[雙語翻譯]噪音污染外文翻譯--工作場所接觸人群的交通噪聲污染及態(tài)度評價

1、2300 英文單詞， 英文單詞，11500 英文字符，中文 英文字符，中文 3700 字文獻出處： 文獻出處：Pathak V, Tripathi B D, kumar Mishra V. Evaluation of traffic noise pollution and attitudes of exposed individuals in working place[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2008

2、, 42(16): 3892-3898.Evaluation of traffic noise pollution and attitudes of exposed individuals in working placeVinita Pathak, B.D. Tripathi, Virendra kumar MishraAbstractThe main objective of this paper is to evaluate th

3、e noise pollution problem in the Varanasi city and its effect on the exposed people. The study revealed the fact that noise levels have reached an alarming level. The result of the study indicated the fact that 85% of th

4、e people were disturbed by traffic noise, about 90% of the people reported that traffic noise is the main cause of headache, high BP problem, dizziness and fatigue. People having higher education and income level are muc

5、h aware of the health impact due to traffic noise. Marital status was found to be significantly affecting the annoyance level caused by traffic noise. Traffic noise was found to be interfering daily activities such as at

6、 resting, reading, communication etc.Keywords: Noise; Pollution; Traffic; Noise pollution level1. IntroductionTraffic noise is considered as one of the important sources of noise pollution that adversely affects human he

7、alth (Aparicio et al., 1993; Lercher, 1995; Williams and Mc Creae, 1995). On densely traveled roads the equivalent sound pressure levels for 24 h can reach upto 75–80 dB (Yoshida et al., 1997). Evidences indicate that no

8、ise pollution may have an adverse impact on human health (Georgiadou et al., 2004) and has been stated as a serious health hazard. Noise-related health hazards cause damage to humans ranging from annoyance to insanity an

9、d death (Mato and Mufuruki, 1999). Permanent hearing loss by long-term exposure to noise has been reported by Nelson (1987). Noise effects may include annoyance, deterioration of sleep quality and stress-related ischemi

10、c heart disease (Morrell et al., 1997). Franssen et al. (2002) showed that hypertension could be attributed to aircraft noise. Moreover, there have been some attempts to financially quantify the cost of damages to resi

11、den- tial areas and environment due to noise pollution (Levinson and Gillen, 1997; Theebe, 2004). Saadu et al. (1998) performed a noise survey study in Nigeria. Results from the eight cities surveyed showed that road tra

12、ffic is the major source of noise pollution.Traffic is the dominating source of noise (Skan- berg and Ohrstrom, 2002) and is the major source of nuisance and annoyance as cited in social surveys by Pandya (2003). This ha

13、s led researchers in many countries to investigate and characterize problems related to traffic noise (Abo-Qudais, 2004; Bha- dram, 2003; Georgiadou et al., 2004; Pandya, 2003; Ramis et al., 2003; Sommerhoff et al., 2004

14、; Theebe, 2004; Zannin et al., 2001, 2002).Varanasi is a large city with a population of about 2 million. Rapid urbanization, industrialization, expansion of road network and infrastructure caused severe noise pollution

15、 problem (Pathak et al., 2007). The annual growth rates of the motorized vehicles, which include cars and taxis, have shown a downward trend over the period of 17 years, i.e. from 1985 to 2002 (Fig. 1). The reason for

16、this can be the non-availability of road space and congestion caused due to non-motorized traffic, i.e. cycle rickshaws, etc. This indicates that problems associated with traffic noise are expected to be more significant

17、. An earlier study by the authors indicates the extent of interviewed with the help of a questionnaire. The questionnaire includes information on socio-economic characteristics of the people such as age, income, educatio

18、n, material status, etc. The questionnaire also includes questions regarding individual view about vehicular noise and extent of disturbance caused by noise (not annoyed, annoyed, or extremely annoyed), with their daily

19、activity, which includes working, resting, conversation, reading, talking on phone, etc.3. Result and discussion3.1. Noise level at different sampling sitesAnalysis of percentile values of noise indices (Leq, NC, Lnp) at

20、 different time intervals is given in Figs. 2–5. It can be concluded from the results that most of the sampling sites were badly affected with traffic noise as these noise levels were higher when compared to the standard

21、s of the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB, 1998) for different area categories (Table 1). These findings are similar to those reported for other cities around the world in Italy, Brazil, Greece and India (Zannin et

22、al., 2002; Georgiadou et al., 2004; Pandya, 2003). Among the different sampling sites, the silence zone had values of different noise indices ranging between Leq 75.34 dB (A), NC 24.3 dB (A) and Lnp 99.64, and Leq 37 dB

23、(A), Lnp 46.8 dB (A), and 5.3 dB (A). Upper values were higher than the prescribed standards of CPCB (1998). In the commercial area, maximum Leq, i.e.84.27 dB (A), NC, 19.4 dB (A) and Lnp 101.31 dB (A), was recorded, whi

24、le its minimum value was measured as Leq 46.9 dB (A), NC 5.8 dB (A) and Lnp 40.6 dB (A). For the residential area, maximum Leq 75.34 dB (A), NC 24.3 dB (A), Lnp 113.8 dB (A) and minimum Leq 46.9 dB (A), NC 6.9 dB (A) and

25、 Lnp 44.9 dB (A) were measured. In the industrial area, maximum Leq 70.3 dB (A), NC 11.8 dB (A), Lnp 87.1 dB (A) and minimum Leq 57.8 dB (A), NC 6.9 dB (A) and Lnp 65.2 dB (A) were recorded.The monitoring of different ar

26、ea categories showed that maximum noise level was recorded in the commercial area, followed by residential area, industrial area and silence zone. This result inter- estingly showed that industrial area has a lower value

27、 of noise in comparison to the residential area and silence zone, which is an alarming signal for the local inhabitants. It also observed from the data that these noise levels were higher than the level reported for livi

28、ng room. The bed-room noise level of 25–30 dB (A), which exceeded at all sampling sites during night time might result in more sleep disturbance due to noise. It should be noted that the World Health Organization (WHO) r