外文翻譯---公共交通運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)改進(jìn)和整合的觀點(diǎn)

1、中南大學(xué)畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)） 附錄一 外文文 獻(xiàn)附錄一 外文文獻(xiàn)Viewpoint Improvements and integration of a publictransport systemthe caseof SingaporeMuhammad Faishal Ibrahim*This paper illustrates the initiatives

2、undertaken in Singapore to improve and enhance the publictransport system. Being a small city-state, with limited land supply, encouraging the use of publictransport and restraining car ownership and usage seems to be an

3、 obvious choice in managing thecity 一 state's transport problems. Policy covers not only improvements of the public modes but alsoenhancement of all intermediate and end-point facilities, such as linkways, customer s

4、ervice andservice information. In addition, policy makers are also moving towards various aspects of integration in the pursuit of achieving seamless travel via the public transport system.Keywords: public policy, inform

5、ation technology, planningIntroductionThere has been a dramatic growth intravel over the past two decades. Forinstance, in Great Britain, the aggregatedistance travelled has increased by 450l0over a period of abo

6、ut 25 years(Department of Transport, LocalGovernment and the Regions, 2001)Mackett (1994) suggests three mainreasons for this, including increasingcar use, changing trip patterns and dis-persal of urban activiti

7、es. However, thetrend of increasing travel demand,particularly by motor vehicle use, isincreasingly becoming an alarmingthreat to the global environment (Roseand Ampt, 2001), and Gardiner (1991) mentions that transport i

8、s the cause ofmany of the worst sustainability threats. Awareness of sustainable development has become significant since thereport of Club of Rome. This awareness surged in the late 1980s and1990s, with more publicatio

9、ns relatingto environmental policy, such as theBrundtland Report in 1987, the RioDeclaration on Environment and Development in 1992 and the UnitedNations Framework Convention on Climate Change in 1994 (Button et al1996)

10、 and the Kyoto Meeting in 1997In recent years, sustainable development has been amongst the top agendaitems of governments, as well asresearchers, across the globe (forexample, Mackett, 1994; Quinn, 1994;Barren, 19

11、95; Jorgensen, 1995; Cheungand Hoen, 1996; Newman, 1996; Spaethling, 1996; Gurney et al, 1998)The heightening of awareness of sustamable development and environmental 中南大學(xué)畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）

12、附錄一 外文文 獻(xiàn)traffic congestion5. Improving the public transport system.The Land Transport Authority (LTA), a statutory board under the Ministry of Transport, spearheads all land transport developments in Singapore. It is re

13、sponsible for the planning,development and management of the land transport system. In attempting to achieve a “world class land transport system“, it broadly aims to “provide a quality, integrated and efficient land tra

14、nsport system which meets the needs and expectations of Singaporeans, supports economic and environmental goals, and provides value for money“ (LTA, 1998). In working towards these goals, the LTA works closely with oth

15、er government agencies to ensure that the transport systems are well planned and properly integrated with urban developments.Singapore has been actively improving its integrated transportation policy All developments, be

16、 it a major new town or a shopping centre, have elements of transport and land use integration as early as at its planning stage. However, the issues of motor vehicle usage, ownership and public transport have always bee

17、n at the centre stage of every resident's concerns. Singapore'ssmall size negates the thought of indefinite expansion of the road network and uncontrolled usage of the motor vehicle, thus justifying far more ut

18、ilisation of public transport. Hence,while developing a system to control the use and ownership of motor vehicles, the government has also always been attempting to improve the public transport systems to make them a

19、more attractive alternative to the private car. The government aims to provide residents with a “wide spectrum“ of integrated transport choices and a transport system that offers “high quality services, is convenient, ac

20、cessible, comfortable, safe, speedy and affordable to the majority of Singaporeans“ (LTA, 1996). According to the Ministry of Transport, the Singapore government takes “transport planning seriously and takes preventive

21、steps as far as possible before the problems become unmanageable“. The result of the transport policy is not perfect, “but relative to other cities, we have more successfully achieved effective and efficient mobility for

22、 our people“ (Khaw, 2002)As a result of forces manifested as globalization, people now have different time-distance perceptions, and new patterns of recreation and leisure have emerged. The implication for LTA isthat it

23、now has to contend with a highly sophisticated population with greater demands than before. As proposed in Concept Plan 2001, LTA will be developing the Road and Rapid Transit system Master Plans to cater to the tran

24、sport needs of the increased population of 2045. lts objective is to develop an integrated land and transport infrastructure, where people can commute seamlessly from one place to another. Therefore, this paper attempts