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1、Chapter11Regression11.1LinearRegressionLinearregressionisoneofthecetopicsofstatistics.Itisevenmecentraltoeconometricswhereashtageofcontrolledexperimentsoftenleaveseconometricianstryingtofactheterogeneityoutexpost.Webegin

2、withanontraditionalviewoflinearregressionbasedonminimalassumptions.11.1.1TheSetupLet’sstartwiththekindofpredictionproblemdiscussedin8.2.2.Westudyasystemwithvectinputxn∈RKfollowedbyscalaroutputyn.Fexample?xnisadeionofalot

3、tery(probabilitiespossibleoutcomesetc.)inacontrolledexperimentyniswillingnesstopayindertoparticipate(seee.g.PeysakhovichNaecker2015).?xnisasetofhouseholdacteristics(ethnicityagelocationetc.)ynishouseholdwealthatsomelater

4、date(seee.g.McKernanetal.2014).?xnispriceofelectricitypricesofalternativestemperaturehouseholdincomemeasurementsoftheregionalincomedistributionwhileynisregionalelectricityconsumption(seee.g.AuffhammerWolfram2014).Althoug

5、hwedon’texcludethepossibilitythatyiscategical(i.e.discrete)ourlossfunctionwillbeientedtowardregression(whereytakesvaluesinR).SupposethatwehaveNobservationszn:=(xnyn)allofwhicharedrawsfromsomefixedjointdistributionP.Since

6、Pisfixedweareassumingthatthesystemis299Regression301tradition.ItdatesbackatleastasfarasCarlGauss’swkonthebitalpositionofCerespublishedin1801.YoumightbewonderingwhetherthechoiceH=H?isasuitableone.Thisisanexcellentquestion

7、.Itmightnotbe.HowevertherearegoodreasonstostartwithH?eveninthissettingwherenolinearityassumptionsareimposed.FirstH?isanaturalstartingpointwhenseekingaclassofsimplewellbehavedfunctions.Secondaswe’llseesettingH=H?allowsust

8、oobtainananalyticalexpressionftheminimizerwhichsimplifiesbothanalysiscomputation.ThirdthetechniquehasanextensionfromH?tobroaderclassesoffunctionsasdescribedin11.2.1.11.1.2TheLeastSquaresEstimatNowlet’ssolve(11.5).Withour

9、knowledgeofoverdeterminedsystems(see3.3.2)wealreadyhaveallthenecessarytools.Thiswillbemeobviousafterweswitchtomatrixnotation.Todothislety:=?????y1y2...yN?????xn:=?????xn1xn2...xnK?????=nthobservationofallregresss(11.6)X:

10、=?????x?1x?2...x?N?????:=:?????x11x12x1Kx21x22x2K.........xN1xN2xNK?????(11.7)SometimesXiscalledthedesignmatrix.ByconstructioncolkX=allobservationsonthekthregress.Alsofanyb∈RKwehaveXb=?????x?1bx?2b...x?Nb?????Itfollowsth

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