互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上電影侵權(quán)問題的過去、現(xiàn)在和將來畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯

1、原文原文ComingSoontoaP.C.NearYou:ThePastPresentFutureofMovieCopyrightInfringementontheInterbyStephenBatesINTRODUCTIONThelatestHollywoodblockbusterjustopenedintheatersacrossthecountrytoday.Youveseenthecommercials.Youhavereadt

2、hereviews.Youhaveevenstayedupwellpastnighttowatchthestarspromotingthemovieonlatenighttalkshows.IfyouarelikemostpeopletoseethismovieyouwouldprobablydrivedowntoyourlocalCineplexdishout$9.00ftheflick.Thereareagrowingnumbero

3、fmoviefanshoweverthatsavethegasmoneyfthedrivetheir$9.00watchthesamemoviefromthecomftoftheirhomeofficeontheirpersonalcomputerffree.FyearsthebattleovercopyrightinfringementontheInterwasbetweenthemusicindustrysoftwaredevelo

4、persusers.Nowwithadvancesintechnologythatallowfulllengthmoviestobedownloadedinaslittleas2hoursthemotionpictureindustryhasenteredthefray.Tosurviveinagameof“keepingupwiththeJones“themotionpictureindustrymustembracethetechn

5、ologyithasbeenfightingbecausecurrentcopyrightlawsofferthemnoprotection.ThispaperwillexplethegrowingpopularityofmoviepiracytheIntersroleinmakingitaccessibletomillions.PartIofthispaperwillgiveabriefoverviewofcopyrightlawin

6、general.PartIIwilltracethehistyofcopyrightinfringementontheInterthelawmakersresponsetothisinfringement.PartIIIwillexplemotionpicturecopyrightinfringementbothofflineonline.Thispaperwillalsodiscussthepresentusesoftechnolog

7、ytofacilitateinfringementofferpredictionsffuturecopyrightissuesprovidepossiblesolutions.I.BACKGROUNDOFCOPYRIGHTLAWTheCopyrightActof1976protectsall“iginalwksofauthshipfixedinanytangiblemediumofexpression.“Wksofauthshipinc

8、ludeliterarywksmusicalwksdramaticwkspictialwksmotionpicturessoundrecdingsarchitecturalwks.Authsofsuchwkshaveexclusiverightsrelatedtothosewks.Theserightsincludetherightto(1)reproducethewk(2)prepareaderivativewk(3)distribu

9、tecopiesofthewk(1)onetoonemessaging(suchas“email“)(2)onetomanymessaging(suchas“l(fā)istserv“)(3)distributedmessagedatabases(suchas“USEnewsgroups“)(4)realtimecommunication(suchas“InterRelayChat“)(5)realtimeremotecomputerutili

10、zation(suchas“tel“)(6)remoteinfmationretrieval(suchas“ftp““gopher“the“WldWideWeb“).“MostpeopleuseemailtheWldWideWeb(WWW).Mostofthesemethodsofcommunicationcanbeusedtotransmittextdatacomputerprogramssoundvisualimages(i.e.p

11、ictures)movingvideoimages.“B.CopyrightInfringementontheInter1.DirectInfringementInfringementgenerallyconsistsoftheviolationofoneoftheexclusiverightsofthecopyrightholderspecifiedin106oftheCopyrightAct.Toprovedirectinfring

12、ementaplaintiffmustprove(1)ownershipofthecopyrights(2)“copying“bythedefendant.Directinfringementdoesnotrequireintentanyparticularstateofmindalthoughwillfulnessisrelevanttotheawardofstatutydamages.Tobeliablefdirectinfring

13、ementonemust“activelyengagein““directlycause“thecopying.Sometimesitiseasyfcourtstofindadefendantliablefdirectinfringement.SuchwasthecaseinUMGRecdingsv..InUMGRecdingstheplaintiffswererecdcompaniesthatsuedanIntercompanyfco

14、pyrightinfringement.“Theplaintiffsallegedthatthedefendantboughtcopiesoftheirrecdingscopiedtherecdingsontoitscomputerserversreplayedtherecdingsfitssubscribers.Thedefendantarguedthecopyingwasprotectedby“fairuse.Thecourtfou

15、ndthefairusedefensewasaninadequatedefensebecausethedefendantsimplyrepackagedtherecdingstofacilitatetheirtransmissionthroughanothermediumitwasaninsufficientbasisfanylegitimateclaimoftransfmation.2.IndirectInfringementInca

16、seswheretheInterisusedasaconduitfinfringementplaintiffshavehadtorelyupontheprinciplesofcontributyvicariouscopyrightinfringementtoholdinfringersliable.Thisstrategyhasbeennecessarybecauseestablishingdirectinfringementisdif

17、ficultconsideringtheinherentnatureoftheInter.InfringingmaterialisusuallydistributedontheInterviaISPswebsitespeertopeersoftwarebulletinboards.Throughtheuseofthesemethodsaninfringerwhodistributesinfringingmaterialislikelyu