[雙語翻譯]法學(xué)外文翻譯--羅馬尼亞和西班牙未成年人犯罪的新路徑

1、2550 英文單詞， 英文單詞，13500 英文字符，中文 英文字符，中文 4150 字文獻(xiàn)出處： 文獻(xiàn)出處：Arhire D E. New Paths in Romanian and Spanish Juvenile Delinquency [J]. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2013, 92:61-65.New Paths in Romanian and Spanish

2、Juvenile DelinquencyDiana Elena ArhireAbstractJuvenile delinquency is one of the issues that have generated many debates in the last few years because it is one of the phenomena that are changing day after day and the wa

3、ys of controlling it need to be improved regularly.The aim of this paper is to provide a general presentation about the new paths in Romanian and Spanish juvenile delinquency as a result of a research conducted in six co

4、mmunities of the two countries. The importance of the research derives from the interrelation that should exist between the new tendencies of juvenile delinquency and strategies used in order to control it. The data were

5、 collected by using three methods of research: semi-structured interviews, participatory observation and focus-groups. The changes appeared in the delinquency of children are generally related with the age when they star

6、t to commit crimes, the offences they often commit, the factors that “push” them to commit crimes, the use of violence in reaching their illegal approach and the use of psychotropic substances. Why is it so important to

7、identify these aspects? Because they are the source of the problem and the basis of the intervention that can be made in order to control juvenile delinquency. The main ideas of the research reveal that in the six commun

8、ities included in this study the phenomenon of juvenile delinquency is confronting with new paths and the intervention should be carried out according to these changes. Strategies constructed and implemented according to

9、 the characteristics of the juvenile delinquency are the key to a successful process of crime control.Keywords: paths, juvenile delinquency, crime control, strategies.1. Problem StatementSocieties are changing day after

10、day. The children in conflict with the criminal law are more and more present in everyday life of society. Crime is no longer a characteristic of adults; children have also started to experience the world of crimes. This

11、 phenomenon is known as juvenile delinquency and the importance of control is given by the category of offenders: children are in full process of development, which gives them more chances to be rehabilitated after they

12、have committed an offence. In other words, it is important to take the required measures as early as possible because the children rehabilitated today will not be the adult offenders of tomorrow.Juvenile delinquency is o

13、ne of the concepts which have attracted many definitions. A simple definition describes it as “any inadequate behaviour of the youth” (Muncie, McLaughlin, 2011, p. 140) of which consequences became often an offence punis

14、hed by the criminal law. The process of controlling children’s offences can be described as “a complex set of practices and institutions ranging from the conduct of house holders locking their doors to the actions of aut

15、horities enacting criminal law from community policing to punishment in prison and all the processes between”(Garland, 2002, p. 7).The identification of an effective way of controlling this phenomenon is required in orde

16、r to avoid the imbalances of the society because “crime is not just a violation of law; it produces also harm on the others (…). The damages are at different levels experienced by victims, communities sociology but acros

17、s the social sciences” (Turner, 2006, p. 306).b) Focus-groups - “allows market researchers and opinion pollsters to collect fairly shallow responses from very large numbers of people. Focus groups, typically made up eith

18、er of a random selection of people or of invitees from a particular background (all genetic counsellors, for example) are used to try to gain an insight into popular understandings and views” (Bruce, Yearley, 2006, p. 10

19、9).c) Participatory observation – “collecting information through active participation in the social world that is been studied” (McLaughlin, Muncie, 2011, p. 378).The combination between these three research methods can

20、 be considered an acceptable way of obtaining more complete data.In order to obtain as much information as possible regarding the new paths in juvenile delinquency appeared in the Romanian communities (Vaslui, Iasi and B

21、acau) and Spanish communities (Huelva, Sevilla and Barcelona) I used semi-structured interviews based on an interview guide designed and tested before starting the research; focus-groups based on some main themes whose p

22、urpose was to obtain deep information, also tested before, and the participatory observation based on an observation guide designed to notice the reactions, verbal and non-verbal language of the professionals interviewed

23、.The process of data collection started in January 2011 and ended in November 2012. It was a complex procedure because, as it was underlined before, I wanted to have the possibility of involving myself in the field of th

24、e professionals of my research. I had at least three meetings with every respondent in its working institution. At the end of this process data were collected from 40 interviews and 10 focus-groups made up of: judges, ju

25、venile prosecutors, probation officers, psychologists, social workers and police officers.4. Findings and ResultsThe research made in the communities of the two European countries showed some interesting results regardin

26、g the new paths of juvenile delinquency in the last ten years. In order to identify and highlight the changes appeared in the communities studied five items were selected: the age most of the children in conflict with cr

27、iminal law have when they first make an offence, the offences they often commit, risk factors that generates a delinquent behaviour, the use of violence for committing the crime and the use of psychotropic substances. Th

28、ese items were followed from the beginning because of a literature review on the theme and because they were often mentioned during the interviews and the focus-groups made up of the professionals working in the juvenile

29、 justice systems.The age when a child starts to commit offences has a great influence on the rehabilitative treatment applied for the institutions and actors of the juvenile justice system. The professionals participatin

30、g in the interviews or at the focus-groups revealed that children of these days start to enter in conflict with criminal law at a younger age. However, there is a big debate in all the six Romanian and Spanish communitie

31、s because while some professionals believe that children commit a crime at an earlier age than ten years ago, others argue that those children usually commit criminal acts around the age of 16 or 17. In supporting these

32、ideas I consider important some examples of the beliefs expressed during the interviews or focus groups, exactly as they were expressed: “From the age point of view, most of the children are between 16 and 17 years old.