簡介：譯文標(biāo)譯文標(biāo)題基于注塑模具鋼研磨和拋光工序的自動化表面處理原文標(biāo)原文標(biāo)題AUTOMATEDSURFACEFINISHINGOFPLASTICINJECTIONMOLDSTEELWITHSPHERICALGRINDINGANDBALLBURNISHINGPROCESSES作者FANGJUNGSHIOUCHAOCHANGACHENWENTULI譯名晁常溫途利國籍美國原文出原文出處SHIOUFJ,CHENCH2003DETERMINATIONOFOPTIMALBALLBURNISHINGPARAMETERSFORPLASTICINJECTIONMOLDINGSTEELINTJADVMANUFTECHNOL基于注塑模具鋼研磨和拋光工序的自動化表面處理摘要本文研究了注塑模具鋼自動研磨與球面拋光加工工序的可能性，這種注塑模具鋼P(yáng)DS5的塑性曲面是在數(shù)控加工中心完成的。這項研究已經(jīng)完成了磨削刀架的設(shè)計與制造。最佳表面研磨參數(shù)是在鋼鐵PDS5的加工中心測定的。對于PDS5注塑模具鋼的最佳球面研磨參數(shù)是以下一系列的組合研磨材料的磨料為粉紅氧化鋁，進(jìn)給量500毫米/分鐘，磨削深度20微米，磨削轉(zhuǎn)速為18000RPM。用優(yōu)化的參數(shù)進(jìn)行表面研磨，表面粗糙度RA值可由大約160微米改善至035微米。用球拋光工藝和參數(shù)優(yōu)化拋光，可以進(jìn)一步改善表面粗糙度RA值從0343微米至006微米左右。在模具內(nèi)部曲面的測試部分，用最佳參數(shù)的表面研磨、拋光，曲面表面粗糙度就可以提高約215微米到0007微米。關(guān)鍵詞自動化表面處理拋光磨削加工表面粗糙度田口方法一、引言塑膠工程材料由于其重要特點,如耐化學(xué)腐蝕性、低密度、易于制造,并已日漸取代金屬部件在工業(yè)中廣泛應(yīng)用。注塑成型對于塑料制品是一個重要工藝。注塑模具的表面質(zhì)量是設(shè)計的本質(zhì)要求,因為它直接影響了塑膠產(chǎn)品的外觀和性能。加工工藝如球面研磨、拋光常用于改善表面光潔度。圖2球面拋光過程示意圖此項目研究的目的是，發(fā)展注塑模具鋼的球形研磨和球面拋光工序，這種注塑模具鋼的曲面實在加工中心完成的。表面光潔度的球研磨與球拋光的自動化流程工序，如圖3所示。我們開始自行設(shè)計和制造的球面研磨工具及加工中心的對刀裝置。利用田口正交法，確定了表面球研磨最佳參數(shù)。選擇為田口L18型矩陣實驗相應(yīng)的四個因素和三個層次。用最佳參數(shù)進(jìn)行表面球研磨則適用于一個曲面表面光潔度要求較高的注塑模具。為了改善表面粗糙,利用最佳球面拋光工藝參數(shù)，再進(jìn)行對表層打磨。PDS試樣的設(shè)計與制造選擇最佳矩陣實驗因子確定最佳參數(shù)實施實驗分析并確定最佳因子進(jìn)行表面拋光應(yīng)用最佳參數(shù)加工曲面測量試樣的表面粗糙度球研磨和拋光裝置的設(shè)計與制造圖3自動球面研磨與拋光工序的流程圖二、球研磨的設(shè)計和對準(zhǔn)裝置

簡介：陜西理工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計基于PRO/E少齒數(shù)（Z2）齒輪傳動的建模與研究王軍（陜理工機(jī)械工程學(xué)院機(jī)械設(shè)計制造及其自動化專業(yè)機(jī)自041班，陜西漢中723003）指導(dǎo)教師王保民摘要闡述了少齒數(shù)漸開線圓柱齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)的傳動特點,論述了漸開線和過渡曲線的方程推倒及其參數(shù)的確定,闡明了變位系數(shù)、螺旋角和幾何尺寸的確定及計算,從而奠定了少齒數(shù)漸開線圓柱齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)機(jī)構(gòu)學(xué)的理論基礎(chǔ)。齒輪的參數(shù)化設(shè)計是提高齒輪建模效率的有效途徑,基于PRO/EWILDFIRE40平臺的參數(shù)化精確建模功能,通過編PRO/E的模型程序,實現(xiàn)了少齒數(shù)齒輪自動化建模設(shè)計,并且實現(xiàn)齒輪基本參數(shù)的改變自動生成新齒輪。該齒輪設(shè)計方法可使設(shè)計人員方便快捷地實現(xiàn)齒輪的三維特征造型設(shè)計,從而提高設(shè)計效率。關(guān)鍵詞坐標(biāo)轉(zhuǎn)換少齒數(shù)變位系數(shù)PROE軟件傳動仿真I目錄1前言111研究意義112少齒數(shù)齒輪現(xiàn)狀分析113齒輪成形技術(shù)的現(xiàn)狀214PRO/ENGINEER22理論分析與研究階段理論分析與研究階段421理論基礎(chǔ)422坐標(biāo)轉(zhuǎn)換法推導(dǎo)齒輪齒廓線方程5211齒廓曲線普遍方程式的推導(dǎo)5222齒輪的漸開線的方程式求解7223齒輪的過渡曲線的方程式求解1123少齒數(shù)計算過程13231數(shù)據(jù)初定13232設(shè)計結(jié)果校核計算14233修正設(shè)計結(jié)果203三維建模三維建模222231軟件簡介22311PRO/ENGINEER軟件包22312PRO／ASSEMBLY安裝模塊2332參數(shù)化技術(shù)簡析2333齒輪的參數(shù)化建模設(shè)計24331零件分析24332繪制齒輪2534參數(shù)化問題分析324其他零件的設(shè)計建模其他零件的設(shè)計建模343441軸34

簡介：英文原文英文原文中文中文3260字2

簡介：中文8500字本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯外文譯文題目不確定條件下生產(chǎn)線平衡魯棒優(yōu)化模型和最優(yōu)解解法學(xué)院機(jī)械自動化專業(yè)工業(yè)工程學(xué)號學(xué)生姓名學(xué)生姓名指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)教師日期二○一四年五月摘要這項研究涉及在不確定條件下的生產(chǎn)線平衡，并提出兩個魯棒優(yōu)化模型。假設(shè)了不確定性區(qū)間運(yùn)行的時間。該方法提出了生成線設(shè)計方法，使其免受混亂的破壞。基于分解的算法開發(fā)出來并與增強(qiáng)策略結(jié)合起來解決大規(guī)模優(yōu)化實例。該算法的效率已被測試，實驗結(jié)果也已經(jīng)發(fā)表。本文的理論貢獻(xiàn)在于文中提出的模型和基于分解的精確算法的開發(fā)。另外，基于我們的算法設(shè)計出的基于不確定性整合的生產(chǎn)線的產(chǎn)出率會更高，因此也更具有實際意義。此外，這是一個在裝配線平衡問題上的開創(chuàng)性工作，并應(yīng)該作為一個決策支持系統(tǒng)的基礎(chǔ)。關(guān)鍵字裝配線平衡；不確定性；魯棒優(yōu)化；組合優(yōu)化；精確算法

簡介：中文8500字本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯外文譯文題目不確定條件下生產(chǎn)線平衡魯棒優(yōu)化模型和最優(yōu)解解法學(xué)院機(jī)械自動化專業(yè)工業(yè)工程學(xué)號學(xué)生姓名學(xué)生姓名指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)教師日期二○一四年五月摘要這項研究涉及在不確定條件下的生產(chǎn)線平衡，并提出兩個魯棒優(yōu)化模型。假設(shè)了不確定性區(qū)間運(yùn)行的時間。該方法提出了生成線設(shè)計方法，使其免受混亂的破壞?；诜纸獾乃惴ㄩ_發(fā)出來并與增強(qiáng)策略結(jié)合起來解決大規(guī)模優(yōu)化實例。該算法的效率已被測試，實驗結(jié)果也已經(jīng)發(fā)表。本文的理論貢獻(xiàn)在于文中提出的模型和基于分解的精確算法的開發(fā)。另外，基于我們的算法設(shè)計出的基于不確定性整合的生產(chǎn)線的產(chǎn)出率會更高，因此也更具有實際意義。此外，這是一個在裝配線平衡問題上的開創(chuàng)性工作，并應(yīng)該作為一個決策支持系統(tǒng)的基礎(chǔ)。關(guān)鍵字裝配線平衡；不確定性；魯棒優(yōu)化；組合優(yōu)化；精確算法

簡介：中文中文8180字出處出處MECHANISMANDMACHINETHEORY,2007,422168182雙離合變速器換擋動力學(xué)及控制系統(tǒng)分析MANISHKULKARNI,TAEHYUNSHIM,YIZHANG密歇根州迪爾伯恩大學(xué)，機(jī)械工程系，美國迪爾伯恩48128摘要雙離合變速器（DCT）的換擋是通過由一個離合器向另一個離合器在沒有摩擦干擾的情況下傳遞力矩來實現(xiàn)的，而力矩的傳遞是由于控制了離合器的滑移。兩個離合器接合和分離的時機(jī)是實現(xiàn)一個穩(wěn)定流暢的換擋動作的決定性因素，并且在換擋時沒有動力中斷和離合器空閑時間同樣十分重要。這篇文章介紹了裝有雙離合自動變速器（DCT）汽車的換擋動力學(xué)模擬，分析和控制的分析實例。而整車的動態(tài)模型和邏輯控制是采用MATLAB/SIMULINK作為模擬平臺。這個模型被用于研究在換擋過程中不同離合器的壓力狀況而引起的輸出轉(zhuǎn)矩變化情況。通過模型模擬，可以研究出對于最優(yōu)換擋品質(zhì)的化離合器最優(yōu)壓力狀況。作為一個數(shù)據(jù)案例，這個模型被應(yīng)用于一輛裝有雙離合器自動變速器的汽車上來模擬在開放性工作情況下的狀態(tài)。汽車的起動和換擋過程都在試驗中被模擬，由此來評估變速箱的換擋品質(zhì)和證實換擋控制的有效性。關(guān)鍵詞雙離合器動變速器；自動變速器１引言近年來在汽車制造業(yè)上，提高車輛駕駛的舒適性和燃油效率已經(jīng)成為了一個必然的趨勢。作為重要的傳動裝置，變速箱在車輛的工作情況和燃油燃耗效率方面起到了一個重要的作用。目前，市場上存在著許多種形式的變速器，并且與變速器相關(guān)的技術(shù)也為其在裝入車輛進(jìn)行工作時提供了各種最優(yōu)的工作性能。手動變速器的燃油消耗效率占總體效率的962，它是各種變速器中燃油消耗效率最高的。而工業(yè)化生產(chǎn)的自動擋變速器已經(jīng)被改進(jìn)為燃耗效率不高于863。CVT無級變速器的燃耗效率占總體效率的846，然而CVT的主要優(yōu)點是允許發(fā)動機(jī)在最大燃耗效率下工作。AMT手自一體變速器與手動擋變速器有同樣的效率，并且與常規(guī)款的自動擋變速器同樣操作十分方便。現(xiàn)在對于自動圖1DCT結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖圖2DCT動力學(xué)模型圖雙離合自動變速器的結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖見圖1這種變速器有六個前進(jìn)擋和一個倒退檔。輸入軸被設(shè)計為“套筒軸”，也就是在一個空心軸中間有另一個實心軸。在實心軸上安裝有二檔、四檔、六檔和倒檔的齒輪，而空心軸上裝有一檔、三檔和五檔的齒輪。離合器1CL1與奇數(shù)檔相連，離合器2（CL2）偶數(shù)檔相連。同步器與傳統(tǒng)手動擋變速器一樣，安裝在兩檔齒輪之間。當(dāng)?shù)竭_(dá)一個特殊檔位的時候，相應(yīng)的離合器和同步器就會被接合，這樣使得動力可以從發(fā)動機(jī)通過

簡介：ZZZZZZZ大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）外文文獻(xiàn)學(xué)院XXXXXXXX專業(yè)班級XXXXXX學(xué)生姓名XXXXX指導(dǎo)教師XXXXXXTHEMOUNTEDGRINDINGTOOLSWHEELSHAVEBEENWIDELYUSEDINCONVENTIONALMOLDANDDIEFINISHINGINDUSTRIESTHEGEOMETRICMODELOFMOUNTEDGRINDINGTOOLSFORAUTOMATEDSURFACEFINISHINGPROCESSESWASINTRODUCEDINAFINISHINGPROCESSMODEOFSPHERICALGRINDINGTOOLSFORAUTOMATEDSURFACEFINISHINGSYSTEMSWASDEVELOPEDINGRINDINGSPEED,DEPTHOFCUT,FEEDRATE,ANDWHEELPROPERTIESSUCHASABRASIVEMATERIALANDABRASIVEGRAINSIZE,ARETHEDOMINANTPARAMETERSFORTHESPHERICALGRINDINGPROCESS,ASSHOWNINFIG1THEOPTIMALSPHERICALGRINDINGPARAMETERSFORTHEINJECTIONMOLDSTEELHAVENOTYETBEENINVESTIGATEDBASEDINTHELITERATUREFIG1SCHEMATICDIAGRAMOFTHESPHERICALGRINDINGPROCESSINRECENTYEARS,SOMERESEARCHHASBEENCARRIEDOUTINDETERMININGTHEOPTIMALPARAMETERSOFTHEBALLBURNISHINGPROCESSFIG2FORINSTANCE,ITHASBEENFOUNDTHATPLASTICDEFORMATIONONTHEWORKPIECESURFACECANBEREDUCEDBYUSINGATUNGSTENCARBIDEBALLORAROLLER,THUSIMPROVINGTHESURFACEROUGHNESS,SURFACEHARDNESS,ANDFATIGUERESISTANCETHEBURNISHINGPROCESSISACCOMPLISHEDBYMACHININGCENTERSANDLATHESTHEMAINBURNISHINGPARAMETERSHAVINGSIGNIFICANTEFFECTSONTHESURFACEROUGHNESSAREBALLORROLLERMATERIAL,BURNISHINGFORCE,FEEDRATE,BURNISHINGSPEED,LUBRICATION,ANDNUMBEROFBURNISHINGPASSES,AMONGOTHERSTHEOPTIMALSURFACEBURNISHINGPARAMETERSFORTHEPLASTICINJECTIONMOLDSTEELPDS5WEREACOMBINATIONOFGREASELUBRICANT,THE

簡介：譯文標(biāo)譯文標(biāo)題基于注塑模具鋼研磨和拋光工序的自動化表面處理原文標(biāo)原文標(biāo)題BASEDONTHEINJECTIONMOLDSTEELGRINDINGANDPOLISHINGPROCESSESAUTOMATEDSURFACETREATMENT作者CHAOCHANGACHENWENTULI譯名晁常溫途利國籍美國原文出原文出處SHIOUFJ,CHENCH2003DETERMINATIONOFOPTIMALBALLBURNISHINGPARAMETERSFORPLASTICINJECTIONMOLDINGSTEELINTJADVMANUFTECHNOL基于注塑模具鋼研磨和拋光工序的自動化表面處理摘要本文研究了注塑模具鋼自動研磨與球面拋光加工工序的可能性，這種注塑模具鋼P(yáng)DS5的塑性曲面是在數(shù)控加工中心完成的。這項研究已經(jīng)完成了磨削刀架的設(shè)計與制造。最佳表面研磨參數(shù)是在鋼鐵PDS5的加工中心測定的。對于PDS5注塑模具鋼的最佳球面研磨參數(shù)是以下一系列的組合研磨材料的磨料為粉紅氧化鋁，進(jìn)給量500毫米/分鐘，磨削深度20微米，磨削轉(zhuǎn)速為18000RPM。用優(yōu)化的參數(shù)進(jìn)行表面研磨，表面粗糙度RA值可由大約160微米改善至035微米。用球拋光工藝和參數(shù)優(yōu)化拋光，可以進(jìn)一步改善表面粗糙度RA值從0343微米至006微米左右。在模具內(nèi)部曲面的測試部分，用最佳參數(shù)的表面研磨、拋光，曲面表面粗糙度就可以提高約215微米到0007微米。關(guān)鍵詞自動化表面處理拋光磨削加工表面粗糙度田口方法一、引言塑膠工程材料由于其重要特點,如耐化學(xué)腐蝕性、低密度、易于制造,并已日漸取代金屬部件在工業(yè)中廣泛應(yīng)用。注塑成型對于塑料制品是一個重要工藝。注塑模具的表面質(zhì)量是設(shè)計的本質(zhì)要求,因為它直接影響了塑膠產(chǎn)品的外觀和性能。加工工藝如球面研磨、拋光常用于改善表面光潔度。圖2球面拋光過程示意圖此項目研究的目的是，發(fā)展注塑模具鋼的球形研磨和球面拋光工序，這種注塑模具鋼的曲面實在加工中心完成的。表面光潔度的球研磨與球拋光的自動化流程工序，如圖3所示。我們開始自行設(shè)計和制造的球面研磨工具及加工中心的對刀裝置。利用田口正交法，確定了表面球研磨最佳參數(shù)。選擇為田口L18型矩陣實驗相應(yīng)的四個因素和三個層次。用最佳參數(shù)進(jìn)行表面球研磨則適用于一個曲面表面光潔度要求較高的注塑模具。為了改善表面粗糙,利用最佳球面拋光工藝參數(shù)，再進(jìn)行對表層打磨。PDS試樣的設(shè)計與制造選擇最佳矩陣實驗因子確定最佳參數(shù)實施實驗分析并確定最佳因子進(jìn)行表面拋光應(yīng)用最佳參數(shù)加工曲面測量試樣的表面粗糙度球研磨和拋光裝置的設(shè)計與制造圖3自動球面研磨與拋光工序的流程圖二、球研磨的設(shè)計和對準(zhǔn)裝置

簡介：中文中文3560字出處出處CONTROL,AUTOMATION,ROBOTICSANDVISION,2008ICARCV200810THINTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONIEEE,200816251629畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）題目翻譯題目翻譯題目化工廢水自動化處理系統(tǒng)的控制器設(shè)計與分析化工廢水自動化處理系統(tǒng)的控制器設(shè)計與分析系自動控制系自動控制系專業(yè)自動化自動化姓名班級學(xué)號指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)教師學(xué)探針。這種方法需持續(xù)監(jiān)控，導(dǎo)致了高成本，大量勞動力和低效率。此外工廠中的一些地方對人來說是無法達(dá)到的，同時有害化學(xué)品的介入對人體健康也是有害的。本文完整地提出了一種控制化工廢水處理廠工藝過程的全自動解決方案。水流量，鍋爐加熱溫度和冷卻水的溫度流量都是依靠化工廢水的輸入輸出濃度和加熱溫度來被調(diào)控。（在串級控制器的情況下）III數(shù)學(xué)模型工廠的數(shù)學(xué)模型是基于同步獲得的隨機(jī)輸入輸出信號的特點。這個構(gòu)想已經(jīng)被應(yīng)用到定常線性動態(tài)化工處理廠中，其模型是由加權(quán)函數(shù)和傳遞函數(shù)描述的。該工廠的加權(quán)函數(shù)是由采用積分WIENERHOPF方程求得輸入的自相關(guān)函數(shù)和輸入輸出的互相關(guān)函數(shù)確定的。傳遞函數(shù)涉及到加權(quán)函數(shù)的拉普拉斯變換。1G432231432231PASASASABSBSBSBS???????）（在參考1中實現(xiàn)的方法對于廣大工業(yè)用戶去推導(dǎo)化工廢水處理廠的傳遞函數(shù)是簡單，有效和可行的，因為它采用了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的數(shù)學(xué)方法并且通過含有時域和頻域動態(tài)特性的確定的平均數(shù)學(xué)模型描述了整個系統(tǒng)。該方法還可以構(gòu)建一個粗略的結(jié)構(gòu)，這對于一個真實的化工廢水處理廠的綜合和分析是很有必要的。本文提出的控制相關(guān)參數(shù)如輸出濃度，反應(yīng)器溫度，流量，冷卻水溫度和處理廠流量的設(shè)計的輸入輸出關(guān)系是由傳遞函數(shù)決定的。在設(shè)計中，先進(jìn)的過程控制算法和控制技術(shù)被采用，并且通過實時工業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)表可以進(jìn)行分析工作。IV系統(tǒng)設(shè)置化工廢水處理廠包括嵌有流量傳感器的輸入管道，在凈化裝置前端放置一個密度傳感器，PID、串級、前饋控制器和反應(yīng)器一起構(gòu)成了凈化裝置。輸出管道也設(shè)置了密度計和流量傳感器，整個自動化工廠都是由PLC控制的。此外，輸出單元還包括了一個廢棄物分離器和一個固體干燥器，他們的用途是把廢棄物從廢水中分離出來并且加熱干燥用于進(jìn)一步的工業(yè)應(yīng)用中。圖1自動化化工廢水處理廠設(shè)計布局附控制器和傳感器S1,S2,S3,S4流量傳感器

簡介：球形研磨和拋光注塑模具鋼的自動化表面精加工工藝球形研磨和拋光注塑模具鋼的自動化表面精加工工藝FANGJUNGSHIOUCHAOCHANGACHENWENTULI收件日期2004年3月30日/接受日期2004年7月5日/發(fā)表時間05年3月30號?施普林格出版社倫敦有限公司2005摘要摘要本研究討論在數(shù)控加工中心注塑模具鋼P(yáng)DS5在自由曲面下進(jìn)行自動化球形研磨和拋光球的表面處理工藝的可行性。研磨工具持有人的設(shè)計和制造已經(jīng)完成了這項研究。在加工中心中，表面的最佳磨削參數(shù)采用田口直交法來進(jìn)行塑料注射成型鋼P(yáng)DS5而確定。塑料注塑模具鋼P(yáng)DS5表面最佳磨削參數(shù)是，一種PA的氧化鋁磨削材料組合，以18000RPM的速度，20ΜM的磨削深度，以及50毫米/分鐘的進(jìn)給速度磨削。試樣的表面粗糙度RA可以通過使用最佳的表面磨削參數(shù)來從160微米大約提高至035微米。表面粗糙度RA還可通過使用最佳拋光參數(shù)的球拋光這一過程進(jìn)一步改善至約0343微米至006微米。應(yīng)用表面打磨和拋光最佳參數(shù)，依次細(xì)研磨自由曲面模仁，自由曲面上測試區(qū)的表面粗糙度RA部分可提高到約215微米至007微米。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞自動化表面精加工球打磨過程表面粗糙度磨削工藝田口方法11簡介簡介塑料是重要的工程材料，由于其特性，如耐腐蝕，耐化學(xué)品，密度低，易于制造，并已在工業(yè)應(yīng)用中越來越多地取代金屬部件。注塑成型是一種重要的塑料產(chǎn)品成型工藝，塑料模具表面光潔度是一個直接影響塑料產(chǎn)品外觀的必要條件。如磨削，拋光和研磨這樣的整理程序常用來改善表面光潔度。研磨工具砂輪的裝入已經(jīng)廣泛使用的傳統(tǒng)模具，模具加工等行業(yè)。為了自動化表面精加工進(jìn)程，安裝了磨削工具的幾何磨具在（1）中引入。在自動化表面精加工系統(tǒng)中，球形研磨的球形研磨工具的加工進(jìn)程模型在（2）中闡述。磨削速度，切削深度，進(jìn)給速度，研磨材料，磨料，料度等砂輪特性都為球面磨削過程的影響參數(shù)，如圖1所示。注塑模具鋼的最佳球面磨削參數(shù)尚未在文獻(xiàn)中調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)。近年來，正在開展一些研究來確定球擠光過程的最佳參數(shù)（圖2）。據(jù)說使用碳化鎢球或滾子可減小工件表面的塑性變形，因而改善表面粗糙度，表面硬度和抗疲勞性能36。打磨過程是由加工中心3，4和車床5，6完成。對表面粗糙度有顯著影響的主要拋光參數(shù)是滾珠或滾子的材料，打磨力，進(jìn)給速度，拋光速度，潤圖2球擠光過程示意圖BURNISHINGDIRECTION磨削方向ORIGINALSURFACETEXTURE原有的表面紋理FEED進(jìn)給BURNISHEDSURFACETEXTURE磨削后表面紋理DEPTHOFPENETRATION穿透深度ORIGINALHEIGHT原有深度BURNISHINGBALL拋光球WORKPIECE工件FINISHEDHEIGHT加工后深度

簡介：基于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化數(shù)字處理信息的PLC軟件自動生成摘要摘要為滿足汽車產(chǎn)業(yè)中的諸多挑戰(zhàn)，研究新的集成的生產(chǎn)規(guī)劃與提速生產(chǎn)過程的方法是必要的。因此,鑒于汽車產(chǎn)業(yè)實體店需要的特殊關(guān)注，一個基于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化數(shù)字處理信息的全自動PLC軟件生成的概念被引入了。PLC軟件生成的基礎(chǔ)是一個數(shù)字化處理規(guī)劃，它用圖形化的方法描述生產(chǎn)步驟。由于這種PLC軟件生成的特殊需求，引入了新的進(jìn)程元素及屬性。所以進(jìn)程規(guī)劃包含了PLC程序所有逐步專業(yè)化的必要信息。本文還給出一種規(guī)格擴(kuò)展帶有特殊資源PLC功能模塊的數(shù)字處理信息。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞PLC；軟件自動生成；進(jìn)程規(guī)劃；IEC61131–31．前言由于主要市場劃分中競爭的日益激烈，汽車制造商忙于通過大量的產(chǎn)品來增強(qiáng)競爭力。相應(yīng)的，創(chuàng)新和模型的周期不斷減小。激烈的競爭狀況不可避免地導(dǎo)致在整個生產(chǎn)規(guī)劃和提速生產(chǎn)過程的加度復(fù)雜化。另外，未來生產(chǎn)工程項目成熟的機(jī)會也大大減小。如今,生產(chǎn)規(guī)劃階段的活動機(jī)械設(shè)計,電子設(shè)計,控制工程,幾乎都要按順序完成，特別是機(jī)械設(shè)計沒有差不多完成之前不進(jìn)行控制工程的設(shè)計。除此之外,在機(jī)械設(shè)計和控制工程間存在很大的差距，尤其在使用不同的工作方法、工具、使用不同的具體部門的條款時這種現(xiàn)象格外明顯。具體部門的差異不可避免的造成信息的丟失，重復(fù)的手動輸入，額外的迭代循環(huán)以及對PLC項目高度的時間壓力。為了應(yīng)對這些挑戰(zhàn)，新的規(guī)劃方法必須鼓勵同時工程。本文中介紹的全自動PLC軟件生成的新方法便能夠為同時工程做出重大貢獻(xiàn)。作為概述，該文以一個看待這個問題重要而有代表性的方法的簡單描述作為開始，基于現(xiàn)存方法明確的優(yōu)點和弊病，給出了對于一個全自動PLC軟件生成的新的綜合方法的要求。簡短的介紹了數(shù)字化工廠的概念之后，介紹了能夠滿足前面所提要求的新方法，包括了從數(shù)字化進(jìn)程規(guī)劃到一個符合IEC61131–3規(guī)則的PLC程序等幾個步式下完成的。全自動PLC代碼生成的基礎(chǔ)是電子元件傳感器，致動器。這些對象都化做三維圖像被嵌入到單元模型里。在下一步中通過與用戶預(yù)先互動（可視化程序），把這些獨立的對象邏輯連接到布爾操作器上，借助于一個特別發(fā)達(dá)的IL專有的編譯器，這些信息就從虛擬現(xiàn)實工具轉(zhuǎn)變成了機(jī)器可識別的模式，然后生成的PLC代碼被下載到一個PLC編程工具。OSMERS所開發(fā)的這個軟件的專用傳輸?shù)母拍羁梢杂商摂M現(xiàn)實工具VRTSUPERSCAPE有限公司以及PLC編程工具STEP7西門子來實現(xiàn)。2．4．BMBF的項目MODALEBMBF項目MODALE關(guān)注的焦點在于公司范圍內(nèi)，參與在自動化生產(chǎn)單元規(guī)劃過程的各不同部門之間的數(shù)據(jù)交換。為此,開發(fā)了面向本體的相關(guān)模型嵌入在一種技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施中執(zhí)行中央數(shù)據(jù)撥號功能?；谶@些技術(shù)條件，數(shù)字規(guī)劃工具的數(shù)據(jù)在語義橋梁的幫助下輸出和轉(zhuǎn)移到面向本體的相關(guān)模型上。此處數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)換，生成的數(shù)據(jù)輸入到各自的目標(biāo)應(yīng)用。因此可以做到在不同的IT工具之間交換數(shù)據(jù)規(guī)劃信息而不會丟失。使用初等實例論證了IT基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的原型轉(zhuǎn)換以及主要可操作性的驗證。一個實際場景著目于一個與IEC611313相關(guān)的PLC序列運(yùn)行功能表的自動生成。基本模型是一種用PLC專用信息例如轉(zhuǎn)換生成生產(chǎn)規(guī)劃與改善規(guī)劃的數(shù)字過程開發(fā)計劃。該模型使用一種特殊擴(kuò)展的RDF出口RDF資源描述框架，參考相關(guān)模型轉(zhuǎn)化并最終以SFC格式輸入到目標(biāo)系統(tǒng)。數(shù)字過程開發(fā)計劃由DELMIA公司的數(shù)字過程規(guī)劃工具DELMIA過程工程師DPE生成。使用OPENPCS作為PLC編程工具，有公司的信息小組開發(fā)并分派。2．5．過程仿真調(diào)試的PLC軟件生成相比于前面部分提到的方法,IT工具過程仿真模擬代表了TECNOMATICS與西門子合作于2002年開發(fā)的一種商業(yè)軟件工具。PLC軟件自動化生成的基礎(chǔ)是一個數(shù)字三維單元模型和本單元的數(shù)字化進(jìn)程描述。仿照MODALE項目延伸的方法，數(shù)字化進(jìn)程描述隨控制技術(shù)信息增強(qiáng)，例如，輸入/輸出信號。通過手動添加所需參數(shù)或?qū)①Y源夾、閥門、機(jī)器人等與數(shù)字進(jìn)程模型中相對應(yīng)的操作連接均可增強(qiáng)描述。通

簡介：1ABSTRACTTHECOMBUSTIONSYSTEMOFCIRCULATINGFLUIDIZEDBEDBOILERCFBBISACOMPLEXOBJECTWITHMULTIVARIABLE,LARGEDELAY,TIGHTLYCOUPLING,NONLINEARANDSLOWTIMEVARYINGITISDIFFICULTTOBUILDTHEPRECISEMATHEMATICMODELOFTHEOBJECTANDTOACCURATELYCONTROLTHEOBJECTWITHTHETRADITIONALCONTROLMETHODSINTHISPAPER,THEOBJECTISDYNAMICALLYDECOUPLEDBYAFEEDFORWARDCOMPENSATORTHEN,THEOBJECTISRESPECTIVELYCONTROLLEDBYTHREECONTROLLERS,PIDCONTROLLER,FUZZYCONTROLLERANDSELFTUNINGPARAMETERFUZZY–PIDCONTROLLERTHESIMULATIONEXPERIMENTSARECARRIEDOUTTHROUGHCONTRASTWITHFORMERCONTROLLERSINMATLABSIMULATIONENVIRONMENTTHESIMULATIONRESULTSSHOWTHATTHESELFTUNINGPARAMETERFUZZYPIDCONTROLLERISSUPERIORTOTHEGENERALPIDCONTROLLERANDTHEGENERALFUZZYCONTROLLERINSPEEDINESS,STABILITY,ADAPTABILITY,ROBUSTNESSANDABILITYOFANTIDISTURBANCEINDEXTERMSCIRCULATINGFLUIDIZEDBEDBOILERDECOUPLINGFUZZYCONTROLMULTIVARIABLESELFTUNINGPARAMETERFUZZYPIDCONTROLI．INTRODUCTIONHECIRCULATINGFLUIDIZEDBEDBOILERCFBBHASBEENWIDELYUSEDASACLEANCOALCOMBUSTIONTECHNIQUEFORITSHIGHCOMBUSTIONEFFICIENCY,WIDEADAPTABILITYTOCOALRANKS,LOADADJUSTINGPERFORMANCEANDLOWPOLLUTION14HOWEVER,DUETOITSSPECIALSTRUCTUREANDTHECOMPLEXITYOFCOMBUSTIONMECHANISM,THECOMBUSTIONPROCESSHASCOMPLEXFEATURES,SUCHASHIGHLYNONLINEAR,TIMEVARYING,LARGEDELAYANDMULTIVARIABLEDECOUPLING,ETCITISVERYDIFFICULTTOESTABLISHITSPRECISEMATHEMATICALMODEL58,ANDTOCONTROLTHEOBJECTWITHTHETRADITIONALCONTROLMETHODSATPRESENT,THECOMMONCONTROLMETHODISTHATTHEMAINSTEAMPRESSUREISFOCALLYCONTROLLED,MEANWHILE,THEPRIMARYAIRFLOWISADJUSTEDACCORDINGTOTHEBESTAIRCOALRATIO,ANDTHEBEDTEMPERATUREISCONTROLLEDINTHEREQUIREDRANGE9THEMETHODCAN’TMAINTAINTHEBEDTEMPERATUREINTHEBESTRANGEWHILEKEEPINGTHEMAINSTEAMPRESSUREINTHISPAPER,ONTHEBASISOFDECOUPLINGMODELOFTHEMAINSTEAMPRESSUREANDTHEBEDTEMPERATURE10,THESELFTUNINGFUZZYPIDCONTROLLER1118WHICHHASBETTERADAPTABILITYANDTHISWORKWASSUPPORTEDBYLEADINGACADEMICDISCIPLINEPROJECTOFSHANGHAIMUNICIPALEDUCATIONCOMMISSIONPROJECTNUMBERJ51301ANDNATURESCIENCEKEYFOUNDATIONOFSHANGHAIMUNICIPALEDUCATIONCOMMISSIONPROJECTNUMBER06ZZ69ALLOFTHEAUTHORSAREWITHCOLLEGEOFELECTRICPOWERANDAUTOMATION,SHANGHAIUNIVERSITYOFELECTRICPOWER,YANGPUDISTRICT,SHANGHAI,200090,CHINAEMAILCHENGQIMINGSINACOMBETTERROBUSTNESS,ISUSEDTOCONTROLTHESTEAMPRESSUREANDTHEBEDTEMPERATURETOGETTHEBETTERCONTROLEFFECTSII．THECHARACTERISTICSOFCFBBANDTHESTRUCTUREOFTHEDECOUPLEDCONTROLSYSTEMOFCFBBTHEKEYREASONSTHATCFBBCOMBUSTIONSYSTEMISDIFFICULTTOCONTROL,ARETHESTRONGCOUPLINGRELATIONSBETWEENMULTIINPUTSCOAL,PRIMARYAIR,SECONDARYAIR,DRAWINGWIND,RECYCLEMATERIALANDMULTIOUTPUTSBEDTEMPERATURE,MAINSTEAMPRESSURE,THEFURNACENEGATIVEPRESSURE,OXYGENCONTENT,THEMOSTIMPORTANTRELATIONINTHESECOUPLINGRELATIONSISTHECOUPLINGRELATIONBETWEENBEDTEMPERATUREANDMAINSTEAMPRESSURE56INCHINA,CFBBAREUSUALLYDESIGNEDWITHOUTEXTERNALHEATEXCHANGERTOENSURESIMPLESTRUCTUREANDLOWCOSTTHEMAINSTEAMPRESSUREANDTHEBEDTEMPERATUREWITHSTRONGLYCOUPLEDRELATIONARECONTROLLEDBYREGULATINGTHECOALAMOUNTANDTHEPRIMARYAIRAMOUNTTHISCONTROLMETHODISWIDELYUSEDTOTHEACTUALCONTROLOFCFBBCOMBUSTIONSYSTEMINCHINA12THEREFORE,INTHISPAPER,THEBEDTEMPERATUREISCONTROLLEDBYTHEPRIMARYAIRAMOUNT,ANDTHEMAINSTEAMPRESSUREISREGULATEDBYTHECOALAMOUNTINTHISPAPER,THEDOMESTIC75T/HCFBBISSELECTEDASTHEOBJECTOFSIMULATIONEXPERIMENTSTHETRANSFERFUNCTIONMATRIXOFTHESYSTEMATTHELOADRANGEOF70TO100ISGOTTEN16???????????????????????????????????????12602230212221121101160036012600066011638767811803860QBSESSESQBSGSGSGSGPTSSB1WHERETB,P0ARERESPECTIVELYBEDTEMPERATUREANDMAINSTEAMPRESSUREB,Q1ARERESPECTIVELYCOALAMOUNTANDPRIMARYAIRAMOUNTG11,G12G21,G22ARERESPECTIVELYINPUTOUTPUTTRANSFERFUNCTIONSOFBTB,BP0,Q1TBANDQ1P0FROMEQ1TOSEE,THATTIMEDELAYSEXISTINBOTHCOALMAINSTEAMPRESSURELOOPANDCOALBEDTEMPERATURELOOPANDTHEREARESERIOUSLYCOUPLINGRELATIONSINCFBBSYSTEMTHEREFORE,DYNAMICFEEDFORWARDCOMPENSATIONISNEEDEDFORDYNAMICDECOUPLINGSYSTEMTOCONTROLTHESYSTEMBETTERDYNAMICFEEDFORWARDCOMPENSATIONISCOMMONLYUSEDFORSYSTEMDECOUPLING10FIG1ISTHESTRUCTUREOFTHERESEARCHONMULTIVARIABLEDECOUPLINGCONTROLSYSTEMFORCOMBUSTIONSYSTEMOFCIRCULATINGFLUIDIZEDBEDBOILERQIMINGCHENG,RUIQINGGUO,ANDXUFENGDUT3TRIALANDERRORMETHODIV．THEDESIGNOFSELFTUNINGFUZZYPIDCONTROLLERFORCOMBUSTIONCONTROLSYSTEMOFCFBBATHESTRUCTUREOFCONTROLSYSTEMTHEPIDCONTROLLERHASMANYADVANTAGES,SUCHASSIMPLESTRUCTURE,MATURETHEORETICALBASIS,WIDEAPPLICABILITY,CONVENIENTPARAMETERTUNING,MUCHENGINEERINGAPPLICATIONTHEREFORE,THEPIDCONTROLLEROCCUPIESADOMINANTPOSITIONINTHEACTUALCONTROLSYSTEMBUTTHELINEARCHARACTERISTICSOFTHECONVENTIONALPIDCONTROLLERWITHFIXEDCONTROLPARAMETERSHAVEGOODCONTROLPERFORMANCEONLYWHENWORKINGNEAROPERATINGPOINTWHENTHESYSTEMISFARTHEROUTOFTHEOPERATINGPOINT,NONLINEARCONTROLCHARACTERISTICSOFTHEOBJECTISDIFFICULTTOMAINTAINTHEDYNAMICQUALITYOFPIDCONTROLTHEREFORE,FUZZYREASONINGISINTRODUCEDTOSOLVEDTHEPROBLEM,THEPARAMETERSOFPIDCONTROLLERBASEDONTHEINITIALPIDCONTROLPARAMETERSARECORRECTEDWITHADDINGFUZZYREASONINGTOIMPROVETHESYSTEMDYNAMICPERFORMANCEINSELFTUNINGFUZZYPIDCONTROLLER1618,THECONDITIONSANDTHEOPERATIONSOFCONTROLRULESAREEXPRESSEDBYFUZZYSETONTHEBASISOFPIDCONTROL,ANDTHESEFUZZYCONTROLRULESASWELLASOTHERINFORMATIONARESTOREDINTOCOMPUTERKNOWLEDGEBASES,THEN,ACCORDINGTOACTUALRESPONSEOFTHECONTROLSYSTEM,FUZZYREASONINGISCARRIEDOUTBYCOMPUTERTOACHIEVEBESTADJUSTMENTOFPIDCONTROLTHESTRUCTUREOFSELFTUNINGPARAMETERFUZZYPIDCONTROLSYSTEMISSHOWNINFIG5FIRSTLY,THESELFTUNINGFUZZYPIDCONTROLLERISDESIGNEDTOFINDTHEFUZZYRELATIONSBETWEENTHETHREECONTROLPARAMETERSNAMELY,PROPORTIONALCOEFFICIENTKP,DIFFERENTIALCOEFFICIENTKDANDINTEGRALCOEFFICIENTKIANDTHETWOSYSTEMVARIABLESTHATIS,ERRORE,ERRORDEVIATIONECTHEN,ΔKP,ΔKI,ΔKD,THECHANGESOFKP,KI,KDPIDCONTROLPARAMETERSAREONLINEAMENDEDONFUZZYTHEORYWITHMEASURINGEANDECDURINGTHESYSTEMOPERATIONFINALLY,THECONTROLSYSTEMHASGOODDYNAMICANDSTATICPERFORMANCETHEDIGITALPIDCONTROLLERUSUALLYCANBEEXPRESSEDASUKKPEKKIΣEIKDECK（4）INFUZZYREASONING,THEINPUTVARIABLESAREEANDEC,ANDTHEOUTPUTVARIABLESAREΔKP,ΔKI,ΔKDTHEPIDCONTROLPARAMETERSAREGIVENASKPKP0ΔKP，KIKI0ΔKI，KDKD0ΔKD（5）WHERE,KP0,KI0,KD0ARETHEINITIALSETTINGVALUESOFKD,KI,KDPIDCONTROLPARAMETERSBTHERULETABLESOFFUZZYCONTROLFROMTHECHARACTERISTICSOFPIDCONTROLTOKNOW,THESTRONGINTEGRALACTIONILEADSTOBIGOVERSHOOT,FASTRESPONSETHESTRONGDERIVATIVEACTIONDHASGOODSTABILITY,SMALLOVERSHOOT,SMALLABILITYOFANTIINTERFERENCEACCORDINGTOEANDECATDIFFERENTSTAGES,THESETTINGPRINCIPLEOFPIDCONTROLPARAMETERSAREGIVEN11,181WHENTHECONTROLLEDVARIABLESARECLOSETOSETTINGVALUES,THEINTEGRALACTIONWITHTHESAMESIGNASECCANAVOIDSOVERSHOOTANDOSCILLATION,ANDISBENEFICIALTOTHECONTROLWHENTHECONTROLLEDVARIABLESAREFARFROMSETTINGVALUES,THEINTEGRALACTIONWITHTHEOPPOSITESIGNASECANREDUCEOVERSHOOTANDAVOIDOSCILLATION2ATINITIALSTAGEOFPIDPARAMETERADJUSTMENT,ITCANAVOIDOVERSHOOTANDINCREASERESPONSESPEEDTHATKPISPROPERLYLARGEANDKIISSMALLORZEROATMIDDLESTAGE,LETTHEVALUESOFKPANDKIBEMODERATEWHILETAKINGACCOUNTTOSTABILITYANDCONTROLPRECISIONATLASTSTAGE,ITCANELIMINATETHEERRORSANDREDUCEOVERSHOOTTHATKPISREDUCEDANDKIISINCREASEDPROPERLY3DIFFERENTIALCOEFFICIENTKDCANINHIBITCHANGEOFCONTROLLEDVARIABLE,SHORTENSTEADYTIME,REDUCESTEADYSTATEERRORITISASUPPLEMENTTOKP,KITHEFUZZYSUBSETSOFINPUTANDOUTPUTVARIABLESOFFUZZYCONTROLLERARERESPECTIVELYE,EC,ΔKP,ΔKI,ΔKDTHELANGUAGEVALUESOFTHESEFUZZYVARIABLESAREIN{NB,NM,NS,ZO,PS,PM,PB},ANDTHEMEMBERSHIPFUNCTIONSOFTHESEFUZZYVARIABLESAREALLSENSITIVELYTRIGONOMETRICFUNCTIONSWITHTHEVALUEFIELDIN3,3BYFUZZYREASONINGANDTESTMODIFICATIONBASEDONTHEABOVESETTINGPRINCIPLE,THEFUZZYCONTROLRULESOFTHESELFTUNINGPARAMETERFUZZYPIDCONTROLSYSTEMAREOBTAINEDANDSHOWNINTABLEIIITALLEIIFUZZYCONTROLRULESOFBP0CONTROLLOOPFIG5THESTRUCTUREOFSELFTUNINGFUZZYPIDCONTROLLER

簡介：PAPERACCEPTEDFORPRESENTATIONAT2003IEEEBOLOGNAPOWERTECHCONFERENCE,JUNE2326,BOLOGNA,ITALYDETECTIONOFTHEINTERMITTENTEARTHFAULTSINCOMPENSATEDMVNETWORKJOZEFLORENC,KAZIMIERZMUSIEROWICZ“,ANDRZEJKWAPISZ“ABSTRACTTHEEXPERIENCEACQUIREDFROMTHEPOLISHMEDIUMVOLTAGEPOWERDISTRIBUTIONNETWORKSSHOWSTHENNRELIABILITYOFTHELOCALIZATIONCRITERIONSAPPLIEDTOTHEINTERMITTENTEARTHFAULTSITRESULTSFMMTHELACKOFSTABILITYANDLOWPOWERLEVELOFTHEMEASURINGSIGNALSFALLINGOFTENDOWNBELOWTHEPROTECTIONSSTARTUPLEVELINTHEPAPER,ANEWADAPTIVEALGORITHMBASEDONTHEWAVELETANALYSISENABLINGDETECTIONOFSPECIFICDYNAMICSOFTHEMEASURINGSIGNALDURINGINTERMITTENTEARTHFAULTSISPRESENTEDTHEALGORITHMWASANALYZEDUTILIZINGTHESIGNALSGENERATEDINTHEEMTPPROGRAMPACKAGEIINTRODUCTIONINGENERAL,THEMVDISTRIBUTIONNETWORKSINPOLANDOPERATEWITHTHENEUTRALPOINTGROUNDEDTHROUGHTHECOILTOCOMPENSATETHECAPACITIVESHORTCIRCUITCURRENTTOTHEEARTHITREFERSMAINLYTOTHERURALAREANETWORKSWHERETHELINESARETHEOVERHEADONESSUCHNETWORKSARECHARACTERIZEDBYLARGENUMBEROFTHEEARTHFAULTSEXCEEDING90OFALLRECORDEDFAULTSDUETOTHERELATIVELYHIGHCROSSRESISTANCEATTHEDEFECTSLOCATIONRFASWELLASTOTHEEFFECTSOFTHEWEATHERPHENOMENASUCHASDISCHARGES,GUSTSOFWIND,HIGHANDLOWTEMPERATURESRESULTINGINTHERUPTUREOFTHELINECONDUCTORSCONTINUITY,THEEARTHFAULTSOCCURCHARACTERISTICSOFTHESEFAULTSMAKESIMPOSSIBLETHEDETECTIONANDLOCALIZATIONOFSUCHDISTURBANCE3THEFOLLOWINGFAULTTYPESCANBEENCOUNTEREDTOTHEDISCUSSEDFAULTSGROUPANACTUALFAULTCANSHOWEITHERONEORALLOFTHELISTEDFEATURESINTHEPAPER,THEANALYSISISLIMITEDTOTHEAUTOMATICPROTECTIVEUNITSOPERATIONDURINGINTERMITTENTFAULTSTOASSESSTHEPROTECTIONSOPERABILITY,THELEVELSANDFEATURESOFMEASURINGSIGNALSWHICHCANOCCURDURINGTHEFAULTARETOBEIDENTIFIEDTHEMOSTIMPORTANTSIGNALINDICATINGOCCURRENCEOFTHEINTERMITTENTEARTHFAULTINTHENETWORKISAZEROVOLTAGECOMPONENTTHEVALUESOFWHICHISOFTENFOUNDBYADDINGTHEINSTANTVALUESOFPHASEVOLTAGESTHECRITERIONVALUEOFTHEFAULTLOCALIZATIONCANHEZEROCURRENTCOMPONENT,BRESISTANCEFAULTSOFHIGHCROSSRESISTANCE,RF,BREAKINTHELIVEWIRESHORTCIRCUITONTHERECEIVERSIDE,FAULTSBEINGBROKENCYCLICALLYANDNONCYCLICALLYPOWEROFTHEZEROCURRENTCOMPONENT,B,ANDZEROVOLTAGECOMPONENT,UO,PHASESHIFTANGLEBETWEENTHEZEROCURRENTANDVOLTAGECOMPONENTS,ZEROADMITTANCECOMPONENT,YO,ORITSCOMPONENTSACTIVEGOORREACTIVEBOHOWEVER,THECRITERIONVALUESASLISTEDABOVEAREOFTENUNRELIABLEWHENTHEINTERMITTENTEARTHFAULTOCCURS11MODELOFNETWORKFORMODELINGANDSTUDIESOFTHEEARTHFAULTPHENOMENAACCOMPANYINGTHEINTERMITTENTEARTHFAULTS,ATYPICALMEDIUMVOLTAGEBALANCEDNETWORKHASBEENCHOSENTHESCHEMEOFMODELEDNETWORKISSHOWNINFIG1IFLG1MEDIUMVOLTAGENETWORKSCHEMETHEFAULTSWEREMODELEDANDSIMULATEDUSINGTHEEMTP/ATPPROGRAMPACKAGECHOSENPARAMETERSOFNETWORKASSUMEDFORSIMULATIONPURPOSESARESHOWNINTABLE1RMMIMODEUED15KVNETWORKPARAMERRRSNETWORKCAPACITYCURRENTBFAULTLINECAPACITYCNNENTLA1101,3AI10,6ADECOMPENSATIONLEVELIISCMSSRESISTANCERPINNTHEWORKHASBEENSUPPORTEDBYTHESTATECOMMITTEEFORSCIENTIFICRESEARCHDS41612ANDFAMEWORKPROGRAMME5FP5THEAUTHORSAREFROMPOZNANUNIVERSITYOFRECHNOIAGYJO2EFLORENCPUTPOZNANPLKAZIMIEMUSIEMWICIPNLPOZNANPLANDRZEJKWAPISRAJAXEPEPUTPZNANPLINTHEMODELTHEASSUMPTIONWASMADETHATTHEFAULTSOCCURINALINEWITHTOGROUNDCAPACITIVECURRENTOF10,6AANDAMODERATEDPOWERLOADOF150KWTHEFOLLOWINGFAULTTYPESHAVEBEENCONSIDERED0780379675/03/170002003IEEEIIIITIMEMRAG1HTNENTEARTHFAULTDTYPEINLINE1ADISCRIMINATIONOFTHESHORTCIRCUITEDLINEINCASEWHENTHEPAUSEBETWEENSUCCESSIVEFAULTSISRELATIVELYLONGLONGTIMET,CANDDTYPESCANHEMOREDIFFICULTTHERUNSRELATEDTOSUCHFAULTSARESHOWNINFIGURES6AND7DURINGENTIREDURATIONOFFAULT,THEVOLTAGEZEROCOMPONENTTOWHICHTHESTARTUPSIGNALS,ISPROPORTIONALREMAINSATTHEHIGHLEVELITMEANSTHATTHEFAULTDETECTIONSHOULDNOTBEDIFFICULTDUETOTHERELATIVELYLOWATTENUATIONOFTHEVOLTAGETRANSIENTSAFTERINSTANTANEOUSDISAPPEARINGOFTHEFAULTHOWEVER,THEPROBLEMSCOULDARISEWITHDAMAGEDLINEDISCRIMINATIONDUETOTHEFEATURESOFTHETRANSIENTPROCESSINTHENETWORKRESULTINGFROMTHECYCLICARCIGNITIONSINTHEFAULTLOCATION,THEDAMAGEDLINEADMITTANCEFALLSCYCLICALLYDOWNTOTHEUNDAMAGEDLINEADMITTANCELEVELITREFERSTOBOTHTHECTYPEANDDTYPEFAULTSINSUCHACASE,ANIMPROPEROPERATIONOFTHEADMITTANCECRITERIONRELATEDPROTECTIONCANBEEXPECTEDBETTEROPPORTUNITIESOPENWHENUSINGTHEWAVELETEXPANSIONS2,4,151,ESPECIALLYTHEMULTIRESOLUTIONDECOMPOSITION6OFTHEMEASURINGSIGNALSWDIVMULTIRFSOLUTIONWAVELETANALYSISAMAINTOOLOFTHEWAVELETANALYSISINTHEPROPOSEDAPPLICATIONISTHEMULTIRESOLUTIONDECOMPOSITIONOFMEASURINGSIGNALSREALIZEDBYTHEMULTISTAGESETOFTHEWAVELETCOMPLEMENTARYFILTERSHIGHPASSWAVELETSANDLOWPASSSCALINGFUNCTIONSTHECALCULATINGPROCEDURELEADINGTOTHEDECOMPOSITIONISCALLEDTHEMALLUTALGORITHMLTHEITERATIONPROCESSOFCREATINGTHEMULTIRESOLUTIONSIGNALREPRESENTATIONCANHEPRESENTEDINTHEFORMOFTHEWAVELETSIGNALDECOMPOSITIONTREEASSHOWNINFIG8ATANYITERATIVESTEP,THEANALYSEDSIGNALISFILTEREDTHENUMBEROFITERATIVESTEPSISUNLIMITEDINFIG8,NSTEPSHAVEBEENASSUMEDEACHITERATIONRESULTSINBOTHTHEHIGHFREQUENCYCOMPONENTCALLEDUDETAILDIWHICHISNOMOREFILTEREDDURINGSUCCESSIVEITERATIVESTEPS,ANDTHELOWFREQUENCYCOMPONENTAIOFANALYSEDORIGINALSIGNALS,CALLEDANAPPROXIMAFIONTHUS,THESIGNALDECOMPOSITIONPROCESSHASAFORMOFTHEMULTILEVELITERATIVEPROCESSCARRIEDOUTONTHELOWPASFILTRATIONCHANNEL,ANDTHESUCCESSIVEAPPROXIMATIONSARESUBJECTTOTHESUCCESSIVEDECOMPOSITIONWHENCHOOSINGTHEMOTHERWAVELETFORANALYSISOFMEASURINGSIGNALSSHOWNINFIGURES5,6AND7,THEKNOWNRULEHASBEENTAKENINTOACCOUNTTHESMOOTHSHAPEWAVELETSTHEMORLETSWAVELET,FOREXAMPLEAREOFBETTERRESOLUTIONWHENANALYSINGTHESIGNALFREQUENCYSPECTRUM,IETHEYHAVEBETTERLOCALIZATIONOFFREQUENCYCOMPONENTSALONGTHEFREQUENCYAXIS,WHILETHEDISCONTINUOUSLYSHAPEDWAVELETSTHEHAARSWAVELET,FOREXAMPLEHAVEBETTERRESOLUTIONALONGTHETIMEAXISREFERRINGTOTHEOVERVIEWOFPROPERTIESOFMANYWAVELETSTYPES,THEAUTHORSDREWACONCLUSIONTHATTHEHAARSWAVELETSPROPERTIESMEETINTHEHESTWAYTHEREQUIREMENTSOFTHECONSIDEREDAPPLICATION,REGARDINGBOTHTHEMETROLOGICALASPECTSASTHESPEEDOFREALTIMECALCULATIONSCARRIEDOUTINPROTECTIONSTHEBASICHAARSWAVELETISDEFINEDASFOLLOWS1FOROFIF/1FORTI710FOROTHERFANDGENERATESASETOFWAVELETSWITHELEMENTSAS1F/,,T2““2“TNFORM,N,2,L,O,1,2,8ADVANTAGEOFTHEVMFUNCTIONINPROPOSEDAPPLICATIONISTHEIRGOODLOCALIZATIONASFORANINFINITELYPRECISELOCALIZATIONINTIMEISOBTAINEDENABLINGARBITRARYACCURACYOFLOCALIZATIONOFTHEFUNCTIONDISCONTINUITYESPECIALLYTHAT

簡介：ASPECIALPROTECTIONSCHEMEFORVOLTAGESTABILITYPREVENTIONTARAALZAHAWISTUDENTMEMBER,IEEEMOHINDARSSACHDEVLIFEFELLOW,IEEEGRAMAKRISHNAMEMBER,IEEEPOWERSYSTEMRESEARCHGROUPUNIVERSITYOFSASKATCHEWANSASKATOON,SKS7N5A9,CANADAABSTRACTVOLTAGEINSTABILITYISCLOSELYRELATEDTOTHEMAXIMUMLOADABILITYOFATRANSMISSIONNETWORKTHEENERGYFLOWSONTHETRANSMISSIONSYSTEMDEPENDONTHENETWORKTOPOLOGY,GENERATIONANDLOADS,ANDONTHEAVAILABILITYOFSOURCESTHATCANGENERATEREACTIVEPOWERONEOFTHEMETHODSUSEDFORTHISPURPOSEISTHEVOLTAGEINSTABILITYPREDICTORVIPTHISRELAYMEASURESVOLTAGESATASUBSTATIONBUSANDCURRENTSINTHECIRCUITCONNECTEDTOTHEBUSFROMTHESEMEASUREMENTS,ITESTIMATESTHETHéVENIN’SEQUIVALENTOFTHENETWORKFEEDINGTHESUBSTATIONANDTHEIMPEDANCEOFTHELOADBEINGSUPPLIEDFROMTHESUBSTATIONTHISPAPERDESCRIBESANEXTENSIONTOTHEVIPTECHNIQUEINWHICHMEASUREMENTSFROMADJOININGSYSTEMBUSESANDANTICIPATEDCHANGEOFLOADARETAKENINTOCONSIDERATIONASWELLKEYWORDSMAXIMUMLOADABILITYVOLTAGEINSTABILITYVIPALGORITHM1INTRODUCTIONDEREGULATIONHASFORCEDELECTRICUTILITIESTOMAKEBETTERUSEOFTHEAVAILABLETRANSMISSIONFACILITIESOFTHEIRPOWERSYSTEMTHISHASRESULTEDININCREASEDPOWERTRANSFERS,REDUCEDTRANSMISSIONMARGINSANDDIMINISHEDVOLTAGESECURITYMARGINSTOOPERATEAPOWERSYSTEMWITHANADEQUATESECURITYMARGIN,ITISESSENTIALTOESTIMATETHEMAXIMUMPERMISSIBLELOADINGOFTHESYSTEMUSINGINFORMATIONABOUTTHECURRENTOPERATIONPOINTTHEMAXIMUMLOADINGOFASYSTEMISNOTAFIXEDQUANTITYBUTDEPENDSONVARIOUSFACTORS,SUCHASNETWORKTOPOLOGY,AVAILABILITYOFREACTIVEPOWERRESERVESANDTHEIRLOCATIONETCDETERMININGTHEMAXIMUMPERMISSIBLELOADING,WITHINTHEVOLTAGESTABILITYLIMIT,HASBECOMEAVERYIMPORTANTISSUEINPOWERSYSTEMOPERATIONANDPLANNINGSTUDIESTHECONVENTIONALPVORVQCURVESAREUSUALLYUSEDASATOOLFORASSESSINGVOLTAGESTABILITYANDHENCEFORFINDINGTHEMAXIMUMLOADINGATTHEVERGEOFVOLTAGECOLLAPSE1THESECURVESAREGENERATEDBYRUNNINGALARGENUMBEROFLOADFLOWCASESUSING,CONVENTIONALMETHODSWHILESUCHPROCEDURESCANBEAUTOMATED,THEYARETIMECONSUMINGANDDONOTREADILYPROVIDEINFORMATIONUSEFULINGAININGINSIGHTINTOTHECAUSEOFSTABILITYPROBLEMS2TOOVERCOMETHEABOVEDISADVANTAGESSEVERALTECHNIQUESHAVEBEENPROPOSEDINTHELITERATURE,SUCHASBIFURICATIONTHEORY3,ENERGYMETHOD4,EIGENVALUEMETHOD5,MULTIPLELOADFLOWSOLUTIONSMETHOD6ETCREFERENCE7PROPOSEDASIMPLEMETHOD,WHICHDOESNOTREQUIREOFFLINESIMULATIONANDTRAININGTHEVOLTAGEINDICATORPREDICTORVIPMETHODIN7ISBASEDONLOCALMEASUREMENTSVOLTAGEANDCURRENTANDPRODUCESANESTIMATEOFTHESTRENGTH/WEAKNESSOFTHETRANSMISSIONSYSTEMCONNECTEDTOTHEBUS,ANDCOMPARESITWITHTHELOCALDEMANDTHECLOSERTHELOCALDEMANDISTOTHEESTIMATEDTRANSMISSIONCAPACITY,THEMOREIMMINENTISTHEVOLTAGEINSTABILITYTHEMAINDISADVANTAGEOFTHISMETHODISINTHEESTIMATIONOFTHETHéVENIN’SEQUIVALENT,WHICHISOBTAINEDFROMTWOMEASUREMENTSATDIFFERENTTIMESFORAMOREEXACTESTIMATION,ONEREQUIRESTWODIFFERENTLOADMEASUREMENTSTHISPAPERPROPOSESANALGORITHMTOIMPROVETHEROBUSTNESSOFTHEVIPALGORITHMBYINCLUDINGADDITIONALMEASUREMENTSFROMSURROUNDINGLOADBUSESANDALSOTAKINGINTOCONSIDERATIONLOCALLOADCHANGESATNEIGHBORINGBUSES2PROPOSEDMETHODOLOGYTHEVIPALGORITHMPROPOSEDINTHISPAPERUSESVOLTAGEANDCURRENTMEASUREMENTSONTHELOADBUSESANDASSUMESTHATTHEIMPEDANCEOFINTERCONNECTINGLINESZ12,Z13AREKNOWN,ASSHOWNINFIGURE1THECURRENTFLOWINGFROMTHEGENERATORBUSTOTHELOADBUSISUSEDTOESTIMATETHéVENIN’SEQUIVALENTFORTHESYSTEMINTHATDIRECTIONSIMILARLYTHECURRENTFLOWINGFROMOTHERLOADBUSFIGURE2ISUSEDTOESTIMATETHéVENIN’SEQUIVALENTFROMOTHERDIRECTIONTHISRESULTSINFOLLOWINGEQUATIONSFIGURE3NOTETHATTHECURRENTCOMINGFROMTHESECONDLOADBUSOVERTHETRANSMISSIONLINEWASKEPTOUTOFESTIMATIONINORIGINALVIPALGORITHM111112211211111??????THZTHEZVZTHZLZV1122112111212122??????THZTHEZVZTHZLZV21111111EITHZVTHZTHE???32122122EITHZVTHZTHE???40780388860/05/2000?2005IEEECCECE/CCGEI,SASKATOON,MAY2005545THZLOADVTHEI8VANDIAREDIRECTLYAVAILABLEFROMMEASUREMENTSATTHELOCALBUSEQUATION8CANBEEXPRESSEDINTHEMATRIXFORMASSHOWNBELOW??????????00IVRV????????????THXTHRITHERTHE????????????000010000001RIIIIIRI9BAX10THEUNKNOWNPARAMETERSCANBEESTIMATEDFROMTHEFOLLOWINGEQUATIONBTAAXTA11NOTETHATALLOFTHEABOVEQUANTITIESAREFUNCTIONSOFTIMEANDARECALCULATEDONASLIDINGWINDOWOFDISCRETEDATASAMPLESOFFINITE,PREFERABLYSHORTLENGTHTHEREAREADDITIONALREQUIREMENTSTOMAKETHEESTIMATIONFEASIBLETHEREMUSTBEASIGNIFICANTCHANGEINLOADIMPEDANCEINTHEDATAWINDOWOFATLEASTTWOSETOFMEASUREMENTSFORSMALLCHANGESINTHéVENIN’SPARAMETERSWITHINAPARTICULARDATAWINDOW,THEALGORITHMCANESTIMATEPROPERLYBUTIFASUDDENLARGECHANGEOCCURSTHENTHEPROCESSOFESTIMATIONISPOSTPONEDUNTILTHENEXTDATAWINDOWCOMESINTHEMONITORINGDEVICEBASEDONTHEABOVEPRINCIPLECANBEUSEDTOIMPOSEALIMITONTHELOADINGATEACHBUS,ANDSHEDSLOADWHENTHELIMITISEXCEEDEDITCANALSOBEUSEDTOENHANCEEXISTINGVOLTAGECONTROLLERSCOORDINATEDCONTROLCANALSOBEOBTAINEDIFCOMMUNICATIONISAVAILABLEONCEWEHAVETHETIMESEQUENCEOFVOLTAGEANDCURRENTWECANESTIMATEUNKNOWNSBYUSINGPARAMETERESTIMATIONALGORITHMS,SUCHASKALMANFILTERINGAPPROACHDESCRIBED622VOLTAGESTABILITYMARGINSANDTHEMAXIMUMPERMISSIBLELOADINGSYSTEMREACHESTHEMAXIMUMLOADPOINTWHENTHECONDITION|ZLOAD||ZTHEV|ISSATISFIEDFIGURE5THEREFORETHEVOLTAGESTABILITYBOUNDARYCANBEDEFINEDBYACIRCLEWITHARADIUSOFTHETHéVENIN’SIMPEDANCEFORNORMALOPERATIONTHE|ZTHEV|ISSMALLERTHAN|ZLOAD|IEITISOUT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簡介：OPTICALFIBERTECHNOLOGY142008149–153WWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/YOFTEEFFECTOFCABLINGONPOLARIZATIONMODEDISPERSIONINOPTICALFIBERRIBBONCABLESKUNIHIROTOGE?,KAZUOHOGARINTTACCESSSERVICESYSTEMLABORATORIES,NTTCORPORATION,171,HANABATAKE,TSUKUBACITY,IBARAKI3050805,JAPANRECEIVED5APRIL2007REVISED27JULY2007AVAILABLEONLINE3DECEMBER2007ABSTRACTTHISPAPERTHEORETICALLYANDEXPERIMENTALLYINVESTIGATESANEFFECTOFCABLINGONPOLARIZATIONMODEDISPERSIONPMDINRIBBONFIBERSHELICALLYSTRANDEDINOPTICALFIBERRIBBONCABLESAIMEDATDESIGNINGLOWPMDRIBBONCABLESBASEDONTHEBIREFRINGENCEMODELFOCUSEDONTHECHANGEINTHEBIREFRINGENCEWHENRIBBONFIBERSARECABLED,THEHELICALPITCHOFOPTICALFIBERRIBBONCABLESISDESIGNEDTOMINIMIZETHEMAXIMUMPMDINTHECABLESALOWPMDCHARACTERISTICISCONFIRMEDINOPTICALFIBERRIBBONCABLEWITHAPPROXIMATELYTHEOPTIMALHELICALPITCH?2007ELSEVIERINCALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSOPTICALFIBERCABLEOPTICALFIBERRIBBONPOLARIZATIONMODEDISPERSION1INTRODUCTIONTHEDEMANDFORGREATERTRANSMISSIONCAPACITYISGROWINGRAPIDLYASARESULTOFTHEINCREASEINTHENUMBEROFBROADBANDSERVICESPROVIDEDBYTHEINTERNETANDTHEBITRATEHASBEENINCREASINGTOMEETTHISDEMANDASTHEBITRATEHASINCREASED,POLARIZATIONMODEDISPERSIONPMDHASBECOMEAMAJORFACTORLIMITINGTHETRANSMISSIONLENGTHANDHASATTRACTEDINCREASINGATTENTION1OPTICALFIBERRIBBONCABLESAREWIDELYUSEDINBOTHACCESSANDTRUNKNETWORKSBECAUSEOFTHEIRHIGHCOUNTCOMPACTNESS,EASEOFFIBERIDENTIFICATIONANDCAPACITYFORMASSSPLICINGSEVERALSTUDIESHAVEINVESTIGATEDTHEPMDINOPTICALFIBERRIBBONSANDCABLES2–5ITHASBEENREPORTEDTHATTHEINNERPAIROFFIBERSIN4FIBERRIBBONSHASAHIGHPMDAFINITEELEMENTANALYSISHASALSOBEENPERFORMEDTOMODELTHESTRESSDISTRIBUTIONINOPTICALFIBERRIBBONS,ANDINDUCEDBIREFRINGENCEWASFOUNDTOBEHIGHFORTHEINNERFIBERSINTHERIBBONSASARESULTOFTHERIBBONCOATING2SUCHAHIGHPMDHASALSOBEENFOUNDINCABLESHOWEVER,THISHIGHPMDHASOFTENAPPEAREDINTHEOUTERFIBERSINRIBBONS3,4THESERESULTSLEADUSTOBELIEVETHATTHECHANGEINTHEBIREFRINGENCEINDUCEDBYCABLINGWOULDSIGNIFICORRESPONDINGAUTHORFAX81298526142EMAILADDRESSTOGEANSLNTTCOJPKTOGECANTLYAFFECTTHEPMD,ANDWOULDDEPENDSTRONGLYONTHECABLESTRUCTUREHOWEVER,THECHANGEINTHEBIREFRINGENCEINDUCEDBYCABLINGHASREMAINEDUNCLEARINORDERTOACHIEVELOWPMDCABLES,ITISIMPORTANTTODESIGNTHESTRUCTUREOFOPTICALFIBERRIBBONCABLESTAKINGTHEEFFECTOFCABLINGONTHEBIREFRINGENCEINOPTICALFIBERRIBBONSINTOCONSIDERATIONINTHISPAPER,WEINVESTIGATETHEEFFECTOFCABLINGONPMDINOPTICALFIBERRIBBONCABLESWITHHELICALLYSTRANDEDRIBBONSTHEORETICALLYANDEXPERIMENTALLYFIRST,WECOMPARENUMERICALLYCALCULATEDANDMEASUREDRESULTSTOCONFIRMTHEMODELINTHENUMERICALCALCULATION,WEUSEABIREFRINGENCEMODELFOCUSEDONTHECHANGEINTHEBIREFRINGENCEINRIBBONFIBERSINDUCEDBYTENSION,BENDINGANDTWISTINGWHENRIBBONFIBERSARECABLEDTHEN,WEDISCUSSTHEEFFECTOFCABLESTRUCTUREONTHEPMDINOPTICALFIBERRIBBONCABLES,ANDPOINTOUTTHATTHEHELICALPITCHOFCABLESCANBEOPTIMIZEDTOMINIMIZETHEMAXIMUMPMDINOPTICALFIBERRIBBONCABLESWEALSOMEASURETHEPMDINOPTICALFIBERRIBBONCABLESWITHAPPROXIMATELYTHEOPTIMALHELICALPITCHTOREVEALTHEVALIDITYOFTHEDESIGNANDREPORTTHERESULT2THEORETICALBACKGROUND21BIREFRINGENCECAUSEDBYCABLINGWECONSIDEREDTWOTYPESOFOPTICALFIBERRIBBONCABLECOMPOSEDOF4FIBERRIBBONSASSHOWNINFIG1ONEWAS100FIBER10685200/–SEEFRONTMATTER?2007ELSEVIERINCALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JYOFTE200709010KTOGE,KHOGARI/OPTICALFIBERTECHNOLOGY142008149–153151TABLE1DIMENSIONSOFOPTICALFIBERRIBBONSANDCABLESUSEDINTHEEXPERIMENTSANDCALCULATIONSCABLEACABLEBFIBERRIBBONCOUNT100254010PITCHRADIUSA25MM0MMHELICALPITCHP500MM350MMFIBERDIAMETER2R125ΜM125ΜMRIBBONWIDTH11MM11MMRIBBONTHICKNESS03MM03MMFIG2POLARIZATIONSENSITIVEOPTICALTIMEDOMAINREFLECTOMETRYSETUPUSEDTOMEASUREBEATLENGTHTABLE1SUMMARIZESTHETYPICALDIMENSIONSOFTHERIBBONSANDTHECABLESWEUSED32PMDANDBEATLENGTHMEASUREMENTTHEPMDWASMEASUREDFORRIBBONFIBERSANDCABLEDRIBBONFIBERSBYTHEJONESMATRIXEIGENANALYSISMETHODINTHE1520–1630NMWAVELENGTHRANGETHEBEATLENGTHLBWASMEASUREDWITHAPOLARIZATIONSENSITIVEOPTICALTIMEDOMAINREFLECTOMETRYPOTDRTECHNIQUE13,14FIGURE2SHOWSTHEMEASUREMENTSETUPADISTRIBUTEDFEEDBACKLASERDIODEDFBLDWITHANARROWLINEWIDTHOF160MHZWASUSEDTOAVOIDDEPOLARIZATIONINWAVELENGTH15WEOPERATEDTHEDFBLDAT1550NM,ANDVARIEDTHEWAVELENGTHONARANGEOF1NMDURINGAVERAGINGINORDERTOREDUCETHECOHERENCENOISE13THEDFBLDWASEXTERNALLYMODULATEDBYALINBO3LNMODULATORTHEPULSEWIDTHWASSETAT10NS,WHICHCORRESPONDSTOASPATIALRESOLUTIONOF1MTOOBTAINANOPTICALPULSEWITHAHIGHPEAKPOWER,WEUSEDANOPTICALAMPLIFIERANDELIMINATEDAMPLIFIEDNOISEBYUSINGANACOUSTOOPTICMODULATORALINEARPOLARIZERWASUSEDINFRONTOFTHEFIBERINPUTENDTHERAYLEIGHBACKSCATTERINGLIGHTTHATPASSEDTHROUGHTHEPOLARIZERWASDETECTEDANDTHENAVERAGEDWEANALYZEDITSPOWERFLUCTUATIONTOOBTAINTHEBEATLENGTHTHEBEATLENGTHWASCALCULATEDFROMTHEPEAKFOURIERFREQUENCYOFTHEPOWERSPECTRUMOFTHEFLUCTUATIONASDESCRIBEDIN14THECOUPLINGLENGTHLCINCABLESCANBEESTIMATEDFROMTHEMEASUREDPMDANDBEATLENGTHINCABLESTHESTRAINDIFFERENCEBETWEENRIBBONFIBERSANDCABLEDRIBBONFIBERS?ΕWASMEASUREDBYUSINGABRILLOUINOTDR164RESULTSANDDISCUSSION41COMPARISONOFCALCULATEDANDMEASUREDPMDFIGURE3COMPARESTHEPMDREDUCTIONFACTORSPMDRFSOBTAINEDBYMEASUREMENTANDCALCULATION,WHERETHEPMDRFSFIG3COMPARISONOFCALCULATEDANDMEASUREDPMDREDUCTIONFACTORSPMDRFSFORCABLESAANDBTHEOPENANDCLOSEDSYMBOLSSHOWTHEPMDRFSFORTHEOUTERANDINNERFIBERSINRIBBONS,RESPECTIVELYTABLE2MEASUREDBEATLENGTHSANDPMDINOPTICALFIBERRIBBONSBEATLENGTHLBMPMDINRIBBONSPS/RKMOUTERFIBERSMAX26016MEAN17010MIN2005INNERFIBERSMAX17035MEAN6023MIN2011NOTENUMBEROFMEASUREDFIBERSIS10FOREACHFIG4CALCULATEDPMDASAFUNCTIONOFTHEHELICALPITCHANDLATERALSTRESSAREDEFINEDBYTHEPMDINCABLEDRIBBONFIBERSWHICHISNORMALIZEDBYTHEMEASUREDPMDINRIBBONFIBERSSINCETHEPMDINTHELONGLENGTHREGIMEEXHIBITSAMAXWELLDISTRIBUTIONOWINGTORANDOMMODECOUPLING,WEDEFINEDTHECALCULATEDPMDASTHEMEANPMDOBTAINEDFROMTHECALCULATIONOF100INSTANCESTHEBEATLENGTHINRIBBONFIBERSANDTHESTRAINDIFFERENCEWEUSEDFORTHECALCULATIONAREBASEDONMEASUREDRESULTSWEFOUNDTHATTHECALCULATEDANDMEASUREDRESULTSAGREEDWELL,WHICHINDICATESTHATTHEBIREFRINGENCECHANGECAUSEDBYCABLINGCANBEMODELEDASDESCRIBEDINTHEPREVIOUSSECTION42EFFECTSOFCABLINGONPMDINOPTICALFIBERRIBBONSTABLE2SHOWSTHEMEASUREDBEATLENGTHSANDPMDINRIBBONFIBERSITCANBESEENTHATTHEMEANBEATLENGTHINTHEINNERFIBERSINTHERIBBONSISABOUTTHREETIMESSHORTERTHANTHOSEINTHEOUTERFIBERS,WHICHAGREESWITHTHERESULTSREPORTEDIN2FIG