簡(jiǎn)介：第一章工程概況一）、工程概況本工程為山南地區(qū)洛扎縣2015年人居環(huán)境綜合整治項(xiàng)目建設(shè)工程一標(biāo)段主要建設(shè)內(nèi)容道路硬化33395平方米、垃圾池、圍墻排水溝、籃球場(chǎng)等建設(shè)內(nèi)容二、編制依據(jù)1、混凝土公路工程施工質(zhì)量驗(yàn)收規(guī)范2、電氣工程施工質(zhì)量驗(yàn)收規(guī)范3、砌體工程施工質(zhì)量驗(yàn)收規(guī)范4、市政工程施工質(zhì)量驗(yàn)收統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)5、電纜技術(shù)規(guī)范三、施工總部署本工程在工期安排，資源配備，施工工藝，施工方法等方面必須做出周密籌劃，優(yōu)質(zhì)高速完成各項(xiàng)目標(biāo)。施工部署切實(shí)落實(shí)科學(xué)分配人、財(cái)、物。1、工期目標(biāo)總?cè)諝v工期為40天。2、質(zhì)量目標(biāo)合格3、施工管理目標(biāo)爭(zhēng)創(chuàng)安全文明施工樣板工程。第二章施工方案與技術(shù)措施配合比必須達(dá)到強(qiáng)度要求，具有較小的溫縮和干縮系數(shù)（現(xiàn)場(chǎng)裂縫較少），施工和易性好（粗集料離析較?。?、認(rèn)真檢查每塊模板高度，高度不夠的模板應(yīng)清除出場(chǎng)。二、試驗(yàn)檢測(cè)按規(guī)定頻率檢查原材料（砂石級(jí)配、含水量、含泥量、石灰、水泥）、水泥用量、石灰劑量、混合料強(qiáng)度、彎沉、壓實(shí)度、厚度、寬度、平整度、橫坡等。三、施工過(guò)程控制（一）、天然級(jí)配砂礫石底基層A、試鋪試驗(yàn)路段1．下承層的檢查天然級(jí)配砂礫石底基層鋪筑前，應(yīng)對(duì)土路基（或片石墊層）的表面進(jìn)行檢查。對(duì)表面的浮土、積水等應(yīng)清除干凈。2．通過(guò)試鋪確定以下內(nèi)容，為正式施工提供依據(jù)1）確定一次鋪筑的合適厚度和松鋪系數(shù)。2）確定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)施工方法。例碾壓機(jī)械組合順序、速度、遍數(shù)。養(yǎng)生的方法、時(shí)機(jī)及灑水間隔時(shí)間。3）確定每一作業(yè)段的合適長(zhǎng)度。B、施工過(guò)程檢查1．施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的檢查

簡(jiǎn)介：環(huán)境噪聲控制工程課程設(shè)計(jì)1環(huán)境噪聲控制工程環(huán)境噪聲控制工程課程設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書(shū)課程設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書(shū)課程名稱(chēng)環(huán)境噪聲控制工程課程名稱(chēng)環(huán)境噪聲控制工程專(zhuān)業(yè)環(huán)境工程專(zhuān)業(yè)環(huán)境工程姓名崔俊杰姓名崔俊杰學(xué)號(hào)學(xué)號(hào)031408218031408218指導(dǎo)老師馮興華指導(dǎo)老師馮興華李江李江焦桂枝焦桂枝環(huán)境噪聲控制工程課程設(shè)計(jì)32、設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)33、吸聲降噪的設(shè)計(jì)原則吸聲降噪的設(shè)計(jì)原則34、計(jì)算步驟計(jì)算步驟45、參考文獻(xiàn)參考文獻(xiàn)8環(huán)境噪聲控制工程課程設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書(shū)環(huán)境噪聲控制工程課程設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書(shū)一、設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)某空壓機(jī)房降噪系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)某工廠空壓機(jī)房設(shè)有2臺(tái)空壓機(jī)，距噪聲源2M，測(cè)得的各頻帶聲壓級(jí)如表1所示?，F(xiàn)欲采用吸聲處理使機(jī)房噪聲降到90DB（A），因此選用NR8Θ評(píng)價(jià)曲線(xiàn)，請(qǐng)選擇吸聲材料的品種和規(guī)格，以及材料的使用面積。下面是某空壓機(jī)廠房?jī)?nèi)工人實(shí)際操作點(diǎn)的實(shí)測(cè)頻譜圖。設(shè)計(jì)資料二、工程名稱(chēng)空壓機(jī)房降噪設(shè)計(jì)

簡(jiǎn)介：編號(hào)編號(hào)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目環(huán)境影響報(bào)告表建設(shè)項(xiàng)目環(huán)境影響報(bào)告表（報(bào)批報(bào)批版）版）項(xiàng)目名稱(chēng)項(xiàng)目名稱(chēng)高新北區(qū)（吉林創(chuàng)新科技城）中深層地?zé)崮芄┡こ桃桓咝卤眳^(qū)（吉林創(chuàng)新科技城）中深層地?zé)崮芄┡こ桃黄陧?xiàng)目期項(xiàng)目建設(shè)單位建設(shè)單位蓋章蓋章吉林匯德投資有限公司吉林匯德投資有限公司編制日期編制日期2020年2月

簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文5500字出處出處HAMMERVOLDJ,REENAASM,BRATTEB?HENVIRONMENTALLIFECYCLEASSESSMENTOFBRIDGESJJOURNALOFBRIDGEENGINEERING,2013,182153161橋梁環(huán)境生命周期評(píng)估JOHANNEHAMMERVOLD1MARTEREENAAS2ANDHELGEBRATTEB?3摘要本文進(jìn)行了挪威三個(gè)案例橋（LCA）的環(huán)境生命周期評(píng)價(jià)的研究，并加以詳細(xì)比較。涵蓋了橋梁設(shè)計(jì)較廣的規(guī)模，分析處理了鋼箱梁懸索橋，混凝土箱梁橋，和一個(gè)木制拱橋。這項(xiàng)研究提出使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的橋梁分類(lèi)，分析公路橋梁的第一個(gè)生命周期。生命周期評(píng)價(jià)包括多種污染物，詳細(xì)的生命周期材料和高消耗的能源水平。并與橋梁早期生命周期評(píng)價(jià)一起使用作為基準(zhǔn)，對(duì)橋梁進(jìn)行生命周期評(píng)價(jià)作出常規(guī)性的建議。研究表明，主要承載系統(tǒng)（即，橋梁上部結(jié)構(gòu)）和橋墩需要大量的材料，這些材料是十分重要的并且數(shù)量有限，并且環(huán)境影響大都是由此造成的。施工階段占比較少的影響，使用階段影響更顯著，主要是因?yàn)闉r青要重鋪。建筑設(shè)備和人員使用在生命周期的各個(gè)階段都是次要的，因?yàn)樵诖诉^(guò)程中使用的是模板，膠粘劑，爆破和報(bào)廢的焚燒木頭。在這項(xiàng)研究中所作出的最重要的環(huán)境假設(shè)是全球變暖，非生物耗竭和酸雨問(wèn)題。三種橋的比較結(jié)果表明，混凝土橋的替代性能在環(huán)境總體上最佳，但是當(dāng)它涉及到全球變暖上時(shí)，木橋是比其他兩個(gè)更好。研究結(jié)果支持這一想法，從準(zhǔn)確公正的角度上看，在橋梁設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程的不同階段，它可能是有益于環(huán)境設(shè)計(jì)方案的決定性因素，這一因素正在被橋梁工程界愈加重視。CE數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)主題詞橋梁；建筑；生命周期；環(huán)境問(wèn)題；決策關(guān)鍵詞橋梁建設(shè)；橋梁管理；生命周期評(píng)價(jià)；環(huán)境影響；決策支持緒言芬蘭，瑞典和挪威的研究合作的ETSI項(xiàng)目（SALOKANGAS2010），于2006年推出，丹麥也在2009年推出了該項(xiàng)目。該項(xiàng)目旨在優(yōu)化橋周期，包括經(jīng)濟(jì)，環(huán)境和美學(xué)問(wèn)題，包含橋的整個(gè)生命周期。該挪威集團(tuán)一直致力于環(huán)保問(wèn)題并制定了橋梁環(huán)境生命周期評(píng)估工具（生命周期評(píng)價(jià)），稱(chēng)為橋的生命周期評(píng)價(jià)（BRATTEB?等，2009）。這工具可用于詳細(xì)評(píng)價(jià)橋梁的生命周期，揭示了何種材料和零件造成了什么樣的影響和在哪個(gè)生命周期階段彌補(bǔ)這些影響混凝土和鋼筋混凝土之間的差異是微不足道的。貫穿整個(gè)使用期的三種材料的排放量幾乎是相同的，并且在這個(gè)階段的大多數(shù)排放量都涉及到橋梁的重鋪路面?；敉咛睾秃嗟吕锟松?998）提出了兩個(gè)橋梁的備選方案，對(duì)鋼架橋和鋼鋼筋混凝土橋梁進(jìn)行環(huán)境評(píng)估。對(duì)這項(xiàng)研究中三組數(shù)據(jù)的環(huán)境影響進(jìn)行了量化比較，即有毒化學(xué)物質(zhì)排放量，有害廢物的產(chǎn)生值，常規(guī)空氣污染物排放之間的比較。要求混凝土的設(shè)計(jì)使用要有最低的環(huán)境影響（計(jì)算對(duì)鋼架橋的環(huán)境影響中，它只占到1060％）。環(huán)境影響對(duì)整個(gè)橋的使用壽命而言是非常重要的，如二氧化硫，氮氧化物，甲烷和VOC，在給橋涂保護(hù)膜時(shí)的排放量比梁的生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中的排放量要更高。在伊藤和北川（2003），修改后的生命周期法早已用于評(píng)估和比較兩種鋼橋梁，包括常規(guī)的梁橋和最小化的梁橋。在維護(hù)階段中比較橋的二氧化碳的排放量和成本，最小化的梁橋能降低二氧化碳排放和總成本。比較可替代的不同橋梁組成構(gòu)件對(duì)KEOLEIAN等地的兩種類(lèi)型的甲板系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了比較（2005）一個(gè)鋼筋混凝土橋面方案與一個(gè)傳統(tǒng)的鋼制伸縮器及鋼筋混凝土混合使用方案，即工程水泥基復(fù)合材料（ECCS）的鏈接板設(shè)計(jì)?？諝庵械母鞣N污染物（CO2，CH4，CO，PM10，非甲烷碳?xì)浠衔?，氮氧化物，硫氧化物）和水（生物需氧量，NH3，PO432，油，懸浮物，并溶解物質(zhì)）都被考慮到了。分析表明，在ECC甲板產(chǎn)生的所有污染物顯著降低了對(duì)環(huán)境的影響。本文中斯蒂爾等人（2003）提出了適用于各種橋梁的方法。該文通過(guò)訴諸案例研究，提出了一些關(guān)于整個(gè)橋梁的生命周期如何減少對(duì)環(huán)境影響的建議。如何減少材料的使用量是最重要的，但不應(yīng)影響結(jié)構(gòu)的耐久性和使用壽命。鋼筋和混凝土是建設(shè)新橋梁的主要材料。這些材料的制造過(guò)程是結(jié)構(gòu)的生命周期中對(duì)環(huán)境影響的最大單一貢獻(xiàn)者。接頭，軸承，及護(hù)欄經(jīng)常由其它材料制作過(guò)程中影響相對(duì)而言就少得多，甚至使用期限完了后更換時(shí)也是如此。據(jù)此，鋼或混凝土從環(huán)保的角度來(lái)看并不一定更好。良好的保養(yǎng)可以防止變質(zhì)，延長(zhǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)壽命。大多數(shù)情況下，翻新和加強(qiáng)代表著比結(jié)構(gòu)替代更能降低對(duì)環(huán)境的影響。在結(jié)構(gòu)封閉時(shí)，中斷交通代表著比維持交通更高的環(huán)境影響，在某些情況下，甚至比橋的實(shí)際施工過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的影響更高。預(yù)見(jiàn)未來(lái)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)，例如，提高均布載能力或者使用松配合部件需要額外的甲板或橋墩寬度。調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示，雖然相關(guān)的制造和安裝階段影響現(xiàn)予增加，在較長(zhǎng)的運(yùn)行階段對(duì)整個(gè)生命周期的影響減少依然有巨大潛力。但是這必須以超標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來(lái)保持平衡。馬丁（2004年）關(guān)于混凝土橋梁的環(huán)境問(wèn)題進(jìn)行了描述，并比較2個(gè)關(guān)于不同橋面（包

簡(jiǎn)介：I本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論計(jì)（論文）文）學(xué)院生物與環(huán)境工程學(xué)院專(zhuān)業(yè)環(huán)境工程學(xué)生姓名班級(jí)學(xué)號(hào)指導(dǎo)教師IIIABSTRACTWITHTHEACCELERATIONOFINDUSTRIALIZATION,THEOUTPUTOFWASTEWATERISINCREASINGOBVIOUSLYTOGETBASICCONTROLOFTHEAGGRAVATINGENVIRONMENTALPOLLUTIONANDECOLOGICALDESTRUCTION,WENEEDTOTAKECOMPREHENSIVEMEASURESTOPREVENTANDTREATTHEINDUSTRIALWASTEWATERPOLLUTIONINORDERTOFACILITATETHECOMPREHENSIVEMANAGEMENTOFINDUSTRIALWASTEWATER,MANUFACTUREISGRADUALLYTRANSFORMINGFROMDECENTRALIZATIONTOCENTRALIZATIONNOW,THEVERYPOPULARPRACTICEISDEVELOPINGINDUSTRIALPARKS,THENMIGRATETHEINDUSTRIALENTERPRISESTOITWEBUILTPUBLICSEWAGETREATMENTPLANTSINTHEPARK,ANDDISPOSEINDUSTRIALWASTEWATERFROMDIFFERENTENTERPRISESCENTRALLYAFTERPRETREATMENTTOSOLVETHEINTRACTABLETREATMENTOFINDUSTRIALWASTEWATERANDINCREASINGLYSERIOUSWATERPOLLUTIONANDWATERSHORTAGEPROBLEMTHEREAREDIFFERENTKINDSOFINDUSTRIESINTHEPARK,ANDTHEWASTEWATERFROMDIFFERENTINDUSTRIESCONTAINSVARIOUSPOLLUTANTSANDTHEPOLLUTIONLEVELSAREDIFFERENTSO,BEFORETHEDESIGNOFSEWAGETREATMENTININDUSTRIALPARK,THEDESIGNERTAKESTHEFIRMSIZE,THECOMPANYPROPERTY,THEAREAOFTHEPARK,THEPLANNINGREQUIREMENTS,SEWAGECHARACTERISTICSANDWATERTREATMENTTECHNOLOGYINTOCONSIDERATION,DECIDEDTOADOPTSEQUENCINGBATCHREACTORACTIVATEDSLUDGEPROCESSTHEPROCESSCHANGETHETRADITIONALAERATIONTANK,SETTLINGTANKFROMTHESPATIALDISTRIBUTIONTOTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFTHETIME,ITFORMSINTENSIVEINTEGRATIONSTRUCTURES,ANDHELPTOACHIEVEACOMPACTLAYOUTMODULE,THEBIGGESTADVANTAGEISSAVINGAREAINADDITION,ITREDUCESTHESLUDGERECYCLEFLOWRATEANDITISENERGYSAVINGATYPICALSBRPROCESSSTOPSWATERWHENSEDIMENT,STATICPRECIPITATIONCANGETHIGHEREFFICIENCYANDBETTERWATERQUALITYTHEREFORE,THISDESIGNCHOOSESTHESBRPROCESSASTHEINDUSTRIALPARKWASTEWATERTREATMENTPLANTTECHNOLOGYPROGRAMKEYWORDSINDUSTRIALPARKWASTEWATERTREATMENTSBRPROCESSACTIVATEDSLUDGE

簡(jiǎn)介：畢業(yè)論文外文資料翻譯畢業(yè)論文外文資料翻譯題目耕作方式與氮肥用量對(duì)土壤中有機(jī)物和氮的百分含量的影響學(xué)院資源與環(huán)境專(zhuān)業(yè)環(huán)境工程班級(jí)0701學(xué)生張學(xué)雷學(xué)號(hào)20070203070指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)教師王惠二〇一一年三月二十日濟(jì)南大學(xué)畢業(yè)論文外文資料翻譯2ARRANGEDTOTHEMAINPLOTANDFOURNITROGENRATESTOTHESUBPLOTSTHREETILLAGEPRACTICES,FOURNITROGENLEVELSWEREUSEDINTHISSTUDYTABLE1THEUNITPLOTSIZEWAS40X25MTHEEXPERIMENTALAMANRICECVBINASHAILPLOTSWEREFERTILIZEDP2O540KGHA1K2O33KGHA1WITHTSPANDMPDURINGFINALLANDPREPARATIONUREAWASTOPDRESSEDINTHREEINSTALLMENTSAFTER10,25AND40DAYSAFTERTRANSPLANTINGTHESOILSAMPLESWERETAKENFROMTHREEDIFFERENTDEPTHANDSPOTSATTHEAREATOMAKEACOMPOSITSOILSAMPLEBEFORETRANSPLANTINGANDAFTERHARVESTTHESAMPLESWEREAIRDRIEDANDGROUNDTOPASSTHROUGHA2MM10MSEHSIEVETHEGROUNDSAMPLEWERESTOREDINCLEANPLASTICCONTAINERSFORCHEMICALANALYSISTHESOILSAMPLEWEREANALYSEDFORTHEDETERMINATIONOFNITROGENCONTENTINTHELABORATORYOFSOILSCIENCEDEPAARTMENT,BANGLADESHAGRICULTURALUNIVERSITY,MYMENSINGHNITROGENCONTENTSOFTHESOILWEREDETERMINEDBYMODIFIEDKJELDAHLMETHODAFTERDIGESTIONWITHCONEH2SO4,CATALYSTMIXTUREK2SO4CUSO4,5H2OSCPOWDER,100101ANDH2O2ANDTHENDISTILLATIONWITH10NNAOHSOLUTIONTHEAMMONIADISTILLEDOVERWASABSORVEDINH3BO3INDICATORSOLUTIONANDTITRATEDWITH001NH2SO4JACKSON,1973THERESULTSWEREEXPRESSEDINPERCENTAGEWETOXIDATIONMETHODWASFOLLOWEDTODETERMINEPERCENTAGEOFORGANICCARBONASDESCRIBEDBYBLACK1965ANDTHEORGANICMATTERCONTENTWASCALCULATEDBYMULTIPLYINGTHEORGANICCARBONWITHVANBEMMELENFACTOR173PIPER,1950RESULTSANDDISCUSSIONORGANICMATTERCONTENTORGANICMATTERCONTENTINSOILWASSTATISTICALLYSIGNIFICANTDUETODIFFERENTTILLAGEPRACTICESTABLE1TILLAGEOPERATIONSCHANGEDORGANICMATTERCONTENTINSOILATDIFFERENTDEPTHMAXIMUMORGANICMATTERCONTENT069WASMEASUREDUNDERNOTILLAGET0）AT010CMSOILDEPTHMINIMUMORGANICMATTERCONTENT024WASFOUNDBY20CMDEEPTILLAGET2TREATMENTAT2030CMDEPTHDEEPTILLAGEFAVOUREDFORRAPIDDECOMPOSITIONOFORGANICMATTERTHANNOTILLAGEDECOMPOSITIONRATEOFORGANICMATTERWASREDUCEDBYNOTILLAGEASARESULTORGANICMATTERCONTENTBECOMESHIGHUNDERNOTILLAGETHERESULTWASSUPPORTEDBYAGENBAGANDMAREE1989ANDBOYLEETAL1989ALSOREPORTEDTHATNOTILLAGEANDTOALESSEREXTENTSHALLOWTINETILLAGETENDEDTOINCREASEORGANICCARBONCONTENTSINTHE010CMSOILPROFILERAHMAN1997REPORTEDTHATTILLAGEOPERATIONSIGNIFICANTLYINFLUENCEDTHEORGANICMATTERCONTENTOFTHESOILUPTOADEPTHOF030CMANDHIGHESTORGANICMATTERCONTENTWASMEASUREDBYNOTILLAGEOPERATIONTHEINTERACTIONEFFECTOFTILLAGEANDNITROGENONORGANICMATTERCONTENTWASNOTSTATISTICALLYSIGNIFICANTTABLE2THEHIGHESTORGANICMATTERCONTENT071WASMEASUREDINNOTILLAGEWITHHIGHERRATESOFNITROGEN105KGNHA1ANDTHELOWEST022INDEEPTILLAGEWITHNONITROGENAPPLICATION

簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文3452字出處出處CATALYSISTODAY,1999,53139CATALYTICSTRATEGIESFORINDUSTRIALWATERREUSEFEHANCOCKSYNETIX,BILLINGHAM,CLEVELAND,TS231LB,UKABSTRACTTHEUSEOFCATALYTICPROCESSESINPOLLUTIONABATEMENTANDRESOURCERECOVERYISWIDESPREADANDOFSIGNIFICANTECONOMICIMPORTANCERJFARRAUTO,CHBARTHOLOMEW,FUNDAMENTALSOFINDUSTRIALCATALYTICPROCESSES,BLACKIEACADEMICANDPROFESSIONAL,1997FORWATERRECOVERYANDREUSECHEMOCATALYSISISONLYJUSTSTARTINGTOMAKEANIMPACTALTHOUGHBIOCATALYSISISWELLESTABLISHEDJNHORAN,BIOLOGICALWASTEWATERTREATMENTSYSTEMSTHEORYANDOPERATION,CHICHESTER,WILEY,1990THISPAPERWILLDISCUSSSOMEOFTHEPRINCIPLESBEHINDDEVELOPINGCHEMOCATALYTICPROCESSESFORWATERREUSEWITHINTHISCONTEXTOXIDATIVECATALYTICCHEMISTRYHASMANYOPPORTUNITIESTOUNDERPINTHEDEVELOPMENTOFSUCCESSFULPROCESSESANDMANYEMERGINGTECHNOLOGIESBASEDONTHISCHEMISTRYCANBECONSIDEREDKEYWORDSCODREMOVALCATALYTICOXIDATIONINDUSTRIALWATERTREATMENT1INTRODUCTIONINDUSTRIALWATERREUSEINEUROPEHASNOTYETSTARTEDONTHELARGESCALEHOWEVER,WITHPOTENTIALLONGTERMCHANGESINEUROPEANWEATHERANDTHENEEDFORMOREWATERABSTRACTIONFROMBOREHOLESANDRIVERS,THEAVAILABILITYOFWATERATLOWPRICESWILLBECOMEINCREASINGLYRAREASWATERPRICESRISETHEREWILLCOMEAPOINTWHENTECHNOLOGIESTHATEXISTNOWORAREBEINGDEVELOPEDWILLMAKEWATERRECYCLEANDREUSEAVIABLECOMMERCIALOPERATIONASTHATFUTUREAPPROACHES,ITISWORTHSTATINGTHEMOSTIMPORTANTFACTABOUTWASTEWATERIMPROVEMENT–AVOIDITCOMPLETELYIFATALLPOSSIBLEITISBESTTOCONSIDERWATERNOTASANATURALLYAVAILABLECHEAPSOLVENTBUTRATHER,DIFFICULTTOPURIFY,EASILYCONTAMINATEDMATERIALTHATIFALLOWEDINTOTHEENVIRONMENTWILLPERMEATEALLPARTSOFTHEBIOSPHEREAPOLLUTANTISJUSTAMATERIALINTHEWRONGPLACEANDTHEREFOREDESIGNYOURPROCESSTOKEEPTHEMATERIALWHEREITSHOULDBE–CONTAINEDANDSAFEAVOIDANCEANDTHENMINIMISATIONARETHETWOFIRSTSTEPSINLOOKINGATANYPOLLUTANTREMOVALPROBLEMOFCOURSEAVOIDANCEMAYNOTBEANOPTIONONANEXISTINGPLANTWHEREANYCHANGESMAYHAVELARGECONSEQUENCESFORPLANTITEMSIFMAJORFLOWSHEETREVISIONWEREREQUIREDALSOAVOIDANCEMAYMEANSIMPLYTRANSFERRINGTHEISSUEFROMTHEAQUEOUSPHASETOTHEGASPHASETHEREAREADVANTAGESANDDISADVANTAGESTOBOTHWATERANDGASPOLLUTANTABATEMENTHOWEVER,ITMUSTBEREMEMBEREDTHATGASPHASEORGANICPOLLUTANTREMOVALVOCCOMBUSTIONETC,ISMUCHMOREADVANCEDTHANTHEEQUIVALENTWATERCODREMOVALANDTHEREFOREWORTHCONSIDERATION1BECAUSETHESEASPECTSCANNOTBEOVEREMPHASISED，ATHIRDSTEPSCRUBBINGISTHEUSUALMETHODANDTHISPRODUCESASIGNIFICANTWATEREFFLUENTDISPOSALPROBLEM24PHARMACEUTICALSANDAGROCHEMICALSTHESEINDUSTRIESCANHAVEWATERWASHSTEPSINSYNTHESISBUTINADDITIONTHEYAREOFTENFORMULATEDWITHWATERBASEDSURFACTANTSORWETTINGAGENTS25FOODSANDBEVERAGESCLEARLYUSEWATERINPROCESSINGANDCODANDBODISSUESWILLBETHEENDRESULT26PULPANDPAPERTHISINDUSTRYUSESVERYLARGEQUANTITIESOFWATERFORPROCESSING–AQUEOUSPEROXIDEANDENZYMESFORBLEACHINGINADDITIONTOTHESTANDARDKRAFTTYPEPROCESSINGOFTHEPULPITISIMPORTANTTOREALISEHOWMUCHHUMANSOCIETYCONTRIBUTESTOCONTAMINATEDWATERANDANINVESTIGATIONOFTHEFLOWRATESTHROUGHMUNICIPALTREATMENTPLANTSSOONSHOWSTHESIGNIFICANCEOFNONPROCESSINDUSTRYDERIVEDWASTEWATER3THETECHNOLOGIESTHETECHNOLOGIESFORRECALCITRANTCODANDTOXICPOLLUTANTSINAQUEOUSEFFLUENTARESHOWNINFIG2THESEEXAMPLESOFTECHNOLOGIES2,6,8AVAILABLEORINDEVELOPMENTCANBECATEGORISEDACCORDINGTOTHEGENERALPRINCIPLEUNDERLYINGTHEMECHANISMOFACTIONIFINADDITIONTHEADSORPTIONABSORPTIONPROCESSESAREIGNOREDFORTHISCATALYSISDISCUSSIONTHENTHECATEGORIESARE1BIOCATALYSIS2AIR/OXYGENBASEDCATALYTICORNONCATALYTIC3CHEMICALOXIDATION1WITHOUTCATALYSISUSINGCHEMICALOXIDANTS2WITHCATALYSISUSINGEITHERTHEGENERATIONOF_OHORACTIVEOXYGENTRANSFERBIOCATALYSISISANEXCELLENTTECHNOLOGYFORMUNICIPALWASTEWATERTREATMENTPROVIDINGAVERYCOSTEFFECTIVEROUTEFORTHEREMOVALOFORGANICSFROMWATERITISCAPABLEOFMUCHDEVELOPMENTVIATHEUSEOFDIFFERENTTYPESOFBACTERIATOINCREASETHEOVERALLFLEXIBILITYOFTHETECHNOLOGYONEISSUEREMAINS–WHATTODOWITHALLTHEACTIVATEDSLUDGEEVENAFTERMASSREDUCTIONBYDEWATERINGTHEQUANTITIESINVOLVEDMEANTHATTHISISNOTANEASYPROBLEMTOSOLVEANDREUSEASAFERTILIZERCANONLYUSESOMUCHTHESLUDGECANBETOXICVIAABSORPTIONOFHEAVYMETALS,RECALCITRANTTOXICCODINTHISCASEINCINERATIONANDSAFEDISPOSALOFTHEASHTOACCEPTABLELANDFILLMAYBEREQUIREDAIRBASEDOXIDATION6,7ISVERYATTRACTIVEBECAUSEPROVIDINGPURERGRADESOFOXYGENARENOTREQUIREDIFTHEOXIDANTISFREEUNFORTUNATELY,ITISONLYSLIGHTLYSOLUBLEINWATER,RATHERUNREACTIVEATLOWTEMPERATURESAND,THEREFORE,NEEDSHEATANDPRESSURETODELIVERREASONABLERATESOFREACTIONTHESEPLANTSBECOMECAPITALINTENSIVEASPRESSURESFROM_10TO100BARAREUSEDTHEREFORE,ALTHOUGHTHERUNNINGCOSTSMAYBELOWTHEINITIALCAPITALOUTLAYONTHEPLANTHASAVERYSIGNIFICANTEFFECTONTHE

簡(jiǎn)介：1中文中文6915字本科畢業(yè)論文本科畢業(yè)論文設(shè)計(jì)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯題目美國(guó)大型農(nóng)業(yè)流域基流對(duì)硝酸鹽流失的貢獻(xiàn)研究美國(guó)大型農(nóng)業(yè)流域基流對(duì)硝酸鹽流失的貢獻(xiàn)研究姓名XX學(xué)號(hào)200070303204100專(zhuān)業(yè)環(huán)境工程指導(dǎo)教師職稱(chēng)教授中國(guó)武漢二○一一年三月3ANDJANES,1999）。特別的，氮肥的使用是硝態(tài)氮的主要來(lái)源。早在二十世紀(jì)六十年代氮肥的使用量就持續(xù)上升，從二十世紀(jì)六十年代的不足200,000T/A上升到二十世紀(jì)九十年代早期的1000,000T/A（IAS,2001）。從1979到1990年，在浣熊河流域盆地，流體中平均硝態(tài)氮負(fù)荷占據(jù)了流域所施氮肥的25（LUCEYANDGOOLSBY,1993）。硝態(tài)氮主要通過(guò)作為基流地下水流和排泄溝進(jìn)入愛(ài)荷華州的河流（HALLBERG,1987）。SCHILLING（2002）報(bào)道說(shuō)硝態(tài)氮的輸出主要是發(fā)生在愛(ài)荷華州流域兩個(gè)重要的基流中，同時(shí)在夏末和秋天基流輸送最強(qiáng)烈。硝態(tài)氮的輸出表現(xiàn)出顯著的季節(jié)性變化（OWENSETAL．,1991；PIONKEETAL．,1999；JAYNESETAL．,1999），同時(shí)它的變化也與地質(zhì)上對(duì)地下水出流的控制（SCHNABELETAL．,1993）及不同的土地利用方式（OWENSETAL．,1991；GBUREKANDFOLMER,1999；SCHILLING,2002）有關(guān)。暴風(fēng)雪引起的輸入更進(jìn)一步的強(qiáng)調(diào)了間歇性的非點(diǎn)源污染物質(zhì)的輸入（CARPENTERETAL．,1998；PIONKEETAL．,1999）。減輕像浣熊河這樣大面積農(nóng)業(yè)流域硝態(tài)氮輸出的影響，需要了解污染物傳輸進(jìn)入河流的主要方式以及它在空間上和時(shí)間上的變化模式。假設(shè)基流是硝態(tài)氮進(jìn)入浣熊河的主要輸送方式。在最佳管理方法被用來(lái)減少或截取流入河流的硝態(tài)氮之前，我們需要知道水量的大小、變化情況及基流中硝態(tài)氮的組分的動(dòng)態(tài)變化。將適時(shí)的施肥或制定確立的河岸緩沖區(qū)與周期性大基流協(xié)調(diào)起來(lái)，這將會(huì)是在下游硝態(tài)氮轉(zhuǎn)輸發(fā)生前減輕土地中硝態(tài)氮流失的一個(gè)控制策略。這個(gè)研究的目的是（1）量化地下水復(fù)位和流出的基本水文學(xué)過(guò)程（土壤水分蒸發(fā)蒸騰損失總量和基流），（2）評(píng)估28年（19722000）以來(lái)浣熊河在流水和基流作用下硝態(tài)氮流失的年模式和季模式。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)我們的目標(biāo)，在中西部我們把所積累的每日流水量和硝酸鹽含量作為一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期不斷監(jiān)測(cè)項(xiàng)目的一部分。我們的研究證明了維持一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期的環(huán)境監(jiān)控方法的重要性，目的是為了克服短期的氣候可變性，同時(shí)提供了關(guān)于水文特征與化學(xué)物質(zhì)傳輸之間聯(lián)系的精確估算。２流域描述和資料來(lái)源２流域描述和資料來(lái)源

簡(jiǎn)介：畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)論文外文資料翻譯學(xué)院院交通工程學(xué)院專(zhuān)業(yè)業(yè)物流工程專(zhuān)業(yè)姓名名學(xué)號(hào)號(hào)外文出外文出處處INSTITUTEOFELECTRICALANDELECTRONICSENGINEERS用外文寫(xiě)附件件1外文資料翻譯譯文；2外文原文。指導(dǎo)教師評(píng)語(yǔ)選材適當(dāng)，符合畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）大綱要求，翻譯語(yǔ)句基本通順，譯義與原文基本相符，個(gè)別詞語(yǔ)及語(yǔ)句翻譯不夠貼切。翻譯基本正確。附件附件1外文資料翻譯譯文外文資料翻譯譯文電子商務(wù)環(huán)境下的逆向物流分析電子商務(wù)環(huán)境下的逆向物流分析QUNLIQUNLIWU,WU,SHENGCAISHENGCAILIULIUDEPARTMENTDEPARTMENTOFOFBUSINESSBUSINESSMANAGEMENTMANAGEMENTNORTHNORTHCHINACHINAELECTRICELECTRICPOWERPOWERUNIVERSITY,UNIVERSITY,BAODING071003,BAODING071003,CHINACHINALIUSHENGCAI2003163COMLIUSHENGCAI2003163COM摘要隨著全球可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的進(jìn)一步研究，越來(lái)越多的企業(yè)已經(jīng)確定的經(jīng)濟(jì)和生態(tài)環(huán)境之間的和諧發(fā)展。在這樣的背景下，出現(xiàn)逆向物流。逆向物流是在物流管理中的一個(gè)新的領(lǐng)域，在圈內(nèi)的業(yè)務(wù)和理論吸引了越來(lái)越多的關(guān)注。它有很多的優(yōu)勢(shì)，降低生產(chǎn)成本，提高客戶(hù)的滿(mǎn)意度和增強(qiáng)企業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的，這是對(duì)我們的業(yè)務(wù)實(shí)踐具有十分重要的意義。逆向物流的作用和其在國(guó)外的發(fā)展情況。從分析電子商務(wù)環(huán)境下的逆向物流的過(guò)程和特點(diǎn)，本文逆向物流的電子商務(wù)模式進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的分析，然后提出了三種形式，支持實(shí)施逆向物流的逆向物流和建議。企業(yè)可以通過(guò)使用逆向物流，實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的目標(biāo)，并幫助他們?cè)谧约旱男袠I(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，尤其是在面對(duì)激烈的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和利潤(rùn)率低。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞逆向物流電子商務(wù)模式1介紹介紹根據(jù)理事會(huì)的物流管理協(xié)會(huì)（CLM）的定義，逆向物流是一個(gè)過(guò)程，在該過(guò)程中的生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)接受以前發(fā)運(yùn)的產(chǎn)品或消費(fèi)部分從點(diǎn)可能的循環(huán)再利用，再制造或出售。它已經(jīng)收到了極大的關(guān)注，從運(yùn)營(yíng)經(jīng)理和公司高管。它包括幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)，如恢復(fù)，檢查過(guò)程中，分區(qū)和后處理和丟棄策略,已被許多研究人員調(diào)查的問(wèn)題。越來(lái)越多的，嚴(yán)格的環(huán)境和包裝的法規(guī)，迫使企業(yè)更加負(fù)責(zé)的最終產(chǎn)品，不久后，他們銷(xiāo)售的產(chǎn)品。近年來(lái)，逆向物流的發(fā)展是相當(dāng)迅速的，尤其是在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家。美國(guó)，日本和其他歐洲發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家逆向物流實(shí)踐已經(jīng)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)領(lǐng)先于中國(guó)。逆向物流管理在中國(guó)還是在惡劣的環(huán)境下，在上一個(gè)世紀(jì)的美國(guó)，逆向物流提出了美國(guó)物流專(zhuān)家的高度重視，所有的物流成本占美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)總量的107％。逆向物流成本是所有物流的4％左右。在美國(guó)，超過(guò)30％的企業(yè)注重出售他們的產(chǎn)品。逆向物流的實(shí)

簡(jiǎn)介：1THESTATUSQUOANDDEVELOPMENTOFUASBANAEROBICPROCESSABSTRACTTHISPAPERINTRODUCESTHEORIGINOFUASBREACTOR,THEWORKINGPRINCIPLES,CHARACTERISTICS,THEDEVELOPMENTANDAPPLICATIONOFTHELATESTRESEARCHPROGRESS,POINTINGOUTTHATTHERECENTUASBREACTORRESEARCHFOCUSKEYWORDSUASBANAEROBICTREATMENTPROCESS1INTRODUCTIONANAEROBICBIOLOGICALTREATMENTASTHEUSEOFANAEROBICMETABOLISMOFMICROORGANISMS,WITHOUTTHEPROVISIONOFENERGYSOURCESUNDERTHECONDITIONSOFORGANICMATTERASTOBERESTOREDBYHYDROGENDONOR,WHILEGENERATINGENERGYVALUEOFTHEMETHANEGASANAEROBICBIOLOGICALTREATMENTAPPLIESNOTONLYTOHIGHCONCENTRATIONSOFORGANICWASTEWATER,INFLUENTBODUPTOTHEHIGHESTCONCENTRATIONOFTENSOFTHOUSANDSOFMG/L,CANALSOBEAPPLIEDINLOWCONCENTRATIONSOFORGANICWASTEWATER,SUCHASSEWAGE,ANDOTHERCITIESANAEROBICBIOLOGICALTREATMENTPROCESSANDLOWCONSUMPTION,ORGANICVOLUMELOAD,GENERALLY510KGCOD/M3D,UPTOAMAXIMUMOF3050KGCOD/M3DLESSRESIDUALSLUDGEONTHENUTRITIONALNEEDSOFLOWANAEROBES,MDRTOXIC,BIODEGRADABLEORGANICMOLECULARWEIGHTHIGHIMPACTRESISTANTCAPACITYOFSTRONGOUTPUTOFMETHANEISAKINDOFCLEANENERGYINTHEWHOLEOFSOCIETYTOPROMOTEARECYCLINGECONOMYANDTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHECONCERNSOFTHEINDUSTRIALWASTERECYCLINGTODAY,ANAEROBICBIOLOGICALTREATMENTOFSEWAGEISCLEARLYENABLESTHEOPTIMIZATIONOFRESOURCESINRECENTYEARS,THEANAEROBICWASTEWATERTREATMENTPROCESSDEVELOPEDVERYRAPIDLY,WITHNEWTECHNOLOGY,NEWMETHODSEMERGING,INCLUDINGANAEROBICCONTACTMETHOD,THEUPFLOWANAEROBICSLUDGEBEDANAEROBICSTALLPLATE,ANAEROBICBIOLOGICALFILTER,ANAEROBICEXPANDEDBEDANDFLUIDIZEDBED,ANDTHETHIRDGENERATIONOFANAEROBICPROCESSEGSBANDICANAEROBICREACTOR,DEVELOPEDVERYRAPIDLYANDTHEUPFLOWANAEROBICSLUDGEBLANKETUASBUPFLOWANAEROBICSLUDGEBED,NOTEHEREINAFTERREFERREDTOUASBOWINGTOTHEANAEROBICPROCESSOFANAEROBICFILTERSANDACTIVATEDSLUDGECHARACTERISTICSOFTHEDUAL,ASCANBETRANSFORMEDINTOTHEPOLLUTANTSINTHESEWAGE10OFRENEWABLECLEANENERGYABIOGASTECHNOLOGYTHEDIFFERENTSOLIDCONTENTOFTHESEWAGEADAPTABILITYALSOSTRONG,ANDITSSTRUCTURE,OPERATIONANDMAINTENANCEMANAGEMENTOPERATIONISRELATIVELYSIMPLEANDRELATIVELYLOWCOST,TECHNOLOGYISNOWMATURE,ANDINCREASINGLYSEWAGETREATMENTINDUSTRYATTENTION,WASWIDELYWELCOMEDANDAPPLICATIONTHISPAPERATTEMPTSTOUASBTECHNOLOGYANDTHEOPERATIONOFTHEUASBDESIGNFEATURES,ASWELLASAREASFORASTARTBRIEFLYDESCRIBED2THEORIGINOFUASBIN1971HOLLANDWAGENINGENAGRICULTURALUNIVERSITYLADINGGELETTINGAPROFESSORPHYSICALSTRUCTURALDESIGN,THEUSEOFTHEGRAVITATIONALFIELDOFTHEROLEOFDIFFERENTDENSITYMATERIALDIFFERENCE,INVENTEDTHETHREEPHASESEPARATORTHEACTIVATEDSLUDGEWASTEWATERRETENTIONTIMEANDSTAYSEPARATED,ANDFORMEDAUPFLOWANAEROBICSLUDGEBLANKETUASBREACTORONTHEPROTOTYPENETHERLANDSCSM1974INITS6M3REACTORSUGARBEETPROCESSINGWASTEWATER,ITWASFOUNDTHATTHEACTIVATEDSLUDGEFORMATIONMECHANISMOFITSOWNFIXEDBIOLOGICALPOLYMERSTRUCTURE,GRANULARSLUDGEGRANULARSLUDGE3ENTERINGTHESETTLEMENTROOM,THESLUDGEINTHESETTLEMENT,RETURNEDTOTHEREACTIONZONEBYTHESLANTTOCLARIFYTHEWATERFROMTHEOVERFLOWSLUDGEINTHEMICROBIALDECOMPOSITIONOFORGANICMATTERINSEWAGE,ITTURNEDINTOGASTINYGASBUBBLESTOFORMTHERELEASE,TINYBUBBLESRISINGINTHECOURSEOFTHEMERGER,ANDGRADUALLYFORMLARGERBUBBLESINTHESLUDGEBEDMETHANEBECAUSEOFTHEDISTURBANCETOFORMASLUDGECONCENTRATIONINTHESLUDGEANDTHINTOGETHERWITHINCREASEDACCESSTOTHREEWATERPHASESEPARATOR,ENCOUNTEREDGASSEPARATORPLATEATTHEBOTTOMOFREFLECTION,THEREFLECTIONPLATEFORTHEFOURWEEKS,ANDTHENENTERTHEWATERTHROUGHTHECHAMBER,CONCENTRATEDINTHEGASCHAMBERWITHCATHETEREXPORT,THESOLIDLIQUIDMIXTUREINTOTHETHREEPHASEREFLECTIONSEPARATORSEDIMENTATION,SEWAGESLUDGEINTHEFLOCCULATION,PARTICLEGRADUALLYINCREASING,ANDTHEROLEOFGRAVITYINTHESETTLEMENTPRECIPITATIONRAMPSTOTHEWALLOFSEWAGEQUAGMIREOBLIQUEWALLSLIPBACKANAEROBICREACTORAREA,THEREACTIONREGIONACCUMULATEDALARGENUMBEROFSLUDGE,ANDSLUDGEFROMTHETREATEDEFFLUENTFROMTHEUPPERSEDIMENTOVERFLOWWEIRAREA,ANDTHENDISCHARGEDSLUDGEBEDTHEBASICREQUIREMENTSARE1TOPROVIDEACONDUCIVESLUDGEFLOCCULATIONOFTHEPHYSICAL,CHEMICALANDMECHANICALCONDITIONS,ACCESSTOANAEROBICSLUDGESEDIMENTATIONANDMAINTAINAGOODPERFORMANCE2GOODSLUDGEBEDOFTENFORMAFAIRLYSTABLEBIOLOGICALPHASE,ANDMAINTAINSPECIFICPROBIOTICSENVIRONMENT,THESTRONGRESISTANCETODISTURBANCEFORCE,THELARGERFLOCPRECIPITATIONHASGOODPROPERTIES,THEREBYENHANCINGTHEEQUIPMENTSLUDGECONCENTRATION3INTHESLUDGEBEDEQUIPMENTTHROUGHTHEESTABLISHMENTOFAPRECIPITATIONAREA,THEFINEPARTICLESOFSLUDGESEDIMENTATIONINTHESLUDGELAYERFURTHERFLOCCULATIONANDSEDIMENTATION,ANDTHENBACKINTOTHESLUDGEBED4UASBREACTOR,THEPROCESSFEATURESUASBREACTOROPERATIONOFTHREEIMPORTANTPREMISE①REACTORINTHEFORMOFAGOODSETTLEMENTORGRANULARSLUDGEFLOCSLUDGE②PRODUCEDGASANDUNIFORMDISTRIBUTIONOFWATERFORMEDBYMIXINGAGOODROLE③RATIONALDESIGNTHETHREEPHASESEPARATOR,THEGOODPERFORMANCEOFPRECIPITATIONCANREMAININTHESLUDGEINTHEREACTOR1THEUSEOFMICROORGANISMSIMMOBILIZEDCELLTECHNOLOGYSLUDGEPARTICLESOFUASBREACTORUSINGBACTERIAIMMOBILIZEDCELLTECHNOLOGYIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHESLUDGEPARTICLESHRTANDSLUDGERETENTIONTIMEOFTHESEPARATION,THUSPROLONGINGTHESLUDGESLUDGEAGE,AND

簡(jiǎn)介：畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文翻譯題目建筑環(huán)境評(píng)估框架分析和可持續(xù)發(fā)展指標(biāo)的影響（2）專(zhuān)業(yè)工程管理（工程造價(jià)管理）班級(jí)08級(jí)04班學(xué)生廖麗婷指導(dǎo)教師何壽奎重慶交通大學(xué)2012年人員，規(guī)劃人員，施工人員，決策人員以及業(yè)主之間的溝通成為一種“市場(chǎng)轉(zhuǎn)型的工具”，并且加強(qiáng)利益相關(guān)者之間的意見(jiàn)交流，而不僅僅局限于設(shè)計(jì)單位。另外，還有一個(gè)重要的引申利益就是這些議題在環(huán)境評(píng)估上的體現(xiàn)，需要建造行業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)單位和各個(gè)部門(mén)人員間的廣泛溝通交流和相互作用，換言之，環(huán)境評(píng)價(jià)的方法需要意見(jiàn)交換和團(tuán)隊(duì)協(xié)作。BEA的局限的局限然而，BEA也有一些局限性。對(duì)于在綜合性，設(shè)計(jì)指南，信號(hào)和溝通上的正反兩方面的對(duì)方情況在表格2中已經(jīng)給出。接下來(lái)的觀點(diǎn)將局限BEA作用的擴(kuò)寬，同時(shí)減緩它的滲透速率。綜合性綜合性第一個(gè)局限性源于BEA綜合并且廣泛的范圍。一個(gè)爭(zhēng)論的問(wèn)題就是圍繞BEA方法定量和定性的混合及這些方法的加權(quán)模式。BEA包含廣泛的可持續(xù)問(wèn)題。這種綜合的方法完全不同于那些既包含定量又包含定性的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。定量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（例如，能源使用量，水源消耗量，氣體排放量）能根據(jù)總體消耗水平輕易估計(jì)，從而得出相應(yīng)的結(jié)論。例如，能源損耗量因素，可以運(yùn)用生命周期評(píng)估工具對(duì)建筑物整個(gè)生命期的總體消耗量進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)。而其他的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)絕大部分是定性的（例如，對(duì)所選廠址生態(tài)價(jià)值的影響，對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)仫L(fēng)力模式的影響），這種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不能被定量地測(cè)量和估計(jì)，同時(shí)很難以一種比較的方式加以計(jì)算。加權(quán)是所有評(píng)估方案的核心，因?yàn)樗鼘⒅鲗?dǎo)被估建筑物的整體性能得分（LEEETAL2002）。然而，目前既沒(méi)有統(tǒng)一的依據(jù)方針，也沒(méi)有加權(quán)分配的滿(mǎn)意的指導(dǎo)方法DING2008。這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的加權(quán)應(yīng)該通過(guò)逐個(gè)項(xiàng)目的基本原理被導(dǎo)出，同時(shí)能反映發(fā)展的目標(biāo)。設(shè)計(jì)指南設(shè)計(jì)指南第二個(gè)弊端就是BEA作為設(shè)計(jì)指南的可行性。BEA被聲稱(chēng)為能夠促進(jìn)更好的設(shè)計(jì)和行為的設(shè)計(jì)指南。然而即使是在學(xué)術(shù)研究階段，在BEA的評(píng)價(jià)模式中也通常不包括財(cái)務(wù)因素（ISSAETAL2010KNEIFEL2010）。由于缺乏財(cái)務(wù)因素，在考量環(huán)境指標(biāo)時(shí)BEA可盡可能取得高分，而高分是能反映很高的價(jià)值和大型金融回報(bào)的。但是事實(shí)上，財(cái)務(wù)限制的的確確存在。然而我們不可能總因?yàn)橐恍╆P(guān)系到發(fā)展根本目的的經(jīng)濟(jì)原因作出決定和改變。當(dāng)經(jīng)濟(jì)回報(bào)無(wú)法得到滿(mǎn)足時(shí)，這些項(xiàng)目對(duì)投資者的吸引力就會(huì)降低，即使它們對(duì)環(huán)境是有利的。在評(píng)估模式中環(huán)境問(wèn)題和財(cái)政因素應(yīng)該齊頭并進(jìn)（LARSSON1999）。改進(jìn)的GBC模式在評(píng)估機(jī)制中包含了經(jīng)濟(jì)因素。在可行性研究階段，它在對(duì)評(píng)估方案進(jìn)行比較選擇時(shí)顯得尤為重要。在評(píng)價(jià)環(huán)境問(wèn)題時(shí)，環(huán)境和財(cái)務(wù)因素都應(yīng)當(dāng)考慮（DING2008）。

簡(jiǎn)介：10中文中文5250字公路工程中使用煤焦油及其可能的替代品存在公路工程中使用煤焦油及其可能的替代品存在的環(huán)境問(wèn)題的環(huán)境問(wèn)題YXIAO,MFCVANDEVEN,AAAMOLENAAR,SPWU1代爾夫特理工大學(xué)土木工程學(xué)院，POBOX5048,2600GADELFT,荷蘭；2教育部重點(diǎn)硅酸鹽材料實(shí)驗(yàn)室，武漢大學(xué)的專(zhuān)利，WUHAN430070，CHINA摘要摘要煤焦油是通過(guò)對(duì)煤破壞蒸餾焦化過(guò)程所得到的一種產(chǎn)品，由于很好的粘性和合適的阻力特性，常常廣泛應(yīng)用與道路工程中，尤其是在治理加油站和機(jī)場(chǎng)路面病害得到了很好的應(yīng)用。然而煤焦油含有很高的PAHS成份，這是一種有毒物質(zhì)。在1985年國(guó)際癌癥研究機(jī)構(gòu)表明煤焦油是一種致癌物質(zhì)。研究表明煤焦油封閉劑在水中會(huì)產(chǎn)生大量的PAH。由于對(duì)環(huán)境的保護(hù)，CTS被禁止使用在許多歐美發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家。恰恰相反，煤焦油仍在中國(guó)的道路工程使用甚至大量使用。這篇論文主要講的是煤焦油在道路工程上使用的過(guò)程中對(duì)環(huán)境的考慮?；谶@個(gè)出發(fā)點(diǎn)，一些取代煤焦油的選擇將會(huì)被描述。這些方法包括納米粘土或者環(huán)氧樹(shù)脂改善瀝青乳液和在水的環(huán)境下樹(shù)脂對(duì)環(huán)境好于CTS,甚至在有些方面的應(yīng)用好于CTS關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞煤焦油路表面的治理粘附性能周期芳香烴改良的瀝青乳液CLC號(hào)U416文件代碼A文章鑒定號(hào)16714431（2010）17001071引言引言當(dāng)前在路面表面處理所用的粘合劑基本有兩種煤焦油和瀝青乳液。在一些地方，像加油站和飛機(jī)場(chǎng)，煤焦油路面的粘性和化學(xué)性要好于瀝青乳液路面。煤焦油路面比石油和無(wú)機(jī)酸有更好的化學(xué)性和保濕型。由于有這些優(yōu)良的性能，CTS被很多年廣泛應(yīng)用于道路工程用來(lái)治理路面。然而，煤焦油是一種有成千上萬(wàn)PAH所組成的復(fù)雜的碳?xì)浠衔?。這些PAH是有毒的，對(duì)人來(lái)說(shuō)是一種致癌物質(zhì)。因?yàn)檫@種對(duì)環(huán)境的不好性能，煤焦油在很多發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家禁止使用，像在荷蘭。在荷蘭，二十年來(lái)含有焦油的產(chǎn)品是不允許被使用的，但是對(duì)于螞蟻和孩子們來(lái)說(shuō)在跑道上有個(gè)好的空氣環(huán)境是一種短暫的奢望范知名，2005。但在2010年后煤焦油就不被用于鋪設(shè)飛機(jī)場(chǎng)的道路了。12著很高油濃度和汽油泄漏是很普遍的。像加油站，汽車(chē)站，飛機(jī)場(chǎng)都有著諸如此類(lèi)的問(wèn)題。起初在一些道路的鋪設(shè)中。CTS被認(rèn)為可以延長(zhǎng)瀝青路面的壽命以減少維修。它們被重點(diǎn)使用在飛機(jī)場(chǎng)的停機(jī)坪，滑行道，跑道上。聯(lián)邦航空管理局咨詢(xún)通告150/537010A標(biāo)準(zhǔn)指出指定建設(shè)機(jī)場(chǎng)包括要求路面封口，在跑道上應(yīng)該至少含有35煤焦油路面。作出這一規(guī)定原因是GTS對(duì)于噴氣燃料有更好的性能比瀝青基封閉劑。奧斯汀，20053環(huán)境問(wèn)題環(huán)境問(wèn)題一般來(lái)講，煤焦油是許多有機(jī)化合物所組成的混合物，如苯，甲苯，苯酚，萘，無(wú)煙煤，及其他。風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估煤焦油主要是多環(huán)芳烴，尤其是苯并（一）芘，PAHS是煤焦油產(chǎn)品毒性最相關(guān)的組成部分謝爾，2008。31多環(huán)芳香族碳?xì)浠衔锒喹h(huán)芳香族碳?xì)浠衔锒喹h(huán)芳香族碳?xì)浠衔镆脖环Q(chēng)為多環(huán)芳烴化合物，多環(huán)芳烴。在稠環(huán)結(jié)構(gòu)中多環(huán)芳烴是由100多種由碳和氫組成的化學(xué)物質(zhì)構(gòu)成。表1顯示的幾種典型多環(huán)芳烴化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)件。多環(huán)芳烴是劇毒和有害于人類(lèi)健康和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)良好運(yùn)作奧斯汀，2005。煤焦油中的多環(huán)芳烴含量隨炭化溫度升高。表一PAHS的幾種化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)32環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)在1985年，國(guó)際癌癥研究機(jī)構(gòu)指出，煤焦油瀝青對(duì)人類(lèi)來(lái)說(shuō)是致癌物質(zhì)國(guó)際癌癥研究機(jī)構(gòu)，1985。在2008年，三家科學(xué)委員會(huì)（SCCP,消費(fèi)者產(chǎn)品科學(xué)委員會(huì)；SCHER,健康和環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)科學(xué)委員會(huì)；SCENIHR,新健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估科學(xué)委員會(huì)）指出煤焦油最大風(fēng)險(xiǎn)特征就是癌癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。直接接觸煤焦油的職業(yè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)有皮膚癌的發(fā)生和其他組

簡(jiǎn)介：ENVIRONMENTALLIFECYCLEASSESSMENTOFBRIDGESJOHANNEHAMMERVOLD1MARTEREENAAS2ANDHELGEBRATTEB?3ABSTRACTTHISPAPERPRESENTSADETAILEDCOMPARATIVEENVIRONMENTALLIFECYCLEASSESSMENTLCACASESTUDYOFTHREEBUILTBRIDGESINNORWAYTOENCOMPASSAWIDESCALEOFBRIDGEDESIGNS,THEANALYSISDEALTWITHASTEELBOXGIRDERBRIDGE,ACONCRETEBOXGIRDERBRIDGE,ANDAWOODENARCHBRIDGETHISSTUDYPRESENTSTHEFIRSTLCAOFROADBRIDGESUSINGASTANDARDIZEDBRIDGECLASSIFICATIONTHELCAINCLUDESAWIDERANGEOFPOLLUTANTSANDAHIGHLEVELOFDETAILINLIFECYCLEMATERIALANDENERGYCONSUMPTIONFINDINGSHEREANDFROMEARLIERLCASONBRIDGESARETOGETHERUSEDASBASESFORGENERALRECOMMENDATIONSONCONDUCTINGLCASONBRIDGESTHESTUDYSHOWSTHATITISTHEPRODUCTIONOFMATERIALSFORTHEMAINLOADCARRYINGSYSTEMSIE,THEBRIDGESUPERSTRUCTUREANDTHEABUTMENTSTHATACCOUNTSFORTHEMAINSHAREOFTHEENVIRONMENTALIMPACTS,ASTHESEPARTSREQUIRELARGEQUANTITIESOFMATERIALS,WITHALIMITEDNUMBEROFMATERIALSBEINGTHEIMPORTANTONESTHECONSTRUCTIONPHASEACCOUNTSFORRELATIVELYFEWERIMPACTSTHEUSEPHASECONTRIBUTESMORESIGNIFICANTLY,MAINLYBECAUSEOFRESURFACINGWITHASPHALTUSEOFBUILDINGEQUIPMENTANDTRANSPORTOFPERSONNELINALLTHELIFECYCLEPHASESAREOFMINORIMPORTANCE,ASARETHEUSEOFFORMWORK,MASTIC,BLASTING,ANDTHEENDOFLIFEINCINERATIONOFWOODTHEENVIRONMENTALISSUESOFGLOBALWARMING,ABIOTICDEPLETION,ANDACIDIFICATIONAREFOUNDTOBETHEMOSTIMPORTANTGIVENTHEASSUMPTIONSMADEINTHISSTUDYACOMPARISONOFTHETHREEBRIDGESSHOWSTHATTHECONCRETEBRIDGEALTERNATIVEPERFORMSBESTENVIRONMENTALLYONTHEWHOLE,BUTWHENITCOMESTOGLOBALWARMING,THEWOODENBRIDGEISBETTERTHANTHEOTHERTWOTHERESULTSSUPPORTTHEIDEATHATITISPOSSIBLETODECIDEUPONENVIRONMENTALLYEFFECTIVEDESIGNALTERNATIVES,ATAFAIRLEVELOFACCURACY,ATDIFFERENTSTAGESOFTHEBRIDGEDESIGNPROCESS,ATARGETTHATISNOWBECOMINGMOREANDMOREEMPHASIZEDINTHEBRIDGEENGINEERINGSECTORDOI101061/ASCEBE194355920000328?2013AMERICANSOCIETYOFCIVILENGINEERSCEDATABASESUBJECTHEADINGSBRIDGESCONSTRUCTIONLIFECYCLESENVIRONMENTALISSUESDECISIONMAKINGAUTHORKEYWORDSBRIDGECONSTRUCTIONBRIDGEMANAGEMENTLIFECYCLEASSESSMENTENVIRONMENTALIMPACTDECISIONMAKINGSUPPORTINTRODUCTIONAFINNISH,SWEDISH,ANDNORWEGIANRESEARCHCOLLABORATION,THEETSIPROJECTSALOKANGAS2010,WASLAUNCHEDIN2006ANDALSOINCLUDEDDENMARKFROM2009ONWARDSTHISPROJECTAIMSATBRIDGELIFECYCLEOPTIMIZATIONANDINCLUDESECONOMIC,ENVIRONMENTAL,ANDAESTHETICISSUESSPANNINGTHEENTIRELIFETIMEOFTHEBRIDGETHENORWEGIANGROUPHASBEENWORKINGONTHEENVIRONMENTALISSUESANDHASDEVELOPEDATOOLFORENVIRONMENTALLIFECYCLEASSESSMENTLCAOFBRIDGES,CALLEDBRIDGELCABRATTEB?ETAL2009THISTOOLALLOWSFORDETAILEDLCASOFBRIDGES,REVEALINGWHATMATERIALSANDPARTSCAUSEIMPACTSANDATWHATSTAGEINTHELIFETIMEOFTHEBRIDGETHESEIMPACTSOCCURTHISARTICLEPRESENTSACASESTUDYOFTHREEBRIDGESANDGIVESRECOMMENDATIONSABOUTPARTICULARLYIMPORTANTPARAMETERSFORTHEENVIRONMENTALPERFORMANCEOFTHESETHREETYPESOFBRIDGESEARLIERLCASTUDIESONBRIDGESHAVEBEENREVIEWED,ANDTHEMAINFINDINGSFROMTHESESTUDIESAREPRESENTEDINTHISPAPERFEWLCASTUDIESONBRIDGESHAVEBEENCARRIEDOUT,ANDTHECASESTUDIESPRESENTEDHERECANBEREGARDEDASASYSTEMATICANDDETAILEDEXTENSIONTOTHEEARLIERSTUDIESINTHEIDENTIFICATIONOFTHEMOSTIMPORTANTPARAMETERSREGARDINGTHEENVIRONMENTALPERFORMANCEOFBRIDGESWEBELIEVETHATTHISISINDEEDIMPORTANTINTHECURRENTPROCESSOFIMPROVEDENVIRONMENTALDESIGNAMONGBRIDGEENGINEERS,PARTICULARLYINTHEEARLYPHASESOFTHEDESIGNPROCESS,WHERELITTLEINFORMATIONMIGHTBEAVAILABLEANDYETTHEREMAYBEGOODOPPORTUNITIESTOINFLUENCEAGOODDESIGNSTRATEGYTHETHREEBRIDGESANALYZEDINTHISPAPERASTEELBOXGIRDERBRIDGE,ACONCRETEBOXGIRDERBRIDGE,ANDAWOODENARCHBRIDGEAREALREADYBUILTANDINUSEINWESTERNNORWAYTHISMEANSTHATONECOULDALSOGETAHOLDOFDETAILEDFACTSABOUTTHECONSUMPTIONOFVARIOUSTYPESOFRESOURCESINTHEPRODUCTIONANDCONSTRUCTIONPHASESOFTHEBRIDGESMOSTOFTHEENERGYANDMATERIALCONSUMPTIONTHROUGHOUTTHELIFECYCLESOFTHEBRIDGESISACCOUNTEDFOR,ANDSEVERALENVIRONMENTALIMPACTCATEGORIESAREINCLUDEDTHEBRIDGESHAVEBEENANALYZEDONTHEBASISOFTHECONTRIBUTIONSOFMATERIALS,BRIDGECOMPONENTS,ANDLIFECYCLEPHASESTOENVIRONMENTALIMPACTSLITERATURECOMPARISONOFDIFFERENTBRIDGEALTERNATIVESAPRESTRESSEDCONCRETEBOXGIRDERBRIDGEANDASTEELCONCRETECOMPOSITEIGIRDERBRIDGEWERECOMPAREDINGERVáSIOANDDASILVA2008THEEMISSIONSCONSIDEREDARECARBONDIOXIDECO2,SULFURDIOXIDESO2,NITROGENOXIDESNOX,VOLATILEORGANICCOMPOUNDSVOC,CARBONMONOXIDECO,METHANECH4,AND1PHDSTUDENT,DEPTOFHYDRAULICANDENVIRONMENTALENGINEERING,INDUSTRIALECOLOGYPROGRAMME,THENORWEGIANUNIVOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY,N7491TRONDHEIM,NORWAYCORRESPONDINGAUTHOREMAILJOHANNEHAMMERVOLDNTNUNO2PHDSTUDENT,DEPTOFHYDRAULICANDENVIRONMENTALENGINEERING,INDUSTRIALECOLOGYPROGRAMME,THENORWEGIANUNIVOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY,N7491TRONDHEIM,NORWAY3PROFESSOR,DEPTOFHYDRAULICANDENVIRONMENTALENGINEERING,INDUSTRIALECOLOGYPROGRAMME,THENORWEGIANUNIVOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY,N7491TRONDHEIM,NORWAYNOTETHISMANUSCRIPTWASSUBMITTEDONFEBRUARY2,2011APPROVEDONOCTOBER20,2011PUBLISHEDONLINEONOCTOBER24,2011DISCUSSIONPERIODOPENUNTILJULY1,2013SEPARATEDISCUSSIONSMUSTBESUBMITTEDFORINDIVIDUALPAPERSTHISPAPERISPARTOFTHEJOURNALOFBRIDGEENGINEERING,VOL18,NO2,FEBRUARY1,2013?ASCE,ISSN10840702/2013/2153E161/2500JOURNALOFBRIDGEENGINEERING?ASCE/FEBRUARY2013/153JBRIDGEENG201318153161DOWNLOADEDFROMASCELIBRARYORGBYCHANGSHAUNIVERSI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AINLYCONS

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簡(jiǎn)介：ANALYSISONTHEREVERSELOGISTICSUNDEREBUSINESSENVIRONMENTQUNLIWU,SHENGCAILIUDEPARTMENTOFBUSINESSMANAGEMENTNORTHCHINAELECTRICPOWERUNIVERSITY,BAODING071003,CHINALIUSHENGCAI2003163COMABSTRACTWITHTHEFURTHERRESEARCHOFSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTSTRATEGYINTHEWORLD,MOREANDMOREENTERPRISESHAVEBEENIDENTIFYINGTHEHARMONIOUSDEVELOPMENTBETWEENECONOMYANDECOLOGICALENVIRONMENTUNDERSUCHBACKGROUND,REVERSELOGISTICSAPPEARSASANEWFIELDINLOGISTICSMANAGEMENT,REVERSELOGISTICSHASATTRACTEDMOREANDMOREATTENTIONINTHECIRCLEOFBUSINESSANDTHEORYITHASSOMANYADVANTAGESASREDUCINGPRODUCTIONCOSTS,INCREASINGCUSTOMERS’DEGREEOFSATISFACTIONANDENHANCINGCOMPETITIVEABILITYOFCOMPANIES,WHICHAREOFGREATSIGNIFICANCETOOURBUSINESSPRACTICESTHISARTICLEDISCUSSESTHEMEANING,ROLEOFREVERSELOGISTICSANDITSDEVELOPMENTSITUATIONINFOREIGNCOUNTRIESSTARTINGFROMANALYZINGTHEPROCESSANDCHARACTERISTICSOFREVERSELOGISTICSUNDEREBUSINESSENVIRONMENT,THEPAPERMAKESADETAILEDANALYSISONTHEEBUSINESSMODELOFREVERSELOGISTICSANDTHENPUTSFORWARDTHREEFORMSSUPPORTINGTHEREVERSELOGISTICSANDSUGGESTIONSTOIMPLEMENTTHEREVERSELOGISTICSBYUSINGREVERSELOGISTICS,ENTERPRISESCANACHIEVETHEGOALSOFSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTANDHELPTHEMTOCOMPETEINTHEIRINDUSTRIES,ESPECIALLYWHENCONFRONTINGINTENSECOMPETITIONANDLOWPROFITMARGINSSOITISURGENTFORENTERPRISESTOIMPLEMENTREVERSELOGISTICS1INTRODUCTIONACCORDINGTOTHEDEFINITIONOFCOUNCILOFLOGISTICSMANAGEMENTCLM,REVERSELOGISTICSISAPROCESSINWHICHAMANUFACTURERSYSTEMATICALLYACCEPTSPREVIOUSLYSHIPPEDPRODUCTSORPARTSFROMTHEPOINTFORCONSUMPTIONFORPOSSIBLERECYCLING,REMANUFACTURING,ORDISPOSALITHASRECEIVEDAGREATDEALOFATTENTIONFROMOPERATIONSMANAGERSANDCOMPANYEXECUTIVESITINCLUDESSEVERALKEYLINKS,SUCHASRECOVERY,CHECKANDPROCESS,PARTITIONSANDREPROCESSINGANDDISCARDINGPOLICYTHEISSUESHAVEBEENINVESTIGATEDBYMANYRESEARCHERSINCREASINGLY,STRINGENTENVIRONMENTALANDPACKAGINGREGULATIONSAREFORCINGCOMPANIESTOBECOMEMOREACCOUNTABLEFORFINALPRODUCTS,LONGAFTERTHEYSELLTHEPRODUCTS2INRECENTYEARS,THEDEVELOPMENTOFREVERSELOGISTICSISQUITERAPID,ESPECIALLYINTHEDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESAMERICA,JAPANANDOTHERDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESINEUROPEHAVEGONEFARAHEADOFCHINAINREVERSELOGISTICSPRACTICETHEREVERSELOGISTICSMANAGEMENTINCHINAISSTILLUNDERTHEPOORCONDITIONSATTHEENDOFLASTCENTURYINAMERICA,REVERSELOGISTICSRAISEDHIGHATTENTIONOFAMERICANLOGISTICSEXPERTSACCORDINGTOASURVEY,ALLTHELOGISTICSCOSTSACCOUNTEDFOR107PERCENTOFAMERICANECONOMICQUANTITYREVERSELOGISTICSCOSTISABOUT4PERCENTOFALLLOGISTICSINAMERICA,OVERTHIRTYPERCENTENTERPRISESPAYATTENTIONTOTHEDISPOSALOFTHEIRPRODUCTSIMPLEMENTATIONOFREVERSELOGISTICSISOFGREATIMPORTANCE,ESPECIALLYINTHEAUTOMOBILEFIRMS,ELECTRONICSMANUFACTURINGINDUSTRY,PUBLISHINGINDUSTRYANDCATALOGUESALESITISESTIMATEDBYAUTOMOBILECOMPONENTSANDPARTSREMANUFACTURINGASSOCIATIONTHATRAWMATERIALSSAVEDTHROUGHREMANUFACTURINGCOULDFILL155,000WAGONS,WHICHISEQUIVALENTTO1100MILESTRAINTHEREFORE,ECONOMICBENEFITISQUITECONSIDERABLERECENTLY,MANYWORDFAMOUSITENTERPRISESHAVEREGARDEDREVERSELOGISTICSSTRATEGYASTHEPRIMARYMEANSOFCOMPETITIONADVANTAGEFORINSTANCE,SUNMICROSYSTEMSPOSSESSESANINTERNATIONALCENTEROFCOMPONENTSANDPARTSRETROFITTING,WHICHRENEWSPARTSFROMASIAORLATINAMERICAANDREACHESTHELATESTDESIGNHEWLETTPACKARDOFTENUSETHERENEWEDORIMPROVEDCOMPONENTSANDTHENRESALEPRODUCTSINDIFFERENTWAYSTHOMSON,AHOUSEHOLDAPPLIANCECOMPANY,TRANSPORTSTHERECOVERABLEPARTSTOMEXICOANDTHENRETROFITSTHESEPARTS2THEOPERATIONMODELOFREVERSELOGISTICSREVERSELOGISTICS,ASTHEEFFECTIVEMEANSOFRESOURCESHORTAGEANDENVIRONMENTPOLLUTION,HASBEENUSEDWIDELYINMANYENTERPRISESINTHEPROCESSOFIMPLEMENTINGREVERSELOGISTICS,ENTERPRISESSHOULDCHOOSETHEPROPEROPERATIONMODELONTHEGROUNDOFTHEACTUALSITUATIONTHEREAREMAINLYSEVERALOPERATIONMODELSASFOLLOWSSELFEMPLOYEDMODEL,POOLMODEL,OUTSOURCINGMODEL,ETCENTERPRISESSHOULDSELECTTHEMOSTSUITABLEMODEL,BASEDONFULLYUNDERSTANDINGTHEADVANTAGESANDDISADVANTAGESOFVARIOUSKINDSOFMODELS,SOTHATTHEYCANADOPTEFFECTIVEMANAGEMENTSTRATEGYOFREVERSELOGISTICS4FOLLOWINGISSIMPLEINTRODUCTIONOFTHREEMODELS2008ISECSINTERNATIONALCOLLOQUIUMONCOMPUTING,COMMUNICATION,CONTROL,ANDMANAGEMENT9780769532905/082500?2008IEEEDOI101109/CCCM2008491482008ISECSINTERNATIONALCOLLOQUIUMONCOMPUTING,COMMUNICATION,CONTROL,ANDMANAGEMENT9780769532905/082500?2008IEEEDOI101109/CCCM2008491482008ISECSINTERNATIONALCOLLOQUIUMONCOMPUTING,COMMUNICATION,CONTROL,ANDMANAGEMENT9780769532905/082500?2008IEEEDOI101109/CCCM200849148COMPONENTSTOSOLVETHISPROBLEM,INADDITIONTOTHELISTOFSUCHPRODUCTS,ITISPOSSIBLETOFINDPOTENTIALCOMMODITIESWITHALARGENUMBEROFSEARCHENGINESIDENTIFICATIONOFSUCHPRODUCTSCANALSOSTRENGTHENFURTHERUNDERSTANDINGTOCERTAINCRUCIALPROBLEMTHROUGHORALCOMMUNICATIONANDINTERNETAPROBLEMRELATEDTOREPRODUCTIONISPREVENTIONANDBEFOREHANDMAINTENANCEOFHEAVYINDUSTRIALEQUIPMENT,ITSOPERATIONISOFTENGEOGRAPHICALLYDISTANTANDTIMEISURGENTTHEREPRODUCTIONOFINDUSTRIALEQUIPMENTISUSUALLYACLOSEDLOOPBUSINESSPROCESSINOTHERWORDS,USERSSUBMITTHEIRPARTOFTHEINDUSTRIALEQUIPMENTSTHENREACQUIREREPRODUCTIONEQUIPMENTAFTERSOMETIMESTRICTTIMELIMITSANDQUALITYASSURANCEINPRODUCTIONAREIMPORTANTFACTORSTOTHEPROBLEM,EBUSINESSHASPLAYEDASIGNIFICANTROLEFIGURE1EBUSINESSMODELOFREVERSELOGISTICS233COMPLETESOLUTIONSCHE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