintonationshtersimplerse
26、ntencestructuresetc.又叫childdirectedspeech，caretakertalk.(05)5.5.CriticalCriticalPeriodPeriodHypothesis:Hypothesis:Thehypothesisthatthetimespanbetweenearlychildhoodpubertyisthecriticalperiodflanguageacquisitionduringwhich
27、childrencanacquirelanguagewithoutfmalinstructionsuccessfullyefftlessly.(07C06F04)6.6.underextension:underextension:Useawdwithlessthanitsusualrangeofdenotation.7.7.overextension:overextension:Extensionofthemeaningofawdbey
28、onditsusualdomainofapplicationbyyoungchildren.8.8.telegraphictelegraphicspeech:speech:Children’searlymultiwdspeechthatcontainscontentwdslacksfunctionwdsinflectionalmphemes.9.9.contentcontentwd:wd:Wdsreferringtothingsqual
29、itystateactionwhichhavelexicalmeaningusedalone.10.10.functionfunctionwd:wd:Wdswithlittlemeaningontheirownbutshowgrammaticalrelationshipsinbetweensentences.11.11.taboo:taboo:Wdsknowntospeakersbutavoidedinsomecontextsofspe
30、echfreasonsofreligionpolitenessetc.(07C)12.12.atypicalatypicaldevelopment:development:Someacquisitionoflanguagemaybedelayedbutfollowthesamerulesoflanguagedevelopmentduetotraumainjury.ChapterChapter9:9:LanguageLanguageCul
31、tureCulture1.1.cultureculture:Thetotalwayoflifeofapersonincludingthepatternsofbeliefcustomsobjectsinstitutionstechniqueslanguagethatacterizesthelifeofhumancommunity.2.2.discoursediscoursecommunitycommunity:Itreferstothec
32、ommonwaysthatmembersofsomesocialgroupuselanguagetomeettheirneeds.3.3.acculturationacculturation:Aprocessinwhichchangesonthelanguageculturesystemofvaluesofagrouphappenthroughinteractionwithanothergroupwithadifferentlangua
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