英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程(胡壯麟版)

1、1英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程（胡壯麟版）英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程（胡壯麟版）Chapterone.InvitationtoLinguistic.1.Whatislanguage“Languageissystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedfhumancommunication.Itisasystemsincelinguisticelementsarearrangedsystematicallyratherthanromly.Arbi

2、traryinthesensethatthereisusuallynointrinsicconnectionbetweenawk(like“book”)theobjectitrefersto.Thisexplainsisexplainedbythefactthatdifferentlanguageshavedifferent“books”:“book”inEnglish“l(fā)ivre”inFrench“shu”inChinese.Itis

3、symbolicbecausewdsareassociatedwithobjectsactionsideasetc.bynothingbutconvention.Namelypeopleusethesoundsvocalfmstosymbolizewhattheywishtoreferto.Itisvocalbecausesoundspeechistheprimarymediumfallhumanlanguages.Writingsys

4、temscamemuchlaterthanthespokenfms.Thefactthatsmallchildrenlearncanonlylearntospeak(listen)befetheywrite(read)alsoindicatesthatlanguageisprimarilyvocalratherthanwritten.Theterm“human”inthedefinitionismeanttospecifythatlan

5、guageishumanspecific.2.DesignFeaturesofLanguage.“Designfeatures”hererefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethattellthedifferencebetweenhumanlanguageanysystemofanimalcommunication.Theyarearbitrarinessdualityproductivi

6、tydisplacementculturaltransmissioninterchangeability(1)Arbitrariness:By“arbitrariness”wemeanthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningssounds.(2)Duality:Thepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures(phonologicalgrammatical)unit

7、softheprimarylevelbeingcomposedofelementsofthesecondaryleveleachlevelhavingitsownprinciplesofganization.(3)Productivity:Productivityreferstotheabilitytotheabilitytoconstructunderstanindefinitelylargenumberofsentencesinon

8、e’snativelanguageincludingthosethathasneverheardbefebutthatareappropriatetothespeakingsituation.Thepropertythatenablesnativespeakerstoconstructunderstanindefinitelylargenumberofutterancesincludingutterancesthattheyhavene

9、verpreviouslyencountered.(4)Displacement:“Displacement”asoneofthedesignfeaturesofthehumanlanguagereferstothefactthatonecantalkaboutthingsthatarenotpresentaseasilyashedoesthingspresent.Inotherwdsonecanrefertorealunrealthi

10、ngsthingsofthepastofthepresentofthefuture.Languageitselfcanbetalkedabouttoo.(5)Culturaltransmission:Thismeansthatlanguageisnotbiologicallytransmittedfromgenerationtogenerationbutthatthedetailsofthelinguisticsystemmustbel

11、earnedanewbyeachspeaker.(6)Interchangeability:Interchangeabilitymeansthatanyhumanbeingcanbebothaproducerareceiverofmessages.3.FunctionsofLanguage.Languagehasatleastsevenfunctions:phaticdirectiveInfmativeinterrogativeexpr

12、essiveevocativeperfmative.(1)Phaticfunction:The“phaticfunction”referstolanguagebeingusedfsettingupacertainatmospheremaintainingsocialcontacts(ratherthanfexchanginginfmationideas).GreetingsfarewellscommentsontheweatherinE

13、nglishonclothinginChineseallservethisfunction.(2)Directivefunction:The“directivefunction”meansthatlanguagemaybeusedtogetthehearer3parolemakethanthesubjectoflinguistics.Thelangueparoledistinctionisofgreatimptancewhichcast

14、sgreatinfluenceonlaterlinguists.(5).competencevs.perfmanceAccdingtoN.Chomsky“competence”istheideallanguageuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage“perfmance”istheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinutterances.Thefmerenablesa

15、speakertoproduceunderstanindefinitenumberofsentencestorecognizegrammaticalmistakesambiguities.Aspeaker’scompetenceisstablewhilehisperfmanceisofteninfluencedbypsychologicalsocialfacts.Soaspeaker’sperfmancedoesnotalwaysmat

16、chequalhissupposedcompetence.Chomskybelievesthatlinguistsoughttostudycompetenceratherthanperfmance.(6).linguisticpotentialvs.linguisticbehaviThesetwotermsthepotentialbehavidistinctionweremadebyM.A.K.Hallidayinthe1960sfro

17、mafunctionalpointofview.Thereisawiderangeofthingsaspeakercandoinhisculturesimilarlytherearemanythingshecansayfexampletomanypeopleonmanytopics.Whatheactuallysays(i.e.his“actuallinguisticbehavi”)onacertainoccasiontoacertai

18、npersoniswhathehaschosenfrommanypossibleinjusticeitemseachofwhichhecouldhavesaid(linguisticpotential).Chapter2Phoics1.Whatisphoics“Phoics”isthesciencewhichstudiestheacteristicsofhumansoundmakingespeciallythosesoundsusedi

19、nspeechprovidesmethodsftheirdeionclassificationtranionspeechsoundsmaybestudiedindifferentwaysthusbythreedifferentbranchesofphoics.(1)Articulatyphoicsthebranchofphoicsthatexaminesthewayinwhichaspeechsoundisproducedtodisco

20、verwhichvocalgansareinvolvedhowtheycodinateintheprocess.(2)Audityphoicsthebranchofphoicresearchfromthehearer’spointofviewlookingintotheimpressionwhichaspeechsoundmakesonthehearerasmediatedbytheeartheauditynervethebrain.(

21、3)Acousticphoics:thestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofspeechsoundsastransmittedbetweenmouthear.Mostphoicianshoweverareinterestedinarticulatyphoics.2.TheIPATheIPAabbreviationof“InternationalPhoicAlphabet”isacompromisesystemma

22、kinguseofsymbolsofallsourcesincludingdiacriticsindicatinglengthstressintonationindicatingphoicvariation.Eversinceitwasdevelopedin1888IPAhasundergoneanumberofrevisions.3.PlaceofarticulationItreferstotheplaceinthemouthwher

23、efexampletheobstructionoccursresultingintheutteranceofaconsonant.4.MannerofarticulationThe“mannerofarticulation”literallymeansthewayasoundisarticulated.5.Phonology“Phonology”isthestudyofsoundsystemstheinventionofdistinct

24、ivespeechsoundsthatoccurinalanguagethepatternswhereintheyfall.Minimalpairphonemesallophonesfreevariationcomplementarydistributionetc.arealltobeinvestigatedbyaphonologist.6.Narrowtranionbroadtranion.Thefmerwasmeanttosymbo