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1、An investigation of the impact of building orientation on energy consumption in a domestic building using emerging BIM (Building Information Modelling)F.H. Abanda*, L. ByersSchool of the Built Environment, Faculty of Tec

2、hnology, Design and Environment, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UKa r t i c l e i n f oArticle history:Received 11 July 2015Received in revised form14 December 2015Accepted 30 December 2015Available online 2

3、 February 2016Keywords:BIM (building information modelling)Building orientationEnergyGreen Building StudioSmall-scale constructionSustainabilitya b s t r a c tBIM (building information modelling) has developed into a pow

4、erful solution that can improve manyaspects of construction industry. Current research regarding the impact of orientation on a building'senergy needs seldom tap into the potential of BIM. This study investigates the

5、 impact of orientation onenergy consumption in small-scale construction, and assesses how BIM can be used to facilitate thisprocess. The methods adopted are three-fold. Firstly, a real-life building is modelled using Rev

6、it, one ofthe leading BIM tools. Secondly, through green building Extensible Markup Language, the model isexported to Green Building Studio, one of the leading energy simulation software. Thirdly, in the GreenBuilding St

7、udio, different building orientations are adopted and their impacts of the whole buildingenergy are investigated. Based on the analysis of the energy consumption corresponding to the differentorientations, it emerged tha

8、t a well-orientated building can save a considerable amount of energythroughout its life cycle. Specifically, a total electricity use difference of 17 056 kWh and a total gas usedifference of 27 988 MJ leading to a combi

9、ned energy cost savings of £878 throughout a 30 year periodbetween the best (þ180?) and worst (þ45?) orientations of the building was achieved.© 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.1. BackgroundAcc

10、ording to the recent the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) AR5 (Fifth Assessment Report), globally buildings were responsible for about 32% of energy consumption and emis- sion of 19% of energy-related gre

11、enhouse gases in 2010. These shares impact negatively on the environment and communities through global warming. With growing threats of global warming, it is not a surprise that the construction industry is now beginnin

12、g to address the need for energy efficient buildings [17]. There are several factors that can influence the energy needs of a building, many of which can be managed to improve building en- ergy efficiency. According to t

13、he International Energy Agency [30]; the energy performance of the building envelope and its compo- nents (external walls, roofs, windows etc.) can be critical in deter- mining how much energy is required internally. Stu

14、dies have suggested that lower energy consumption can be due to improved insulation and more efficient building elements [18,59]. Occupants'behaviour is suggested to impact the level of energy required for space heat

15、ing in dwellings [3,37]. For example, the use of heating systems, space and appliances will differ significantly between occupants with dissimilar behaviour [53]. The shape and size of a building can have an impact on en

16、ergy consumption [5,20,24,25]. Catalina et al. [20] suggested that in order to minimise heat loss, a compact shape (e.g. a cube) is required. The ability that a building has to use solar radiation for heating and lightin

17、g may influence energy efficiency, which is often determined by building orienta- tion. As suggested by Wong and Fan [63]; it is vital to correctly orient a building so that it can receive a large solar contribution. The

18、 use of heating and lighting systems are two major factors that in- fluence energy consumption in buildings [40], both of which relate to building orientation. In order to maximise solar gain (which is important during c

19、older seasons), it is vital to correctly orient a building so that it can receive a large solar contribution [19,63]. Among the parameters that have an impact on passive solar gain, Morrissey et al. [42] identifies orien

20、tation as one of the most important. Pacheco et al. [49] claims that building orientation is one of the greatest repercussions on the energy demand of a building. Furthermore, Aksoy and Inalli [10] suggest that the * Cor

21、responding author.E-mail address: fabanda@brookes.ac.uk (F.H. Abanda).Contents lists available at ScienceDirectEnergyjournal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/energyhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.12.1350360-5442

22、/© 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Energy 97 (2016) 517e527[2] and NBS (National Building Specification) [44e46]. The most recent extensive review covered 122 BIM software systems in Abanda et al. [1]. This e

23、ffort will not be duplicated here. However, given that the multiplicity of these BIM systems, making decisions about their uses is difficult. The criteria for the choice of the different BIM software packages will be exa

24、mined in Section 6.5. Energy simulation software systems and BIMMany software vendors/manufacturers have created energy simulation systems that can be used to assess the efficiency of a building virtually. Similar to the

25、 multiplicity of BIM authoring tools, the market has been over flooded with many energy simulation tools making decisions about their uses is challenging. As an illustration, the US Department of Energy website provides

26、infor- mation on 417 building software tools for evaluating energy effi- ciency, renewable energy, and sustainability in buildings [61]. Some of the software can be used independently from the BIM softwarewhile others ca

27、n be integrated into BIM before performing energy analysis. There are some factors that need to be considered before deciding about which type of energy simulation software to use. But before examining the factors, it is

28、 important to situate the context of BIM in building energy simulation. BIM has the capabilities to assist its user in achieving a more energy efficient building [41]. Energy analysis is often complex and expensive and a

29、s a result it is sometimes delayed until the end of the design process [41]. The integrative character embedded within BIM allows coordinated and reliable information about the building project to be used from the initia

30、l design stage. Tucker and Newton [60] state that BIM allows for multidisciplinary information to be superimposed within one model, incorporating structural, me- chanical, electrical, plumbing and lighting. The consisten

31、t and interconnected information that creates a BIM model can be used to facilitate building energy analysis early in the process. The data generated from such simulations can be used to create more effi- cient design al