（江蘇專用）2018年高考英語專題復(fù)習(xí)（命題規(guī)律探究 題組分層精練）專題十五 任務(wù)型閱讀課件

1、專題十五 任務(wù)型閱讀,高考英語 (江蘇省專用),A組　自主命題·江蘇卷題組Passage 1(2017江蘇)Population ChangeWhy is the world's population growing?The answer is not what you might think. The reason for the explosion is not that people have been

2、reproducing like rabbits, but that people have stopped drop-ping dead like flies. In 1900, people died at the average age of 30. By 2000 the average age was 65. But while increasing health was a typical feature of the

3、20th century, declining birth rate could be a defining one of the 21st.Statistics show that the average number of births per woman has fallen from 4.9 in the early 1960s to 2.5 nowadays. Furthermore, around 50% of the

4、 world's population live in regions where the figure is now below the replacement level(i.e.2.1 births per woman)and almost all developed nations are experiencing sub-replacement birth rate. You might think that de

5、veloping nations would make up the loss(especially since 80% of the world's people now live in such nations), but you'd be wrong. De-,五年高考,clining birth rate is a major problem in many developing regions too, wh

6、ich might cause catastrophic global shortages of work force within a few decades.A great decline in young work force is likely to occur in China, for instance. What does it imply?First, China needs to undergo rapid ec

7、onomic development before a population decline hits the coun-try. Second, if other factors such as technology remain constant, economic growth and material ex-pectations will fall well below recent standards and this c

8、ould invite trouble.Russia is another country with population problems that could break its economic promise. Since 1992 the number of people dying has been bigger than that of those being born by a massive 50%.In-dee

9、d official figures suggest the country has shrunk by 5% since 1993 and people in Russia live a shorter life now than those in 1961. Why is this occurring?Nobody is quite sure, but poor diet and above all long-time alco

10、holism have much to do with it. If current trends don't bend, Russia's popu-lation will be about the size of Yemen's by the year 2050.,In the north of India, the population is booming due to high birth rates

11、, but in the south, where most economic development is taking place, birth rate is falling rapidly. In a further twist, birth rate is highest in poorly educated rural areas and lowest in highly educated urban areas. In

12、 total, 25% of In-dia's working-age population has no education. In 2030, a sixth of the country's potential work force could be totally uneducated.One solution is obviously to import foreign workers via immig

13、ration. As for the USA, it is almost u-nique among developed nations in having a population that is expected to grow by 20% from 2010—2030. Moreover, the USA has a track record of successfully accepting immigrants. As

14、a result it's likely to see a rise in the size of its working-age population and to witness strong economic growth over the longer term.,Population Change,答案[語篇解讀]　本文為說明文,題材是社會科學(xué)類。作者論述了世界人口增長的原因以及低出生率對國家經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響。1.

15、lower　根據(jù)第一段最后一句以及第二段第一句可知,21世紀(jì)的出生率低于(lower than)20世紀(jì)。2.size/scale　根據(jù)第二段第二句中的and almost all developed nations are experiencing sub-re-placement birth rate可知,幾乎所有的發(fā)達(dá)國家都面臨人口出生率低的問題。故此處指發(fā)達(dá)國家很難維持人口規(guī)模(the size/scale of pop

16、ulation)。3.immediate　根據(jù)第二段最后一句可知,在許多發(fā)展中國家,出生率下降是一個主要問題,這可能在幾十年內(nèi)造成全球?yàn)?zāi)難性的勞動力短缺問題。故此處指發(fā)展中國家出生率下降影響可能不是立即就能表現(xiàn)出來的,但卻是災(zāi)難性的。關(guān)鍵信息:within a few decades。4.economic　文章從第三段開始,舉例分析了發(fā)展中國家出生率與經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的關(guān)系。故此處副標(biāo)題應(yīng)為“人口與經(jīng)濟(jì)壓力”。5.old/older

17、　根據(jù)第三段第一句可知,中國很可能面臨年輕勞動力人數(shù)的下降問題。故此處指為了保證經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展,中國需要恰當(dāng)解決人口問題,因?yàn)樗膭趧恿θ遮吚淆g化。關(guān)鍵信息:A,great decline in young work force。6.earlier　根據(jù)第四段第三句可知,官方數(shù)據(jù)表明,自從1993年以來,俄羅斯人口已經(jīng)縮減了5%,相比1961年,現(xiàn)在的俄羅斯人更為短壽。故此處指俄羅斯人的早逝(the earlier death of R

18、ussians)可能導(dǎo)致人口縮減,這會使國家未來的經(jīng)濟(jì)受損。7.living/life　根據(jù)第四段倒數(shù)第二句可知,死亡人數(shù)增多有可能與俄羅斯人不良的飲食習(xí)慣和長期酗酒有關(guān)。故此處應(yīng)指改變?nèi)藗兊纳罘绞?change people's way of living/life)。 8.equality　根據(jù)第五段的后兩句可知,在印度,處于工作年齡段的人中有25%沒有接受過教育,到2030年,可能有六分之一的潛在勞動力完全沒有

19、接受過教育。故此處應(yīng)指不考慮出生率的問題,印度如果能實(shí)現(xiàn)教育機(jī)會的平等(equality of educational opportunity),這個國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)才有可能騰飛。9.immigration　根據(jù)最后一段的前三句話可知,此處指美國將通過移民提高人口數(shù)量。10.compensate　根據(jù)全文最后一句中的see a rise in the size of its working-age population可知,外來勞動

20、力的輸入可以使美國勞動人口得以增長。compensate for表示“彌補(bǔ)”。,長難句　原文:Declining birth rate is a major problem in many developing regions too, which might cause catastrophic global shortages of work force within a few decades.分析:本句為復(fù)合句。關(guān)系代詞wh

21、ich引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,且which在從句中作主語?！　∽g文:在許多發(fā)展中地區(qū),出生率下降也是一個主要問題,這可能在幾十年內(nèi)造成全球?yàn)?zāi)難性的勞動力短缺問題。重點(diǎn)詞匯　shrink v.收縮　catastrophic adj.災(zāi)難性的,Passage 2(2016江蘇)An Extension of the Human BrainOther people can help us compensate for our ment

22、al and emotional deficiencies (欠缺), much as a wooden leg can compensate for a physical deficiency. To be exact, other people can extend our intel-ligence and help us understand and adjust our emotions. When another per

23、son helps us in such ways, he or she is participating in what I've called a “social prosthetic (義肢的) system”. Such systems do not need to operate face-to-face, and it's clear to me that the Internet is expandin

24、g the range of my own social prosthetic systems. It's already a big bank of many minds. Even in its current state, the Internet has extended my memory and judgment.Regarding memory: Once I look up something on the

25、 Internet, I don't need to keep all the details for future use—I know where to find that information again and can quickly and easily do so. More generally, the Internet functions as if it were my memory. This func

26、tion of the Internet is particularly striking when I'm writing;I'm no longer comfortable writing if I'm not connected to the Internet. It's become natural to check facts as I write, taking a minute or t

27、wo to dip into PubMed,Wikipedia, or other websites.,Regarding judgment: The Internet has made me smarter in matters small and large. For example, when I'm writing a textbook, it has become second nature to check a

28、dozen definitions of a key term, which helps me dig into the core and understand its meaning. But more than that, I now regu-larly compare my views with those of many others. If I have a “new idea”, I now quickly look

29、to see whether somebody else has already thought of it, or something similar—and I then compare what I think with what others have thought. This certainly makes my own views clearer. Moreover, I can find out whether m

30、y reactions to an event are reasonable enough by reading about those of others on the Internet. These effects of the Internet have become even more striking since I've begun using a smartphone. I now regularly pul

31、l out my phone to check a fact, watch a video, read weibo. Such activities fill the spaces that used to be dead time (such as waiting for somebody to arrive for a lunch meeting).But that's the upside (好處). The down

32、side is that in those dead periods I often would let my thoughts flow and sometimes would have an unexpected insight or idea. Those opportunities are now fewer and farther between.,答案[語篇解讀]　他人的幫助像義肢一樣可以彌補(bǔ)我們在智力和情感上的缺陷。

33、在作者看來網(wǎng)絡(luò)擴(kuò)大了他的“社會義肢體系”,成為他記憶與判斷的延伸。智能手機(jī)使得網(wǎng)絡(luò)的“義肢”功能更加強(qiáng)大,但同時也帶來了一定的不良影響。1.Internet　根據(jù)第一段倒數(shù)第三句...that the Internet is expanding the range of my own social prosthetic systems.可知,網(wǎng)絡(luò)正在擴(kuò)大我自己的社會義肢體系范圍,即網(wǎng)絡(luò)能夠幫助我們彌補(bǔ)智力和情感上的缺陷,故填I(lǐng)

34、nternet。2.participates/joins　根據(jù)第一段第三句When another person helps us in such ways, he or she is participating in what I've called a “social prosthetic (義肢的) system”.可知,當(dāng)另一個人以這種方式幫助我們時,他/她正在參與作者所謂的“社會義肢體系”,而網(wǎng)絡(luò)作為我們的“社會

35、義肢體系”的一部分,也參與到我們的日常生活當(dāng)中,故填participates/joins。3.keeping　根據(jù)第二段第一句Once I look up something on the Internet, I don't need to keep all the details for future use—I know where to find that information again and can quic

36、kly and easily do so.可知,當(dāng)作者上網(wǎng)查信息時,作者不需要記住所有的細(xì)節(jié)來備用,without為介詞,后接動名詞,故填keeping。,4.all/different/various　根據(jù)第三段第一句The Internet has made me smarter in matters small and large.可知,網(wǎng)絡(luò)讓我們在各種/不同的事情上變得聰明,故填all/different/various。

37、5.heart/core　根據(jù)第三段第二句的when I'm writing a textbook, it has become second nature to check a dozen definitions of a key term, which helps me dig into the core and understand its meaning可知,當(dāng)作者寫書時,會本能地在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上查詢關(guān)鍵詞的定義,以便幫助

38、自己找到問題的核心、關(guān)鍵,故填heart/core。6.check　根據(jù)第三段內(nèi)容可知,作者寫作時會上網(wǎng)查詢自己的想法是否已經(jīng)有人想到了,并將自己的觀點(diǎn)與他人的進(jìn)行對比,由此推出網(wǎng)絡(luò)讓我們交流思想,以便核實(shí)自己的想法,故填check。7.judge　根據(jù)第三段的Regarding judgment可知,本段的主旨是判斷,由第三段最后一句More-over, I can find out whether my reactions

39、 to an event are reasonable enough by reading about those of others on the Internet.可知,網(wǎng)絡(luò)可以幫助我們判斷自身的行為是否合理,故填judge。8.mixed/two　根據(jù)最后兩段可知,智能手機(jī)的作用是兩方面的,有好處(upside),也有壞處(down-side),故填mixed/two。9.convenient　根據(jù)第四段可知,人們利用智能

40、手機(jī)能夠更加方便地核實(shí)資料,看視頻,刷微博,故填convenient。10.reduce　根據(jù)最后一段可知,智能手機(jī)減小了我們創(chuàng)新想法的可能性,故填reduce。,高級語塊　1.compensate for 彌補(bǔ)2.to be exact確切地說3.dig into the core探究核心要點(diǎn),長難句　If I have a “new idea”, I now quickly look to see whether someb

41、ody else has already thought of it, or something similar—and I then compare what I think with what others have thought.如果我有一個“新的想法”,我現(xiàn)在很快去看是不是有其他人也已經(jīng)想到了它,或者類似的一些東西,然后我會把我所想到的跟他人想到的進(jìn)行對比。本句含有if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句。主句中含有一個whether引

42、導(dǎo)的賓語從句和兩個what引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。,Passage 3(2015江蘇)People select news in expectation of a reward.This reward may be either of two kinds.One is related to what Freud calls the Pleasure Principle,the other to what he calls the Real

43、ity Principle.For want of better names,we shall call these two classes immediate reward and delayed reward.In general,the kind of news which may be expected to give immediate reward are news of crime and corruption,ac

44、cidents and disasters,sports,social events,and human interest.Delayed reward may be expected from news of public affairs,economic matters,social problems,science,education,and health.News of the first kind pays its rew

45、ards at once.A reader can enjoy an indirect experience without any of the dangers or stresses involved.He can tremble wildly at an axe-murder,shake his head sympa-thetically and safely at a hurricane,identify himself w

46、ith the winning team,laugh understandingly at a warm little story of children or dogs.News of the second kind,however,pays its rewards later.It sometimes requires the reader to tolerate unpleasantness or annoyance—as,

47、for example,when he reads of the threatening foreign situation,the mounting national debt,rising taxes,falling market,scarce housing,and cancer.It has a kind of “threat value”.It is read so that the reader may be infor

48、med and prepared.When a reader selects delayed,reward news,he pulls himself into the world of surrounding reality to which he can adapt himself on-ly by hard work.When he selects news of the other kind,he usually withdr

49、aws from the world of threatening reality toward the dream world.For any individual,of course,the boundaries of these two classes are not stable.For example,a sociol-ogist may read news of crime as a social problem,ra

50、ther than for its immediate reward.A coach may read a sports story for its threat value:he may have to play that team next week.A politician may read an account of his latest successful public meeting,not for its delay

51、ed reward,but very much as his wife reads an account of a party.In any given story of corruption or disaster,a thoughtful reader may receive not only the immediate reward of indirect experience,but also the delayed rew

52、ard of informa-tion and preparedness.Therefore,while the division of categories holds in general,an individual's tendency may transfer any story from one kind of reading to another,or divide the experience be-twee

53、n the two kinds of reward.,答案[語篇解讀]　本文為說明文,題材為社會生活類。介紹了人們選擇新聞故事時的兩個原則:娛樂原則和現(xiàn)實(shí)原則。1.rewards/rewarded　根據(jù)第一段第一句People select news in expectation of a reward.可知,人們選擇性地看新聞是期盼有所收獲的。空格處可用名詞reward的復(fù)數(shù)形式,或用動詞reward的過去分詞rewarde

54、d與get構(gòu)成被動結(jié)構(gòu)。2.Explanations　根據(jù)第二、三、四段可知,此處是解釋immediate reward和delayed reward。右欄有多個解釋,應(yīng)用explanation的復(fù)數(shù)形式,并根據(jù)左欄上下框形式,需大寫首字母。3.involvement　根據(jù)第三段第二句A reader can enjoy an indirect experience without any of the dangers or s

55、tresses involved.可知,讀者可間接地體驗(yàn)這個新聞,但又不會有任何危險(xiǎn)和緊張。介詞without后應(yīng)用involve的名詞形式involvement。4.share　根據(jù)第三段第三句He can tremble wildly at an axe-murder,shake his head sympathetically and safely at a hurricane,identify himself with t

56、he winning team,laugh understandingly at a warm little story of children or dogs.可知,讀者可以與新聞中敘述的事情產(chǎn)生共鳴,再結(jié)合空格后的with可知,應(yīng)填share,構(gòu)成share sth. with sb.結(jié)構(gòu)。,5.threat　根據(jù)第四段第三句It has a kind of “threat value”.可知,第二類新聞會給人一種威脅感。不定

57、冠詞后應(yīng)用名詞threat,表示對某人的威脅。6.prepare　根據(jù)第四段第四句It is read so that the reader may be informed and prepared.可知,讀這樣的新聞讀者會對現(xiàn)實(shí)社會做好心理準(zhǔn)備。原文中用了被動結(jié)構(gòu)be prepared,由于題干主語發(fā)生了變化應(yīng)改為主動形式prepare。7.withdraw　根據(jù)第四段最后一句When he selects news of t

58、he other kind,he usually withdraws from the world of threatening reality toward the dream world.可知,如果讀者選擇immediate reward的新聞,那么他通常會從具有威脅性的現(xiàn)實(shí)社會回到夢想中的社會。評析　任務(wù)型閱讀要求學(xué)生對文章中與表格相匹配的信息進(jìn)行提煉和轉(zhuǎn)換。本題要求學(xué)生不僅能找到文中的withdraws,還應(yīng)該能根據(jù)題干

59、中l(wèi)ead sb.to do sth.的動詞短語搭配填出恰當(dāng)?shù)男问?。學(xué)生易誤填withdrawing。,8.profession(s)/intention　根據(jù)第五段所舉的例子可以推斷,讀者閱讀和理解新聞故事的角度很大程度上取決于讀者本身所從事的職業(yè)(profession)或者他們讀新聞的意圖(intention)。這個答案需要概括出來。9.adapt　根據(jù)第五段第五句In any given story of corrupti

60、on or disaster,a thoughtful reader may re-ceive not only the immediate reward of indirect experience,but also the delayed reward of informa-tion and preparedness. 可知,新聞不僅可以給讀者提供間接體驗(yàn),而且能給他們帶來信息以及對現(xiàn)實(shí)的準(zhǔn)備。此處用了adapt sb. to

61、 sth.的結(jié)構(gòu),adapt themselves to the reality使他們自己適應(yīng)現(xiàn)實(shí)。10.depends　根據(jù)最后一段最后一句Therefore,while the division of categories holds in general,an individual's tendency may transfer any story from one kind of reading to anothe

62、r,or divide the expe-rience between the two kinds of reward.可知,分類取決于讀者。句子主語division是單數(shù),謂語應(yīng)用depends。,高級語塊　1.in expectation of 期待2.immediate reward 即時獎勵3.delayed reward 延宕獎勵,長難句　When a reader selects delayed reward new

63、s,he pulls himself into the world of surrounding reality to which he can adapt himself only by hard work.當(dāng)一個讀者選擇了延宕獎勵的新聞,他就把自己拉進(jìn)了一個周邊現(xiàn)實(shí)的世界,對此他只有通過努力才能適應(yīng)。when引導(dǎo)的是一個時間狀語從句。主句中to which引導(dǎo)定語從句,先行詞為the world of sur-roundin

64、g reality。,Passage 4(2014江蘇)The expression,“everybody's doing it,”is very much at the center of the concept of peer pressure.It is a strong influence of a group,especially of children,on members of that group to be

65、have as ev-erybody else does.It can be positive or negative.Most people experience it in some way during their lives.People are social creatures by nature,and so it is hardly surprising that part of their self-respect

66、 comes from the approval of others.This instinct(天性)is why the approval of peers,or the fear of dis-approval,is such a powerful force in many people's lives.It is the same instinct that drives people to dress one

67、way at home and another way at work,or to answer “fine”when a stranger asks“how are you?”even if it is not necessarily true.There is a practical aspect to this:it helps society to func-tion efficiently,and encourages a

68、 general level of self-discipline that simplifies day-to-day interac-tion.For certain individuals,seeking social acceptance is so important that it becomes like an addiction;in order to satisfy the desire,they may go

69、so far as to abandon their sense of right and wrong.Teens and young adults may feel forced to use drugs,or join gangs that encourage criminal behavior.Mature,adults may sometimes feel pressured to cover up illegal activ

70、ity at the company where they work,or end up in debt because they are unable to hold back the desire to buy a house or car that they can't afford in an effort to“keep up with the Joneses”.However,peer pressure is

71、not always negative.A student whose friends are good at academics may be urged to study harder and get good grades.Players on a sports team may feel driven to play harder in order to help the team win.This type of infl

72、uence can also get a friend off drugs,or to help an adult take up a good habit or drop a bad one.Study groups and class projects are examples of positive peer groups that encourage people to better themselves.Schools

73、try to teach kids about the dangers of negative peer pressure.They teach kids to stand up and be themselves,and encourage them to politely decline to do things that they believe are wrong.Simi-larly,it can be helpful t