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1、1青島大學(xué)青島大學(xué)202015年碩士研究生入學(xué)考試試題年碩士研究生入學(xué)考試試題科目代碼：622科目名稱：基礎(chǔ)英語(yǔ)（2）（共12頁(yè)）請(qǐng)考生寫(xiě)明題號(hào)，將答案全部答在答題紙上，答在試卷上無(wú)效PartI.Cloze(20points)Directions:Thereare20blanksinthefollowingpassage.FeachblanktherearefourchoicesmarkedABCD.YoumustchoosetheON

2、Ethatbestfitsintothepassage.Learningtheistsemphasizetheroleofenvironmentalinfluencesinshapingthewayapersondevelops.1theirviewchilddevelopmentisguidedbybothdeliberate2learningexperiencesinthehomepeergroupsschoolcommunity.

3、Therefechildhoodgrowthissignificantly3bytheefftsofparentsteachersothersto4childrenindesirableways.Accdingtolearningtheiesthesame5thatexplainhowpeoplecanuseabicyclecomputeralsoexplainhowchildrenacquiresocialskillsemotiona

4、lselfcontrolreasoningstrategiesthe6skillsofwalkingrunning.Onekindoflearningoccurswhenachild’sactionsare7byarewardpunishment.Arewardalsocalledareinfcerincreasestheprobabilitythatbehaviwillberepeated.Fexampleayoungchildmay

5、8drawpicturesbecauseshereceivespraisefromherparentsafter9eachone.Apunishmentdecreasestheprobabilitythatbehaviwillberepeated.Fexampleachildwhotouchesahotstoveburnshisfingertipsisnot10totouchthestoveagain.11kindoflearningc

6、lassicalconditioningoccurswhenapersonmakesa12associationbetweentwoevents.Fexamplebabiesbeginsuckingwhentheyareputinafamiliarnursing13childrenfeardogswhosebarkinghasstartledtheminthepast.Athirdkindoflearning14ofimitatingt

7、hebehaviofothers.Aboymayacquirehisfather’s15of3PartII.ReadingComprehension(40points)Directions:Therearethreepassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestions.FeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedABCD.Choosetheonetha

8、tyouthinkisthebestanswer.PassageOneShoppinghasbecomeacloakdaggeraffair.Conspicuousconsumptiondoesnotlookgoodduringarecessionwhichexplainswhysomanyofusareembracingecommerce.Onlineshoppingontheseshesisprojectedtogrowfromsa

9、lesof￡8.9bntoaround￡21.3bnbytheendof2011.Oftenpeopleproclaimthey’veembracedecommercebecauseit’s“green”.Thisisunderstable.Ifmanyshoppingbagsinarecessionlookbadbricksmtarretailhugeoutoftownshoppingcentersretailempiathatins

10、istonleavingtheirdosopeneveninwintergrocerystesfullofthemostinefficientfreezerslookterribleduringanecologicalemergency.ShouldwebuytheideathatecommerceisanybetterSeveralstudieshavetriedtoanswerthiswithcoldharddata.A2000st

11、udyonWebvananowdefunctUSonlinegrocerconcludedthatawideradoptionofecommercewouldnotgiveusenvironmentalgainswhilea2002studyofUSbookretailingfoundnogreaterenergysavingssellingonline.Butthestudythatalletailersaretalkingabout

12、isanewonefromCarnegieMellonUniversitywhichhasfoundthatshoppingonlinevia’secommercemodelfelectronicproductsuses35percentlessenergyconsumptionCO2emissionsthanatraditionalbricksmtarmodel.Thisislargelybecauseitavoidstheusual

13、retaildistributionmodelofcoursetheimpactofconsumersdrivingtoaste(theaveragepersondrives14milesintotaltopurchasethreeitems).Butbothmodelsareflawedbecauseonlineonthestreetretailersaredependentonahydrocarbonfuelleddeliverys

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