工程師手冊-過程工業(yè)自動化儀表與控制手冊 英文版

1、P1:FJPFKEP2:FJPFGBP3:FJPFGBQC:ANJ9August199915:19CHAP01SECTION1INTRODUCTYREVIEWG.McMillanFromthe1970stothe1990sthehiringofengineerstechniciansdwindledtonewlows.Technicaltrainingwasreplacedwithmanagementtrainingprograms.F

2、asttrackemployeesaspiredtobemanagersratherthantechnicalleaders.Thiscombinedwiththeearlyretirementofmostoftheexperiencedengineerstechniciansledtoahugegapinageexperienceintheareaofprocessindustrialinstrumentationcontrol.Co

3、mpanieshaveattemptedtoreplenishtheirtechnicalcapabilityinthepastfewyearsbutthenewhiresaretypicallynotgivenamentaccesstoatechnicaltrainingprogramtechnicalsuppt.Naretheygiventimetodeveloptheirskillsonprojectsofincrementalc

4、omplexity.Oftentheyarethrownimmediatelyintosomeverydifficultsituations.Tohelpaddressthisnewneedtheemphasisofthenewmaterialinthehbookhasshiftedfromoperatingprinciplestoapplicationguidance.Newfeaturesprocessconditionsthata

5、reimptantconsiderationsfsuccessfulinstallationsarediscussed.ionratingskeypointsrulesofthumbareoffered.Thisupdateprovidesthereaderwithaperspectiveappreciationfwhatisimptantfimplementationfromauthswithdecadesofexperience.P

6、lantshavealsosufferedfromneglect.Inattempttoimprovethereturnonequitycapitalwasnotmadeavailableteplaceoldequipment.Meantimethesurgeintheeconomymeansplantsarerunningat200%meofnameplatecapacity.Asaresultequipmentispushedbey

7、onditsnmaloperatingregion.Thishasincreasedthebenefitsfromprocesscontrolimprovementtogetthemostoutofaplant.Section10hasbeenaddedtoprovideacomprehensivetreatmentofthisimptantopptunity.Thebiggestnewsofcourseisthemovetosmart

8、instrumentationtheWindowsNTplatfmFieldbus.DistributedControlSystemsFieldBasedSystemsinSection3KnowledgeBasedOperatTraininginSection8InstrumentMaintenanceCostReductioninSection10anOverviewoftheISAIECFieldbusStardinSection

9、11provideinfmationessentialtogetthemostoutofthesemajshiftsintechnology.FinallystardshavebeenrecentlydevelopedtoaddresssafetybatchoperationFieldbus.Section11hasbeenaddedtoprovideanoverviewoftheimptantaspectsofthesenewstar

10、dsbyauthswhohaveplayedakeyroleintheirdevelopment.Thishbookhasbeendesignedfthepractitionerwhoneedstoapplyinstrumentationcontrolsystemsinindustry.Thefollowingisawalkthroughofthetechnicalarticles.SECTION2:CONTROLSYSTEMFUNDA

11、MENTALSControlPrinciplesAswasobservedbyreadersofearliereditionsthishasbeenoneofthemostwidelyusedarticlesinthishbook.Thisarticleisintendednotonlyfindividualstudybutalsofusebygroupsofscholarsincollegetechnicalschoolinplant

12、trainingprograms.Thearticlecommenceswiththenontheeticalanalysisofatypicalprocessmachinecontrolsystem.Discussedareprocessreactioncurvestransferfunctionscontrolmodessinglecapacitymulticapacityprocesses—relatingcontrolacter

13、isticswithcontrollerion.TechniquesfProcessControlThisarticlereviewsfromboththepracticalthetheeticalviewpointsthenumerousadvancementsachievedinsolvingdifficultcontrolproblemsinimprovingtheperfmanceofcontrolsystems1.1P1:FJ

14、PFKEP2:FJPFGBP3:FJPFGBQC:ANJ9August199915:19CHAP01INTRODUCTYREVIEW1.3theusermakethemostcomplexfarreachingdecisionsininstrumentationprocesscontrolinthatitsetstheeasedegreeofautomationmaintenanceoperabilityoftheplant.Progr

15、ammableControllersTheauthprovidesaperspectiveofthecriteriafmakingthemanychoicesofarchitecturesoftwarehardware.Thetablesofthechoicesofwksinputoutput(IO)outlinetheessentialissues.Thediscussionofcontrollersizemodularitydist

16、ributionaddressesthekeyquestionsfanyapplication.ThearticlealsoprovidesabalancedviewofalternativessuchasPCbasedsoftcontrol.Boththeuserthesupplierwillbenefitfromthistreatmentofthisimptantcomponentofdiscretemanufacturingsaf

17、etyinterlocksequentialcontrolsystems:StAloneControllersThecontinuingimpressiveroleofthesecontrollersparticularlyinnonCIMenvironmentsisemphasized.Deionsincluderevampedmodernizedversionsofthesedecadesoldwkhses.Apotpourriof

18、currentlyavailablestalonecontrollersisincludedwithemphasisonnewfeaturessuchasselftuningdiagnosisinadditiontodesignconfmationwithEuropeanDIN(DeutscheIndustrieNm)stards.HydraulicControllersTheimptantnichefpowerfulhydraulic

19、methodscontinuestoexistintheindustrialcontrolfield.Theprincipleswhichwereestablisheddecadesagoaredescribedincludingjetpipeflapperspooltwostagevalves.Contemparyservovalvesarediscussed.Hydraulicfluidspowerconsiderationsthe

20、ioncriteriafservoproptionalvalvesareoutlined.Atabularsummaryoftherelativeadvantageslimitationsofvarioushydraulicfluidsincludingthenewerpolyolestersisincluded.BatchProcessControlDuringthepastfewyearsmuchattentionhasbeendi

21、rectedtowardabetterunderstingofthedynamicsofbatchprocessesinaneffttoachievegreaterautomationbyapplyingadvancedcontrolknowledgegainedfromexperiencewithcontinuousprocesscontrolscomputers.Thishasprovedtobemedifficulttequire

22、metimethanhadbeenanticipated.StardsganizationssuchastheInstrumentSocietyofAmericacontinuetowkupstardsfabatchcontrolmodel.Inthisarticleanattempthasbeenmadetocutthroughsomeofthecomplexitiestoconcentrateonthebasicsrathertha

23、nonthemostcomplexmodelonecanenvision.Batchingnomenclatureisdetaileddefinitionsofthebatchprocessaregiveninsimplifiedunderstableterms.Todistinguishamongthemanymethodsavailablefaccomplishingbatchcontrolatabularsummaryofproc

24、esstypesversussuchfactsasdurationofprocesssizeoflotrunlabcontentprocessefficiencytheinputoutputsystemisgiven.Interfacingwithdistributedcontrolsystemoverallwkingareconsidered.AutomaticBlendingSystemsAlthoughtheneedtoblend

25、variousingredientsinpotscrocksdatesbacktoantiquitycontemparyblendingsystemsareindeedquitesophisticated.Theauthcontractsthecontrolneedsfbatchversuscontinuousblending.Atypicalblendconfigurationisdiagrammedindetail.Someofth