簡(jiǎn)介：信息化信息化項(xiàng)目工程建設(shè)其他費(fèi)用取費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)項(xiàng)目工程建設(shè)其他費(fèi)用取費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)一、一、取費(fèi)依據(jù)及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)取費(fèi)依據(jù)及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)表61信息化項(xiàng)目工程其他費(fèi)用項(xiàng)目及取費(fèi)依據(jù)匯總表序號(hào)工程建設(shè)其他費(fèi)用工程建設(shè)其他費(fèi)用計(jì)費(fèi)計(jì)費(fèi)取費(fèi)依據(jù)取費(fèi)依據(jù)1建設(shè)單位管理費(fèi)計(jì)費(fèi)基數(shù)采用直線內(nèi)插法確定基價(jià)財(cái)建2002394號(hào)代建項(xiàng)目執(zhí)行粵府200612號(hào)2設(shè)計(jì)費(fèi)計(jì)費(fèi)基數(shù)采用直線內(nèi)插法確定基價(jià)再乘以調(diào)整系數(shù)計(jì)算計(jì)價(jià)格200210號(hào)3監(jiān)理費(fèi)施工階段計(jì)費(fèi)基數(shù)采用直線內(nèi)插法確定基價(jià)再乘以調(diào)整系數(shù)計(jì)算深價(jià)規(guī)20091號(hào)、發(fā)改價(jià)格2007670號(hào)；深圳經(jīng)濟(jì)特區(qū)建設(shè)工程監(jiān)理?xiàng)l例發(fā)生勘察、設(shè)計(jì)、保修等階段監(jiān)理時(shí)計(jì)取相應(yīng)監(jiān)理費(fèi)。4前期工作咨詢費(fèi)計(jì)費(fèi)基數(shù)采用直線內(nèi)插法確定基價(jià)再乘以調(diào)整系數(shù)計(jì)算計(jì)價(jià)格19991283號(hào)5招標(biāo)代理服務(wù)費(fèi)計(jì)費(fèi)基數(shù)采用直線內(nèi)插法確定基價(jià)計(jì)價(jià)格20021980號(hào)5其他（人防易地建設(shè)費(fèi)、科學(xué)試驗(yàn)費(fèi)等）按相關(guān)規(guī)定計(jì)取根據(jù)項(xiàng)目情況而定二、二、計(jì)算規(guī)則計(jì)算規(guī)則（一）建設(shè)單位管理費(fèi)建設(shè)單位管理費(fèi)1、取費(fèi)依據(jù)財(cái)政部基本建設(shè)財(cái)務(wù)管理規(guī)定（財(cái)建2002394號(hào)）及廣東省政府投資省屬非經(jīng)營(yíng)性項(xiàng)目代建管理辦法（試行）（粵府200612號(hào)）。2、取費(fèi)方法（1）一般項(xiàng)目根據(jù)表62按內(nèi)插法計(jì)算表62建設(shè)單位管理費(fèi)費(fèi)率計(jì)費(fèi)基數(shù)（萬(wàn)元）計(jì)費(fèi)基數(shù)（萬(wàn)元）費(fèi)率（費(fèi)率（）1000以下1510015000125001100001100015000008500011000000510000120000002200000以上018200005668940000105401060000151521180000196011210000023934132000004450814400000827671560000011897516800000153914171000000187938182000000349489注計(jì)費(fèi)額2000000萬(wàn)元的，以計(jì)費(fèi)額乘以16的收費(fèi)率計(jì)算收費(fèi)基價(jià)。（三）監(jiān)理費(fèi)（三）監(jiān)理費(fèi)1、取費(fèi)依據(jù)國(guó)家發(fā)改委、建設(shè)部的建設(shè)工程監(jiān)理與相關(guān)服務(wù)收費(fèi)管理規(guī)定（發(fā)改價(jià)格2007670號(hào)）、關(guān)于貫徹國(guó)家發(fā)展改革委、建設(shè)部建設(shè)工程監(jiān)理與相關(guān)服務(wù)收費(fèi)管理規(guī)定的通知（深價(jià)規(guī)20091號(hào)）、深圳經(jīng)濟(jì)特區(qū)建設(shè)工程監(jiān)理?xiàng)l例。2、取費(fèi)方法（1）施工監(jiān)理服務(wù)收費(fèi)基準(zhǔn)價(jià)施工監(jiān)理服務(wù)收費(fèi)基價(jià)專業(yè)調(diào)整系數(shù)工程復(fù)雜程度調(diào)整系數(shù)高程調(diào)整系數(shù)A、施工監(jiān)理服務(wù)收費(fèi)基價(jià)根據(jù)施工監(jiān)理服務(wù)收費(fèi)基價(jià)表（見(jiàn)表64），由計(jì)費(fèi)基數(shù)采用直線內(nèi)插法確定基價(jià)。B、專業(yè)調(diào)整系數(shù)取1。C、工程復(fù)雜程度調(diào)整系數(shù)工程復(fù)雜程度分為一般、較復(fù)雜和復(fù)雜三個(gè)等級(jí)，其調(diào)整系數(shù)分別為一般Ⅰ級(jí)085、較復(fù)雜Ⅱ級(jí)10、復(fù)雜Ⅲ級(jí)115。D、高程調(diào)整系數(shù)深圳地區(qū)項(xiàng)目取1。表64施工監(jiān)理服務(wù)收費(fèi)基價(jià)表單位萬(wàn)元序號(hào)序號(hào)計(jì)費(fèi)基數(shù)計(jì)費(fèi)基數(shù)收費(fèi)基價(jià)收費(fèi)基價(jià)15001652100030133000781450001208

簡(jiǎn)介：云南省麻栗坡縣某錫鎢礦床成礦條件分析郭躍進(jìn)高建國(guó)楊銀霧郭躍攀李付兵昆明理工大學(xué)國(guó)土資源工程學(xué)院，昆明65009摘要云南省麻栗坡縣某錫鎢礦床位于滇東南南溫河變質(zhì)核雜巖礦聚區(qū)。在分析該礦床的地質(zhì)特征基礎(chǔ)上，分析了該礦床的成礦條件。結(jié)果表明，該礦床主要受華南褶皺系西南邊緣的滇東南坳褶帶，越北隆起之北緣，環(huán)老君山花崗巖體鎢、錫多金屬成礦帶控制。關(guān)鍵詞成礦條件錫鎢礦床南溫河變質(zhì)核雜巖云南麻栗坡中圖法分類號(hào)P612文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼A南溫河地區(qū)變質(zhì)核雜巖成礦帶是我國(guó)比較著名的錫鎢多金屬成礦帶，近年來(lái)在南溫河地區(qū)變質(zhì)核雜巖成礦帶的南西部發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些具有一定規(guī)模的錫鎢礦床。本文擬對(duì)該類型的錫鎢礦床的成礦條件進(jìn)行分析。通過(guò)分析麻栗坡縣某錫鎢礦床成礦條件，可以正確認(rèn)識(shí)麻栗坡錫鎢礦床的地質(zhì)特征，礦床成因揭示礦床在時(shí)間和空間上的演化特征，從而了解礦床在地殼中的分布規(guī)律，以便預(yù)測(cè)在相似地質(zhì)環(huán)境中，可以期望找到大型－超大型礦床［1］。全，其中下段地層被南溫河序列巖體的老城坡次單元巖體所超復(fù)，只出露了部分地層，上段由于風(fēng)化強(qiáng)烈、剝蝕了部分地層。錫礦化沿中段PT1S2頂部電氣石石英變粒巖順層呈面狀展布，空間形態(tài)受轎子山向斜的嚴(yán)格控制錫礦體中有鎢礦化。鎢礦體則賦存在灑西巖組中段的中部黑云母石英變粒巖中，礦體中具弱錫礦化，本段地層已發(fā)生變質(zhì)，其變質(zhì)程度達(dá)綠片巖相角閃巖相，該段矽卡巖并不發(fā)育，但礦體內(nèi)含較多鈣硅酸鹽礦物。1．2構(gòu)造本區(qū)地處華南褶皺系，滇東南坳褶帶越北隆起區(qū)域成礦地質(zhì)背景的北緣。北與西疇富寧弧形褶斷區(qū)毗鄰，東以文山麻栗坡大斷裂為界，如圖1所示。褶皺老君山地區(qū)是一個(gè)由變質(zhì)巖、混合巖和花崗巖組成的變質(zhì)－巖漿巖構(gòu)造穹窿變質(zhì)核雜巖。也是一個(gè)以老君山花崗巖為核心，向外依次為混合巖和區(qū)域變質(zhì)巖的南北向復(fù)式背斜，是越北隆起的重要組成部分，花崗巖與圍巖多呈侵入接觸，混合巖與變質(zhì)巖產(chǎn)狀一致，復(fù)背斜南北兩端呈傾沒(méi)趨勢(shì)。圍繞巖體有一系列的近南北向的開(kāi)闊型次級(jí)背斜構(gòu)造和規(guī)模較小的褶皺帶分布。斷裂區(qū)內(nèi)大斷裂有文山麻栗坡大斷裂和馬關(guān)都龍大斷裂，均呈北西南東走向，延長(zhǎng)百余公里，老君山錫鎢成礦區(qū)即位于該二斷裂之間。文山麻栗坡大斷裂位于礦區(qū)北部文山麻栗坡大斷裂和11．1地層礦區(qū)大地構(gòu)造位置處于華南褶皺系西南邊緣的滇東南坳褶帶。越北隆起之北緣，環(huán)老君山花崗巖體鎢、錫多金屬成礦帶東部。區(qū)域內(nèi)地層從老到新依次出露有元古界南秧田組PT1N、灑西巖組PT1S、新寨巖組PT3X、中寒武統(tǒng)田蓬組∈2T、［2］龍哈組∈2L及第四系。而沿老君山巖體四周成環(huán)帶狀展布，主要出露地層為元古界及寒武系地層。含礦巖系特征礦區(qū)灑西巖組的地層出露不2011年4月18日收到，4月24日修改第一作者簡(jiǎn)介郭躍進(jìn)1979，男，碩士研究生，研究方向構(gòu)造5250科學(xué)技術(shù)與工程11卷F3出露于礦區(qū)南面，距詳查礦區(qū)直線距離約4．5KM，走向北西，傾向北東，傾角約50°，沿南東向延伸至越南境內(nèi)，具多期次活動(dòng)特征。F4出露于礦區(qū)南西面，與礦區(qū)直線距離約8KM，大致走向北西，南東段走向北西，北西段走向大致南北，呈一弧形展布，傾向北東，為一平移斷裂，北東盤向北西向、南西盤向南東位移，斷裂長(zhǎng)5．5KM，北西段止于老君山巖體、南東段止于F5。F5出露于南西面，總體走向大致北西，其中南東段走向東西、北西段走向北西，呈一弧形展布，區(qū)內(nèi)出露長(zhǎng)約20KM，沿北西向延伸至區(qū)外，沿南東向止于坪山。距礦區(qū)最近處南東段離礦區(qū)直線距離約7KM，該斷裂傾向南西，傾角50°，具多期次活動(dòng)特點(diǎn)，北西段切穿了燕山期老君山巖體及晚志留世南溫河序列花崗巖體，表現(xiàn)為北東盤向南東、南西盤向北西位移的特點(diǎn)，同時(shí)在西段又切穿了寒武系地層，表現(xiàn)為正斷層的特點(diǎn)，造成了北東盤寒武系地層的缺失。區(qū)域巖漿巖十分發(fā)育，分布廣泛，巖漿活動(dòng)絕大部分為侵入活動(dòng)，巖石類型均為酸性巖。按巖石譜系單位調(diào)查方法按先后次序劃分出早元古代南撈片麻巖，晚志留世南溫河序列花崗巖和白堊紀(jì)都龍超單元［3］。除南撈片麻巖外，晚志留世南溫河序列花崗巖體和白堊紀(jì)都龍超單元巖體同屬高硅、高堿、鋁過(guò)飽和系列，微量元素中本區(qū)主要成礦元素鎢、錫、鋅、鉛、銅等含量分別高出維氏平均值數(shù)倍甚至十余倍。兩巖體均屬含礦巖漿巖，豐富、強(qiáng)烈的巖漿活動(dòng)，對(duì)本區(qū)形成豐富多彩的礦產(chǎn)資源提供了物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)和有利條件［4］。Ⅰ號(hào)礦體為錫礦體，伴生鎢Ⅱ、Ⅲ號(hào)礦體為鎢礦體，伴生錫，伴生的組分分布在工業(yè)礦石或低品位礦石中都能綜合利用回收，現(xiàn)以Ⅱ礦體為例進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單分析。Ⅱ礦體該礦體賦存于Ⅰ號(hào)礦體之下，總體長(zhǎng)790M，西分布于1923線、長(zhǎng)120M，東展布于1120線，長(zhǎng)670M。在剖面上呈透鏡狀分布于Ⅰ號(hào)礦體之下，相距約1040M?；狙剞I子山向斜微弧形產(chǎn)出，北西、南東向延伸，傾斜最大延伸沿傾向大于253M。從Ⅱ號(hào)礦體厚度、品位變化等值線圖見(jiàn)圖21、圖22可以看出，厚度由北西向南東中部以葫蘆瓢形加大，在0、4、8線間，接近地表變得最厚，有10M以上。Ⅱ號(hào)礦體總的品位不高，但在34線間等值線圖反映相對(duì)較高。圖2－1Ⅱ號(hào)礦體厚度等值線圖礦床地質(zhì)特征2圖2－2Ⅱ號(hào)礦體品位等值線圖2．1礦體地質(zhì)特征經(jīng)過(guò)筆者研究，在研究區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn)3條錫鎢礦體。它們總體呈北西、南東向產(chǎn)出，賦礦層位為下元古界灑西巖組地層，其巖性組合為黑云母石英變粒巖，并明顯地受轎子山向斜微弧形構(gòu)造控制。礦體呈帶狀斷續(xù)產(chǎn)出圖23，厚度由北西向南東中部以葫蘆瓢形加大。礦體產(chǎn)狀265°275°∠2133°，向深部有變陡趨勢(shì)。

簡(jiǎn)介：ICS01．080．20；53．100P97蝠酋中華人民共和國(guó)國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)GB／T8593．22010／ISO640521993代替GB／T8593．21998土方機(jī)械司機(jī)操縱裝置和其他顯示裝置用符號(hào)第2部分機(jī)器、工作裝置和附件的特殊符號(hào)EARTHMOVINGMACHINERYSYMBOLSFOROPERATORCONTROLSANDOTHERDISPLAYSPART2SPECIFICSYMBOLSFORMACHINES，EQUIPMENT蚰DACCESSORIES20101201發(fā)布ISO640521993，IDT20110301實(shí)施豐瞀髁鬻瓣訾矬瞥星發(fā)布中國(guó)國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化管理委員會(huì)促1”WWWBZFXWCOM刖暑GB／T8593．22010／ISO640521993GB／T8593土方機(jī)械司機(jī)操縱裝置和其他顯示裝置用符號(hào)分為兩個(gè)部分第1部分通用符號(hào)；第2部分機(jī)器、工作裝置和附件的特殊符號(hào)。本部分等同采用ISO640521993土方機(jī)械司機(jī)操縱裝置和其他顯示裝置用符號(hào)第2部分機(jī)器、工作裝置和附件的特殊符號(hào)英文版，包括其修正案ISO640521993／AMD．11997和ISO640521993／AMD．22004。本部分等同翻譯ISO640521993。為便于使用，本部分做了下列編輯性修改“本國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”一詞改為“本部分”；刪除了國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)前言；對(duì)IS0640521993中引用的國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，用已采用為我國(guó)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)代替對(duì)應(yīng)的國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；刪除了第13章的4處說(shuō)明中對(duì)符號(hào)“接合0022和脫開(kāi)0023”的引用因ISO640512004已刪除這兩個(gè)符號(hào)；由于修正案1刪除了第19章，故后續(xù)章號(hào)重新排列；增加了參考文獻(xiàn)的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)站信息，同時(shí)刪除4．12條“符號(hào)的縮放膠片可從ISO／TC145秘書處獲得”，并將ISO7000、IEC60417和GB／T8593．1ISO64051由第2章移到參考文獻(xiàn)中；將修正案內(nèi)容納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)正文中，并在正文中的頁(yè)邊空白處用垂直雙線“”標(biāo)識(shí)。本部分是對(duì)GB／T8593．21998土方機(jī)械司機(jī)操縱和其他顯示符號(hào)第2部分機(jī)器、工作裝置和附件的特殊符號(hào)的修訂。本部分與GB／T8593．21998相比，主要變化如下對(duì)一些條款內(nèi)容進(jìn)行了修改；符號(hào)總數(shù)量由142個(gè)增加到189個(gè)，其中，“松土器符號(hào)”和“耙土器符號(hào)”合并為“地面疏松工作裝置松土器或耙土器符號(hào)”符號(hào)由18個(gè)修改為7個(gè)，另增設(shè)了58個(gè)符號(hào)；增加了“參考文獻(xiàn)”。本部分代替GB／T8593．21998。本部分由中國(guó)機(jī)械工業(yè)聯(lián)合會(huì)提出。本部分由全國(guó)土方機(jī)械標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化技術(shù)委員會(huì)SAC／TC334歸口。本部分起草單位天津工程機(jī)械研究院。本部分主要起草人吳潤(rùn)才、陳樹(shù)巧。本部分所代替標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的歷次版本發(fā)布情況為GB85931988、GB／T8593．21998。

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簡(jiǎn)介：16種性格類型特征及適合職業(yè)1一ISTJ型內(nèi)向型內(nèi)向?qū)嵏袑?shí)感思維思維判斷判斷1基本特征沉靜、認(rèn)真、貫徹始終、得人信賴而取得成功。講求實(shí)際，注重事實(shí)和有責(zé)任感。能夠合情合理地去決定應(yīng)做的事情，而且堅(jiān)定不移地把它完成，不會(huì)因外界事物而分散精神。以做事有次序、有條理為樂(lè)不論在工作上，家庭上或者生活上。重視傳統(tǒng)和忠誠(chéng)。ISTJ型的人是嚴(yán)肅的、有責(zé)任心的和通情達(dá)理的社會(huì)堅(jiān)定分子。他們值得信賴，他們重視承諾，對(duì)他們來(lái)說(shuō)，言語(yǔ)就是莊嚴(yán)的宣誓。ISTJ型的人工作縝密，講求實(shí)際，很有頭腦也很現(xiàn)實(shí)。他們具有很強(qiáng)的集中力、條理性和準(zhǔn)確性。無(wú)論他們做什么，都相當(dāng)有條理和可靠。他們具有堅(jiān)定不移、深思熟慮的思想，一旦他們著手自己相信是最好的行動(dòng)方法時(shí)，就很難轉(zhuǎn)變或變得沮喪。ISTJ型的人特別安靜和勤奮，對(duì)于細(xì)節(jié)有很強(qiáng)的記憶和判斷。他們能夠引證準(zhǔn)確的事實(shí)支持自己的觀點(diǎn)，把過(guò)去的經(jīng)歷運(yùn)用到現(xiàn)在的決策中。他們重視和利用符合邏輯、客觀的分析，以堅(jiān)持不懈的態(tài)度準(zhǔn)時(shí)地完成工作，并且總是安排有序，很有條理。他們重視必要的理論體系和傳統(tǒng)慣例，對(duì)于那些不是如此做事的人則很不耐煩。ISTJ型的人總是很傳統(tǒng)、謹(jǐn)小甚微。他們聆聽(tīng)和喜歡確實(shí)、清晰地陳述事物。ISTJ型的人天生不喜歡顯露，即使危機(jī)之時(shí)，也顯得很平靜。他們總是顯得責(zé)無(wú)旁貸、堅(jiān)定不變，但是在他們冷靜的外表之下，也許有強(qiáng)烈卻很少表露的反應(yīng)。2可能存在的盲點(diǎn)ISTJ型的人有一個(gè)缺點(diǎn)，就是他們常常會(huì)迷失在一件工作中的細(xì)節(jié)和日常操作中，一旦沉浸進(jìn)去，他們就會(huì)變得頑固，而且對(duì)其他的觀點(diǎn)置之不理。收集更廣泛的信息，并且理智地評(píng)估一下自己的行為可能帶來(lái)的后果，可以讓ISTJ型的人在所有的領(lǐng)域中更有影響力。ISTJ型的人有時(shí)不能明白別人的需求，因此可能被看成是冷酷無(wú)情的人。他們應(yīng)該把對(duì)別人的欣賞表達(dá)出來(lái)，而不是留在心里。3適合的領(lǐng)域與職業(yè)適合的領(lǐng)域有工商業(yè)領(lǐng)域、政府機(jī)構(gòu)金融銀行業(yè)、政府機(jī)構(gòu)、技術(shù)領(lǐng)域、醫(yī)務(wù)領(lǐng)域。適合的職業(yè)有審計(jì)員、后勤經(jīng)理、信息總監(jiān)、預(yù)算分析員、工程師、計(jì)算機(jī)程序員、證券經(jīng)紀(jì)人、地質(zhì)學(xué)者、醫(yī)學(xué)研究者、會(huì)計(jì)、文字處理專業(yè)人士等。二ESTJ型外向型外向?qū)嵏袑?shí)感思維思維判斷判斷1基本特征講求實(shí)際，注重現(xiàn)實(shí)，注重事實(shí)。果斷，很快做出實(shí)際可行的決定。善于將項(xiàng)目和人組織起來(lái)將事情完成，并盡可能以最有效率的方法達(dá)到目的。能夠注意日常例行工作的細(xì)節(jié)。有一套清晰的邏輯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，有系統(tǒng)性地遵循，并希望他人也同樣遵循。會(huì)以較強(qiáng)硬的態(tài)度去執(zhí)行計(jì)劃。ESTJ型的人高效率地工作，自我負(fù)責(zé)，監(jiān)督他人工作，合理分配和處置資源，主次分明，井井有條；能制定和遵守規(guī)則，多喜歡在制度健全、等級(jí)分明、比較穩(wěn)定的企業(yè)工作；傾向于選擇較為務(wù)實(shí)的業(yè)務(wù)，以有形產(chǎn)品為主；喜歡工作中帶有和人接觸、交流的成分，但不以態(tài)度取勝；不特別強(qiáng)調(diào)工作的行業(yè)或興趣，多以職業(yè)角度看待每一份工作。ESTJ型的人很善于完成任務(wù)；他們喜歡操縱局勢(shì)和促使事情發(fā)生；他們具有責(zé)任感，信守他們的承諾。他們喜歡條理性并且能記住和組織安排許多細(xì)節(jié)。他們及時(shí)和盡可能高效率地、系統(tǒng)地開(kāi)始達(dá)到目標(biāo)。ESTJ型的人被迫做決定。他們常常以自己過(guò)去的經(jīng)歷為基礎(chǔ)得出結(jié)論。他們很客觀，有條理性和分析能力，以及很強(qiáng)的推理能力。事實(shí)上，除了符合邏輯外，其他沒(méi)有什么可以使他們信服。同時(shí)，ESTJ型的人又很現(xiàn)實(shí)、有頭腦、講求實(shí)際。他們更感興趣的是“真實(shí)的事物”，而不是諸如抽象的想法和理論等無(wú)形的東西。他們往往對(duì)那些認(rèn)為沒(méi)有實(shí)用價(jià)值的東西不感興趣。他們知道自己周圍將要發(fā)生的事情，而首要關(guān)心的則是目前。因?yàn)镋STJ型的人依照一套固定的規(guī)則生活，所以他們堅(jiān)持不懈和值得依賴。他們往往很傳統(tǒng)，有興趣維護(hù)現(xiàn)存的制度。雖然對(duì)于他們來(lái)說(shuō)，感情生活和社會(huì)活動(dòng)并不像生活的其他方面那樣重要，但是對(duì)于親情關(guān)系，他們卻固守不變。他們不但能很輕松地判斷別人，而且還是條理分明的紀(jì)律執(zhí)行者。ESTJ型的人直爽坦率，友善合群。通常他們會(huì)很容易地了解事物，這是因?yàn)樗麄兿嘈拧澳憧吹降谋闶悄愕玫降摹薄?6種性格類型特征及適合職業(yè)3感。ESFJ型的人把他們和別人的關(guān)系放在十分重要的位置，所以他們往往具有和睦的人際關(guān)系，并且通過(guò)很大的努力以獲得和維持這種關(guān)系。事實(shí)上，他們常常理想化自己欣賞的人或物。ESFJ型的人往往對(duì)自己以及自己的成績(jī)十分欣賞，因而他們對(duì)于批評(píng)或者別人的漠視很敏感。通常他們很果斷，表達(dá)自己堅(jiān)定的主張，樂(lè)于事情能很快得到解決。ESFJ型的人很現(xiàn)實(shí)，他們講求實(shí)際、實(shí)事求是和安排有序。他們參與并能記住重要的事情和細(xì)節(jié)，樂(lè)于幫助別人也能對(duì)自己的事情很確信。他們?cè)谧约旱膫€(gè)人經(jīng)歷或在他們所信賴之人的經(jīng)驗(yàn)之上制定計(jì)劃或得出見(jiàn)解。他們知道并參與周圍的物質(zhì)世界，并喜歡具有主動(dòng)性和創(chuàng)造性。ESFJ型的人十分小心謹(jǐn)慎，也非常傳統(tǒng)化，因而他們能恪守自己的責(zé)任與承諾。他們支持現(xiàn)存制度，往往是委員會(huì)或組織機(jī)構(gòu)中積極主動(dòng)和樂(lè)于合作的成員，他們重視并能保持很好的社交關(guān)系。他們不辭勞苦地幫助他人，尤其在遇到困難或取得成功時(shí)，他們都很積極活躍。2可能存在的盲點(diǎn)在緊張而痛苦的時(shí)候，他們會(huì)對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)情況熟視無(wú)睹。他們需要學(xué)會(huì)直接而誠(chéng)實(shí)地處理矛盾沖突。ESFJ型的人總是由于想取悅或幫助他人而忽視自己的需求。當(dāng)他們不能找到改變自己生活途徑的時(shí)候，他們就可能變得消極和郁悶。從問(wèn)題中跳出來(lái)更客觀地對(duì)待它，常?？梢越o他們帶來(lái)全新的視野。他們不愿意尋找解決問(wèn)題的新方法，表現(xiàn)得不知變通。因此延遲作判斷的時(shí)間，并對(duì)處理問(wèn)題的新途徑持開(kāi)放態(tài)度，可以使他們獲得更豐富的指示并幫助他們更好地做出決定。3適合的領(lǐng)域與職業(yè)適合的領(lǐng)域有領(lǐng)域特征不明顯。適合的職業(yè)有公關(guān)客戶經(jīng)理、個(gè)人銀行業(yè)務(wù)員、銷售代表、人力資源顧問(wèn)、零售業(yè)主、餐飲業(yè)者、房地產(chǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)人、營(yíng)銷經(jīng)理、電信營(yíng)銷員、接待員、信貸顧問(wèn)、簿記員等。五ISFP型內(nèi)向型內(nèi)向?qū)嵏袑?shí)感情感情感知覺(jué)知覺(jué)1基本特征沉靜，友善，敏感和仁慈。欣賞目前和他們周遭所發(fā)生的事情。喜歡有自己的空間，做事能把握自己的時(shí)間。忠于自己的價(jià)值觀，忠于自己所重視的人。不喜歡爭(zhēng)論和沖突，不會(huì)強(qiáng)迫別人接受自己的意見(jiàn)或價(jià)值觀。ISFP型的人平和、敏感，他們保持著許多強(qiáng)烈的個(gè)人理想和自己的價(jià)值觀念。他們更多的是通過(guò)行為而不是言辭表達(dá)自己深沉的情感。ISFP型的人謙虛而緘默，但實(shí)際上他們是具有巨大的友愛(ài)和熱情之人，但是除了與他們相知和信賴的人在一起外，他們不經(jīng)常表現(xiàn)出自我的另一面。因?yàn)镮SFP型的人不喜歡直接地自我表達(dá)，所以常常被誤解。ISFP型的人耐心、靈活，很容易與他人相處，很少支配或控制別人。他們很客觀，以一種相當(dāng)實(shí)事求是的方式接受他人的行為。他們善于觀察周圍的人和物，卻不尋求發(fā)現(xiàn)動(dòng)機(jī)和含義。ISFP型的人完全生活在現(xiàn)在，所以他們的準(zhǔn)備或計(jì)劃往往不會(huì)多于必需，他們是很好的短期計(jì)劃制定者。因?yàn)樗麄兿矚g享受目前的經(jīng)歷，而不繼續(xù)向下一個(gè)目標(biāo)兌現(xiàn)，所以他們對(duì)完成工作感到很放松。ISFP型的人對(duì)于從經(jīng)歷中直接了解和感受的東西很感興趣，常常富有藝術(shù)天賦和審美感，力求為自己創(chuàng)造一個(gè)美麗而隱蔽的環(huán)境。ISFP型的人沒(méi)有想要成為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，他們經(jīng)常是忠誠(chéng)的追隨者和團(tuán)體成員。因?yàn)樗麄兝脗€(gè)人的價(jià)值標(biāo)準(zhǔn)去判斷生活中的每一件事，所以他們喜歡那些花費(fèi)時(shí)間去認(rèn)識(shí)他們和理解他們內(nèi)心的忠誠(chéng)之人。他們需要最基本的信任和理解，在生活中需要和睦的人際關(guān)系，對(duì)于沖突和分歧很敏感。2可能存在的盲點(diǎn)ISFP型的人天生具有高度的敏感，這使他們可以很清楚地看到他人的需要，并且他們有時(shí)會(huì)為了滿足這些需要而拼命的工作以至于在此過(guò)程中忽視了自己。他們需要花些時(shí)間來(lái)像關(guān)心別人一樣關(guān)心自己。ISFP型的人必須努力控制自己的沖動(dòng)，并偶爾享受一下安靜的生活。他們對(duì)別人的批評(píng)相當(dāng)敏感，而且會(huì)因受到批評(píng)而生氣或氣餒。在分析中加入一些客觀和懷疑的態(tài)度會(huì)讓他們更準(zhǔn)確地判斷人的性格。3適合的領(lǐng)域與職業(yè)適合的領(lǐng)域有手工藝、藝術(shù)領(lǐng)域、醫(yī)護(hù)領(lǐng)域、商業(yè)、服務(wù)業(yè)領(lǐng)域等。

簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文55185518字出處出處JOURNALOFMATERIALSPROCESSINGTECHNOLOGY142200320–28翻譯原文翻譯原文DELTAFERRITEPREDICTIONINSTAINLESSSTEELWELDSUSINGNEURALNETWORKANALYSISANDCOMPARISONWITHOTHERPREDICTIONMETHODSMVASUDEVANA,?,AKBHADURIA,BALDEVRAJA,KPRASADRAOBAMETALLURGYANDMATERIALSGROUP,INDIRAGANDHICENTREFORATOMICRESEARCH,KALPAKKAM,INDIABDEPARTMENTOFMETALLURGY,INDIANINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY,CHENNAI,INDIARECEIVED2MAY2002RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM11DECEMBER2002ACCEPTED17FEBRUARY2003ABSTRACTTHEABILITYTOPREDICTTHEDELTAFERRITECONTENTINSTAINLESSSTEELWELDSISIMPORTANTFORMANYREASONSDEPENDINGONTHESERVICEREQUIREMENT,MANUFACTURERSANDCONSUMERSOFTENSPECIFYDELTAFERRITECONTENTASANALLOYSPECIFICATIONTOENSURETHATWELDCONTAINSADESIREDMINIMUMORMAXIMUMFERRITELEVELRECENTRESEARCHACTIVITIESHAVEBEENFOCUSEDONSTUDYINGTHEEFFECTOFVARIOUSALLOYINGELEMENTSONTHEDELTAFERRITECONTENTANDCONTROLLINGDELTAFERRITECONTENTBYMODIFYINGTHEWELDMETALCOMPOSITIONSOVERTHEYEARS,ANUMBEROFMETHODSINCLUDINGCONSTITUTIONDIAGRAMS,FUNCTIONFITMODEL,FEEDFORWARDBACKPROPAGATIONNEURALNETWORKMODELHAVEBEENPUTFORWARDFORPREDICTINGTHEDELTAFERRITECONTENTINSTAINLESSSTEELWELDSAMONGALLTHEMETHODS,NEURALNETWORKMETHODWASREPORTEDTOBEMOREACCURATECOMPAREDTOOTHERMETHODSAPOTENTIALRISKASSOCIATEDWITHNEURALNETWORKANALYSISISOVERFITTINGOFTHETRAININGDATATOAVOIDOVERFITTING,MACKAYHASDEVELOPEDABAYESIANFRAMEWORKTOCONTROLTHECOMPLEXITYOFTHENEURALNETWORKMAINADVANTAGESOFTHISMETHODARETHATITPROVIDESMEANINGFULERRORBARSFORTHEMODELPREDICTIONSANDALSOITISPOSSIBLETOIDENTIFYAUTOMATICALLYTHEINPUTVARIABLESWHICHAREIMPORTANTINTHECONTENTHENCE,THEDELTAFERRITECONTENTESTIMATEDUSINGTHEWRC1992DIAGRAMWOULDALWAYSBELESSACCURATEANDMAYNEVERBECLOSETOTHEACTUALMEASUREDVALUEINTHEFUNCTIONFITMODEL7FORESTIMATINGFERRITE,THEDIFFERENCEINFREEENERGYBETWEENTHEFERRITEANDTHEAUSTENITEWASCALCULATEDASAFUNCTIONOFCOMPOSITIONANDTHISWASRELATEDTOFERRITENUMBERFNTHEEQUATIONUSEDINTHISMODELTODETERMINEFNISGIVENBELOWFNA1EXPBC_G?11WHEREA,BANDCARETHECONSTANTSTHEADVANTAGESOFTHISSEMIEMPIRICALMODELOVERTHEWRC1992DIAGRAMINCLUDEITSCONSIDERINGEFFECTOFOTHERALLOYINGELEMENTSANDTHEEASEOFEXTRAPOLATIONTOHIGHERCREQANDNIEQVALUESTHISFUNCTIONFITMETHODCANBEUSEDFORAWIDERANGEOFWELDMETALCOMPOSITIONSANDOWINGTOTHEANALYTICALFORMOFTHISMODEL,THEFNCANBEQUANTIFIEDEASILYHOWEVER,THEACCURACYOFTHISMETHODISNOTGREATERTHANTHEWRC1992DIAGRAMVITEKETAL8,9SOUGHTTOOVERCOMETHEMAJORLIMITATIONOFTHECONSTITUTIONDIAGRAMANDTHEFUNCTIONFITMETHODOFNOTTAKINGINTOACCOUNTTHEELEMENTALINTERACTIONS,BYUSINGNEURALNETWORKSFORPREDICTINGFERRITEINSSWELDSTHEIMPROVEMENTINACCURACYINPREDICTINGTHEDELTAFERRITECONTENTBYUSINGNEURALNETWORKS,INVOLVINGAFEEDFORWARDNETWORKWITHABACKPROPAGATIONOPTIMIZATIONSCHEME,HASBEENCLEARLYBROUGHTINTHEIRSTUDYTHEEFFECTOFVARIOUSELEMENTSONTHEDELTAFERRITECONTENTFORAFEWBASECOMPOSITIONSWASEXAMINEDBYCALCULATINGTHEFNASAFUNCTIONOFCOMPOSITIONHOWEVER,ITWASNOTPOSSIBLEINTHEIRANALYSISTODIRECTLYINTERPRETTHEELEMENTALCONTRIBUTIONSTOTHEFINALFNTHEPREDICTIONANDMEASUREMENTOFFERRITEINSSWELDSREMAINSOFSCIENTIFICINTERESTDUETOLIMITATIONSINALLTHECURRENTMETHODS,ANDNEWERMETHODSANDCONSTITUTIONDIAGRAMSARECONTINUOUSLYBEINGPROPOSEDTOPREDICTTHEDELTAFERRITECONTENTFORAWIDERRANGEOFSSTYPESITWASINTHISCONTEXTTHATTHEDEVELOPMENTOFAMOREACCURATENEURALNETWORKBASEDPREDICTIVETOOLFORESTIMATINGTHEEFFECTOFVARIOUSALLOYINGELEMENTSONTHEDELTAFERRITECONTENTFORDIFFERENTSSWELDSWASTAKENUPINTHISWORKAPOTENTIALRISKASSOCIATEDWITHNEURALNETWORKANALYSISISOVERFITTINGOFTHE

簡(jiǎn)介：中文2640字本科畢業(yè)論文外文資料翻譯系別地球科學(xué)與資源系地球科學(xué)與資源系專業(yè)地質(zhì)學(xué)地質(zhì)學(xué)姓名學(xué)號(hào)2014年4月8日3圖1洞中拉礦區(qū)區(qū)域地質(zhì)簡(jiǎn)圖1第四系2始新統(tǒng)古新統(tǒng)火山巖、沉積巖3上白堊統(tǒng)火山巖夾砂礫巖、灰?guī)r4下白堊統(tǒng)沉積巖、火山巖5上侏羅統(tǒng)下白堊統(tǒng)海相沉積巖、火山巖6上侏羅統(tǒng)海相沉積巖7中侏羅統(tǒng)上侏羅統(tǒng)海相沉積巖、火山巖8中三疊統(tǒng)下三疊統(tǒng)變質(zhì)巖、火山巖9上二疊統(tǒng)海相沉積巖、火山巖10上二疊統(tǒng)中二疊統(tǒng)海相沉積巖、火山巖11中二疊統(tǒng)沉積巖、火山巖12石炭系二疊系變質(zhì)巖、火山巖13上石炭統(tǒng)下二疊統(tǒng)沉積巖、火山巖14下石炭統(tǒng)火山巖、沉積巖15新近紀(jì)二長(zhǎng)花崗巖16古近紀(jì)花崗巖、二長(zhǎng)花崗巖17白堊紀(jì)花崗巖、二長(zhǎng)花崗巖、花崗閃長(zhǎng)巖18侏羅紀(jì)花崗閃長(zhǎng)巖19三疊紀(jì)二長(zhǎng)花崗巖、花崗閃長(zhǎng)巖20地層界線21實(shí)測(cè)斷層22推測(cè)斷層23礦床點(diǎn)24洞中拉礦區(qū)洞中拉礦區(qū)域上出露的地層主要有前奧陶系岔薩崗巖組，上古生界的石炭紀(jì)二疊紀(jì)地層，即中元古代松多巖組、下石炭統(tǒng)諾錯(cuò)組、上石炭統(tǒng)下二疊統(tǒng)來(lái)姑組和中二疊統(tǒng)洛巴堆組和中生界中上侏羅統(tǒng)和白堊系。區(qū)域內(nèi)巖漿活動(dòng)比較強(qiáng)烈，巖漿巖分布較廣泛，侵入巖、巨厚層的火山巖和超鐵鎂質(zhì)巖零星分布。研究區(qū)地處岡底斯念青唐古拉板片中段的南部邊緣、雅魯藏布江縫合帶北盤，是強(qiáng)烈的擠壓碰撞造山帶。區(qū)域上金屬礦產(chǎn)主要有銅、鉛鋅、銀、金等。銅鉛鋅銀多金屬礦產(chǎn)主要沿區(qū)內(nèi)主干斷裂帶及其兩側(cè)分布，成因上與燕山晚期及喜山期花崗巖關(guān)系密切。礦體多分布于北西向、北東向斷裂破碎帶內(nèi)或賦存于石炭系二疊系細(xì)碎屑巖與碳酸鹽巖巖性轉(zhuǎn)換部位。由于所處地質(zhì)單元的不同，礦化類型也有所區(qū)別，納木錯(cuò)嘉黎斷裂帶北側(cè)礦化類型多為中低溫?zé)嵋撼涮罱淮透汇U銀礦，如尤卡朗鉛銀礦床，礦體賦存于北東向斷裂破碎帶內(nèi)，嚴(yán)格受斷裂構(gòu)造控制沿羊八井九支拉韌性變形帶及其兩側(cè)礦化類型以層狀矽卡巖型銅鋅礦最為重要，如拉屋銅鋅多金屬礦床，礦體賦存于巖體外接觸帶矽卡巖及矽卡巖化大理巖中，成礦時(shí)代為燕山晚期，其次為中低溫?zé)嵋撼涮罱淮豌~礦化納木錯(cuò)嘉黎斷裂帶南側(cè)礦化類型以層控碳酸鹽巖型鉛鋅礦化為主，如洞中拉、洞中松多、蒙亞啊、亞貴拉、昂張鉛鋅礦床，礦體賦存于上石炭統(tǒng)下二疊統(tǒng)細(xì)碎屑巖與碳酸鹽巖巖性轉(zhuǎn)換部位，并受碳酸鹽巖控制，礦體呈層狀，與圍巖呈漸變過(guò)渡關(guān)系。3礦床地質(zhì)特征礦區(qū)出露地層包括前奧陶系松多巖組ANOM、中二疊統(tǒng)洛巴堆組P2L、第四系沖、洪積及冰磧物。松多巖組分布在礦區(qū)東南部，巖性主要為石英片巖洛巴堆組分布在礦區(qū)中部及東部，巖性組合為灰?guī)r、大理巖和碳質(zhì)板巖。區(qū)內(nèi)大面積出露晚燕山期的中酸性侵入巖，以石英斑巖、花崗斑巖、閃長(zhǎng)巖為主。礦區(qū)構(gòu)造主要以近EW向斷裂構(gòu)造為主。容礦構(gòu)造主要以近EW向的碳酸鹽巖地層洛巴堆組灰?guī)r大理巖夾板巖的層間破碎帶為主。洞中拉鉛鋅礦床共圈定出Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ號(hào)4個(gè)礦體，Ⅰ號(hào)礦體規(guī)模最大，品位最高。Ⅱ號(hào)礦體由3個(gè)小礦體組成Ⅱ－1、Ⅱ－2、Ⅱ－3，Ⅲ號(hào)和Ⅳ號(hào)礦體為地表礦體，僅由剝土工程控制，規(guī)模較小。Ⅰ號(hào)礦體位于礦區(qū)東部小湖之東山坡一帶，北部礦化帶的東段。該礦體賦存于上二疊統(tǒng)洛巴堆組灰?guī)r與板巖的接觸帶中，礦化類型為方鉛礦化、閃鋅礦化、黃鐵礦化及黃銅礦化，主要圍巖蝕變有綠泥石化、硅化、矽卡巖化，偶見(jiàn)方解石化。該礦體PB平均品位為85910－2，最高達(dá)336310－2ZN平均品位為80210－2，最高達(dá)3007

簡(jiǎn)介：1中文中文2376字出處出處FIBRES或一個(gè)可以得出結(jié)論，在某些情況下，少起毛起球的表面上的形式時(shí)經(jīng)紗數(shù)遠(yuǎn)大于緯紗數(shù)（即經(jīng)緯紗交織較少），是的經(jīng)密遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于緯密。但在某些織物，緯密增加會(huì)使織物表面形成小球數(shù)減少。關(guān)鍵詞精紡織物；編織類型；經(jīng)緯密度；起毛起球。導(dǎo)言起毛起球不僅對(duì)紡織和衣服制造商還為用戶都是一個(gè)重要的問(wèn)題。起毛起球的脫落過(guò)程會(huì)使面料質(zhì)量的顯著下降也會(huì)使用戶的舒適度產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響。賽洛紡紗線在許多梭織精紡面料的性能特點(diǎn)方面是相當(dāng)足夠媲美兩合股紗線的，當(dāng)其生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中提供最佳條件。這種織物抗起毛起球性和耐磨性幾乎在同一水平形成，并有近似的的外觀。除了服裝設(shè)計(jì)的種類多樣性，耐用性也是一個(gè)重要因素。因此像起毛起球這一個(gè)技術(shù)參數(shù)，這會(huì)影響耐久性，是服裝行業(yè)的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題之一。起毛起球是織物疵點(diǎn)，這是小纖維球或干預(yù)纖維與織物表面一根或更多的纖維接觸而組成的。起毛起球往往代表著在織物或服裝的一個(gè)嚴(yán)重缺陷。它不僅對(duì)織物外觀和處理的產(chǎn)品有損害，它也有使纖維從紗線結(jié)構(gòu)中轉(zhuǎn)移速率加速效果，從而實(shí)質(zhì)性降低使用壽命。在小球的形成過(guò)程中，纖維纏結(jié)使織物表面形成一些畸形。小球萌生和發(fā)展遵循一套行之有效的模式，它有六個(gè)階段1建立一個(gè)絨毛密度高的局部區(qū)域，3起卷脫落起卷不脫落表1樣品的技術(shù)數(shù)據(jù)樣品編號(hào)經(jīng)緯紗的數(shù)（TEX）織造類型緯密（緯紗/CM）經(jīng)密（經(jīng)紗/CM）150/21/2斜紋左到右1516172518526250/22/1斜紋左到右15161725185263384/22/1斜紋左到右1/2斜紋左到右2122232426254384/22/2斜紋左到右2122232427525/2緞面4/1↑22829303140625/21/2斜紋右到左2/1斜紋左到右2526272829315高捻因素和緊密的織物結(jié)構(gòu)導(dǎo)致起卷率低，并限制小球的增長(zhǎng)，且對(duì)具有高拉伸強(qiáng)度的纖維來(lái)說(shuō)，起毛起球的形式更有可能成為不動(dòng)停留在織物表面上而不會(huì)穿脫落。織物表面伸出的纖維的平均長(zhǎng)度會(huì)影響小球的大小。由于面料交織的增加而改進(jìn)耐磨損是可以理解的，因?yàn)榻豢椩黾樱▓D3），面料變得更緊湊，纖維之間和紗線之間的摩擦增加。

簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文5660字本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯外文譯文題目對(duì)于E類型的簡(jiǎn)單生產(chǎn)線平衡問(wèn)題的解決過(guò)程出處出處COMPUTERSINDUSTRIALENGINEERING,2011,613824830學(xué)院機(jī)械自動(dòng)化專業(yè)工業(yè)工程學(xué)號(hào)學(xué)生姓名學(xué)生姓名指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)教師日期二○一四年五月

簡(jiǎn)介：2200單詞，單詞，12500英文字符英文字符,3800漢字漢字文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處BUSSEYASTRETCHINGCOPYRIGHTTOITSLIMITONTHECOPYRIGHTABILITYOFYOGAANDOTHERSPORTSMOVEMENTSINLIGHTOFTHEUSCOPYRIGHTOFFICESNEWCHARACTERIZATIONOFCOMPILATIONSJSOCIALSCIENCEELECTRONICPUBLISHING,2013JEFFREYSMOORADSPORTSLAWJOURNALVOLUMEXX2013ISSUE1ARTICLESSTRETCHINGCOPYRIGHTTOITSLIMITONTHECOPYRIGHTABILITYOFYOGAANDOTHERSPORTSMOVEMENTSINLIGHTOFTHEUSCOPYRIGHTOFFICE’SNEWCHARACTERIZATIONOFCOMPILATIONSALEXANDERBUSSEYICOPYRIGHTINGYOGAANDEXERCISEROUTINESINTHEWORDSOFTHEOSYUCOURT,“ONFIRSTIMPRESSION,ITSEEMSINAPPROPRIATE,ANDALMOSTUNBELIEVABLE,THATASEQUENCEOFYOGAPOSITIONSCOULDBEANYONEPERSON’SINTELLECTUALPROPERTY,”YETTHEISSUEISNOTSOOBVIOUS73THISPARTEXAMINESHOWONEMIGHTCONSTRUETHECOPYRIGHTACTTOAFFORDPROTECTIONTOYOGAANDOTHERSIMILAREXERCISEROUTINESTHEREAREANUMBEROFISSUESTOCONSIDERWHENDETERMININGTHECOPYRIGHTABILITYOFYOGAANDEXERCISEROUTINESFIRST,THESEATHLETICACTIVITIESAREMOSTCLOSELYRELATEDTOCHOREOGRAPHICWORKSIFTHEYCANNOTBECLASSIFIEDASCHOREOGRAPHICWORKS,THENONEMIGHTARGUETHATYOGAANDEXERCISEROUTINESCOULDFALLBACKONTHEPROTECTIONOFCOMPILATIONSLIKETHEBIKRAMEXAMPLE,ATLEASTPRIORTOTHEOFFICE’SRECENTSTATEMENTOFPOLICYBUTEVENIFYOGAANDOTHEREXERCISEROUTINESCANBECONTORTEDTOFITWITHINEITHEROFTHESECATEGORIES,THEYMUSTSTILLOVERCOMEANUMBEROFISSUES,INCLUDINGORIGINALITY,THEMERGERDOCTRINE,ANDTHEFUNCTIONALITYDOCTRINETHISPARTEXAMINESHOWYOGAANDEXERCISEROUTINESAREAFFECTEDBYEACHOFTHESEISSUESAYOGAANDEXERCISEASCHOREOGRAPHYWHENCONGRESSPASSEDTHECOPYRIGHTACTOF1976,ITASSUMEDTHATPANTOMIMESANDCHOREOGRAPHICWORKSHAD“FAIRLYSETTLEDMEANINGS”74DESPITEFAILINGTOPROVIDEADEFINITIONFORTHESEWORKS,THEHOUSEDIDINDICATETHAT“‘CHOREOGRAPHICWORKS’DONOTINCLUDESOCIALDANCESTEPSANDSIMPLEROUTINES”75THISLIKELYRULESOUTTHEMACARENAANDTHEWALTZ,BUTTHETERM“SIMPLEROUTINES”ISNOTWITHOUTITSOWNAMBIGUITIESIN1984,THEOFFICEPICKEDUPWHATCONGRESSLEFTUNDONE,PROVIDINGITSOWNDEFINITIONOFCHOREOGRAPHICWORKSINTHEDANCEMOVES,AND2ARRANGESTHEMINTO3ANORIGINALWORKINOSYU,BIKRAMARGUEDTHATHISYOGAROUTINEWASINFACTCOPYRIGHTEDASACOMPILATIONOFASANASBECAUSEHECOORDINATEDTHEPREEXISTINGPOSTURESINANEW,ORIGINALFASHION85AND,APPARENTLY,NEITHERTHECOURTNORTHEOFFICEOPPOSEDTHISARGUMENTATTHETIME86BUTEVENIFAYOGAOREXERCISEROUTINEFITSINTOTHISCATEGORY,ORTHECATEGORYOFCHOREOGRAPHICWORKS,THEREARESTILLANUMBEROFHURDLESTOCLEARINORDERTORECEIVECOPYRIGHTPROTECTIONCLIMITATIONSONCOPYRIGHTINGYOGAANDEXERCISEROUTINE1FIXATIONANDORIGINALITYASPREVIOUSLYMENTIONED,ALLCOPYRIGHTABLESUBJECTMATTERMUSTBEAN“ORIGINALWORKOFAUTHORSHIPFIXEDINANYTANGIBLEMEDIUMOFEXPRESSION”87THEFIXATIONREQUIREMENTISEASILYOVERCOMESIMPLYRECORDINGAROUTINEONVIDEOISSUFFICIENTTOFIXTHEWORK88ORIGINALITY,HOWEVER,ISNOTASSTRAIGHTFORWARDASOSYUEXPLAINED,ORIGINALITYISGENERALLYAQUESTIONOFFACT89BUTTHESTANDARDISFAIRLYLOWINMLB,THESEVENTHCIRCUITHELDTHATBASEBALLPLAYERS’PERFORMANCESINABASEBALLGAMEARESUFFICIENTLYCREATIVETOOVERCOMETHEORIGINALITYREQUIREMENT,EVENTHOUGHINMOSTINSTANCESTHEYMERELYREACTTOTHEMOVEMENTSOFTHEBALLANDOTHERPLAYERS90THEFEISTCOURTHELDTHATARRANGINGNAMESINALPHABETICALORDERWASINSUFFICIENTLYORIGINALTOGARNERCOPYRIGHTPROTECTIONINAPHONEBOOK91HOWEVER,INANOTHERCASETHECOURTHELDTHATAPHONEBOOKTHATSELECTEDBUSINESSBASEDONTHEIRINTERESTTOACHINESECOMMUNITYWASSUFFICIENTLYORIGINAL92ITSEEMSTHEN,THATSOMEARRANGEMENTSOFSIMPLEEXERCISESTEPSCOULDSATISFYTHEORIGINALITYREQUIREMENT2IDEA/EXPRESSIONDICHOTOMYTHEMERGERDOCTRINETHEIDEA/EXPRESSIONDICHOTOMY,WHICHISSIMILARTOTHEMERGERDOCTRINE,WASFIRSTDISCUSSEDINTHENINETEENTHCENTURYCASEBAKERVSELDEN93INTHATCASE,THEPLAINTIFF,SELDEN,ATTEMPTEDTOENFORCEACOPYRIGHTINRELATIONTOABOOKTHATDESCRIBEDAMETHODOFBOOKKEEPINGANDINCLUDEDCOPIESOFANUMBEROFBOOKKEEPINGFORMS94SELDENATTEMPTEDTOENJOINANOTHERFROMSELLINGABOOKTHATINCLUDEDVERYSIMILARFORMS95THECOURTHELDTHAT“THEREISACLEARDISTINCTIONBETWEENTHEBOOK,ASSUCH,ANDTHEARTWHICHITISINTENDEDTOILLUSTRATE”96INOTHERWORDS,THEBOOKISCOPYRIGHTABLE,ANDANEXACTDUPLICATIONOFTHEBOOKWOULDHAVEBEENCOPYRIGHTINFRINGEMENT,BUTTHESYSTEMDESCRIBEDINTHEBOOKISNOTCOPYRIGHTABLEBECAUSEITISMERELYANIDEAIDEASCANNOTBECOPYRIGHTEDSUCHASYSTEMMIGHTBEPROTECTABLEUNDERPATENTLAW,BUTNOTUNDERCOPYRIGHTTHENINTHCIRCUITEXPLAINSMERGERLIKETHIS“WHENTHE‘IDEA’ANDITSEXPRESSIONAREINSEPARABLE,COPYINGTHE‘EXPRESSION’WILLNOTBEBARRED,SINCEPROTECTINGTHE‘EXPRESSION’INSUCHCIRCUMSTANCESWOULDCONFERAMONOPOLYOFTHE‘IDEA’UPONTHECOPYRIGHTOWNERFREEOFTHECONDITIONSANDLIMITATIONSIMPOSEDBY

簡(jiǎn)介：1中文中文13500字出處出處STRATEGICMANAGEMENTJOURNAL,VOL12,33481991資源與多元化類型的聯(lián)系理論和證據(jù)資源與多元化類型的聯(lián)系理論和證據(jù)SAYANCHATTERJEEWEATHERHEADSCHOOLOFMANAGEMENT,CASEWESTERNRESERVEUNIVERSITY,CLEVELAND,OHIO,USABIRGERWERNERFELTSLOANSCHOOLOFMANAGEMENT,MASSACHUSETTSINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY,CAMBRIDGE,MASSACHUSETTS,USA摘要本文理論和實(shí)證地探討一個(gè)論點(diǎn)公司開(kāi)始多元化發(fā)展以利用對(duì)現(xiàn)有經(jīng)營(yíng)來(lái)說(shuō)剩余的生產(chǎn)力資源。掌握這些資源的知識(shí)有助于我們預(yù)測(cè)一個(gè)公司擴(kuò)張的方向。尤其是，我們認(rèn)為過(guò)量的物理資源，大部分知識(shí)資源，和外部財(cái)務(wù)資源與相關(guān)多元化更加有聯(lián)系，內(nèi)部財(cái)務(wù)資源與非相關(guān)多元化更有聯(lián)系。1引言引言也許在戰(zhàn)略管理學(xué)科上最吸引人關(guān)注的問(wèn)題就是公司多元化與績(jī)效間可能的關(guān)系。很多研究支持RUMELT’S1974最初的觀點(diǎn)相關(guān)多元化公司比非相關(guān)多元化公司表現(xiàn)更優(yōu)異（MONTGOMERY,1979BETTIS,1981RUMELT,1982PALEPU,1985VARADARAJAN,1986VARADARAJANANDRAMANUJAM,1987JOSE,NICHOLS,ANDSTEVENS,1986LUBATKINANDROGERS,1989），同時(shí)，有些相反（MICHELANDSHAKED,1984RAJAGOPALANANDHARRIGAN,1986ELGERSANDCLARK,1980CHATTERJEE,1986）或者中性的（LUBATKIN,1987）觀點(diǎn)不斷被提出。這個(gè)關(guān)聯(lián)性假設(shè)得不到一致支持，從而導(dǎo)致了一個(gè)問(wèn)題。盡管就平均水平來(lái)說(shuō)，非相關(guān)多元化較相關(guān)多元化3LEMELIN1982、CARLETON、HARRIS和STEWART1984發(fā)現(xiàn)公司多元化時(shí)傾向于進(jìn)入和本行業(yè)資源相近的行業(yè)。LECRAW1984，MONTGOMERY和HARIHARAN1990都在個(gè)體公司層面證實(shí)了這點(diǎn)。所有的這些研究都表明公司進(jìn)入的市場(chǎng)和它的資源框架有系統(tǒng)性的聯(lián)系。利用這種聯(lián)系提出我們的假設(shè)，（A）我們需要識(shí)別出不同公司都共有的一個(gè)資源類型；（B）資源與市場(chǎng)類型的聯(lián)系，以及價(jià)值創(chuàng)造的潛力。如果這些可以被識(shí)別出來(lái)，接著我們應(yīng)該可以發(fā)現(xiàn)跨行業(yè)公司對(duì)于市場(chǎng)選擇的系統(tǒng)性模式。從另一個(gè)角度來(lái)說(shuō)，一個(gè)基于資源的方法使得我們采用多元化公司管理者的視角來(lái)看問(wèn)題。如果我們的基本假設(shè)是有效的，我們期望管理者將公司資源部署在利潤(rùn)最大化的市場(chǎng)。當(dāng)然，資源可能不是解釋市場(chǎng)類型的唯一因素。實(shí)證研究嘗試控制其他重要因素。21關(guān)于進(jìn)入的市場(chǎng)類型的假設(shè)關(guān)于進(jìn)入的市場(chǎng)類型的假設(shè)當(dāng)RUMELT1974最初將多元化分為相關(guān)和非相關(guān)，大部分最近的研究都考慮多元化程度的問(wèn)題，程度是一直在變化的（MONTGOMERY,1982CAVES,PORTER,SPENCE,ANDSCOTT,1980MONTGOMERYANDWERNERFELT,1988）。因此我們接著后面的方法，理論和實(shí)證兩方面都提到了相關(guān)程度可以從橫向到非相關(guān)之間變化。所以應(yīng)該在這種情境下理解“多元化類型”。我們期待從資源角度研究的多元化類型依賴于它在特定產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)的特異性（MONTGOMERYANDWERNERFELT,1988GORT,GRABOWSKI,ANDMCGUCKIN,1985WILLIAMSON,1975GORECKI,1975）。顯然地，如果一種資源只能用來(lái)制造一種產(chǎn)品，它是不合適于多元化的。但是，大部分的資源可以用在多種終端產(chǎn)品上。簡(jiǎn)短來(lái)說(shuō)，我們將這種資源特點(diǎn)稱作“靈活性”。如果一個(gè)公司擁有的資源對(duì)于終端產(chǎn)品是相當(dāng)特殊的（不變性），這種公司會(huì)被限制以一個(gè)相對(duì)相關(guān)的方式多元化；同時(shí)當(dāng)一個(gè)公司擁有比較靈活的資源（相對(duì)終端產(chǎn)品而言），它可以選擇相關(guān)程度大或者小的多元化。根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)里的傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)（TEECE,1982MACDONALD,1984MONTGOMERYANDHARIHARAN,1990），我們將資源分為三個(gè)層次（A）物理資源，（B）無(wú)形資產(chǎn)，（C）財(cái)務(wù)資源。前兩者相對(duì)比較不靈活；因此他們只能被用在進(jìn)入比較相關(guān)的市場(chǎng)。財(cái)務(wù)資源，是最靈活的，適用于各種類型的多元

簡(jiǎn)介：外文文獻(xiàn)資料外文文獻(xiàn)資料JOURNALOFEDUCATIONALPSYCHOLOGY,1999,91,4,684689TYPESOFVISUALSPATIALREPRESENTATIONSANDMATHEMATICALPROBLEMSOLVINGMARYHEGARTYANDMARIAKOZHEVNIKOVUNIVERSITYOFCALIFORNIA,SANTABARBARAALTHOUGHVISUALSPATIALREPRESENTATIONSAREUSEDEXTENSIVELYINMATHEMATICSANDSPATIALABILITYISHIGHLYCORRELATEDWITHSUCCESSINMATHEMATICSEDUCATION,RESEARCHTODATEHASNOTDEMONSTRATEDACLEARRELATIONSHIPBETWEENUSEOFVISUALSPATIALREPRESENTATIONSANDSUCCESSINMATHEMATICALPROBLEMSOLVINGTHEAUTHORSDISTINGUISHED2TYPESOFVISUALSPATIALREPRESENTATIONSSCHEMATICREPRESENTATIONSTHATENCODETHESPATIALRELATIONSDESCRIBEDINAPROBLEMANDPICTORIALREPRESENTATIONSTHATENCODETHEVISUALAPPEARANCEOFTHEOBJECTSDESCRIBEDINTHEPROBLEMPARTICIPANTSSOLVEDMATHEMATICALPROBLEMSANDREPORTEDONTHEIRSOLUTIONSTRATEGIESTHEAUTHORSWEREABLETORELIABLYCLASSIFYTHEIRVISUALSPATIALREPRESENTATIONSASPRIMARILYSCHEMATICORPRIMARILYPICTORIALUSEOFSCHEMATICSPATIALREPRESENTATIONSWASASSOCIATEDWITHSUCCESSINMATHEMATICALPROBLEMSOLVING,WHEREASUSEOFPICTORIALREPRESENTATIONSWASNEGATIVELYCORRELATEDWITHSUCCESSUSEOFSCHEMATICREPRESENTATIONSWASALSOSIGNIFICANTLYCORRELATEDWITHONEMEASUREOFSPATIALABILITYTHERESEARCHTHEREFOREHELPSCLARIFYTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENVISUALIMAGERY,SPATIALABILITY,ANDMATHEMATICALPROBLEMSOLVINGVISUALIMAGERYREFERSTOTHEABILITYTOFORMMENTALREPRESENTATIONSOFTHEAPPEARANCEOFOBJECTSANDTOMANIPULATETHESEREPRESENTATIONSINTHEMINDKOSSLYN,1995MOSTRESEARCHERSAGREETHATSUCHVISUALREPRESENTATIONSAREIMPORTANTINMATHEMATICSEDUCATIONBECAUSETHEYENHANCEANINTUITIVEVIEWANDANUNDERSTANDINGINMANYAREASOFMATHEMATICSEG,KRUTETSKII,1976USISKIN,1987THEREISASIGNIFICANTLEANBPATTERNIMAGERYPURERELATIONSHIPSDEPICTEDINAVISUALSPATIALSCHEMECKINESTHETICIMAGERY,WHICHINVOLVESHANDMOVEMENTANDOTHERGESTURESDDYNAMICIMAGERY,WHICHINVOLVESDYNAMICTRANSFORMATIONSOFGEOMETRICFIGURESANDEMEMORYOFFORMULAS,WHEREINVISUALIZERSTYPICALLYIMAGINEAFORMULAWRITTENONABLACKBOARDORINTHEIRNOTEBOOKSPRESMEG1986A,1986B,1992ARGUEDTHATTHEUSEOFCONCRETEPICTORIALIMAGERYMAYFOCUSTHEREASONINGONIRRELEVANTDETAILSTHATTAKETHEPROBLEMSOLVERSATTENTIONFROMTHEMAINELEMENTSINTHEORIGINALPROBLEMREPRESENTATION,WHEREASOTHERKINDSOFIMAGERYMAYPLAYAMOREPOSITIVEROLEPRESMEGASCRIBEDTHEMOSTESSENTIALROLEINMATHEMATICALPROBLEMSOLVINGTOPATTERNIMAGERY,INWHICHCONCRETEDETAILSAREDISREGARDEDANDPURERELATIONSHIPSAREDEPICTEDTHISKINDOFIMAGERYWASALSOIDENTIFIEDBYOTHERRESEARCHERSJOHNSON,1987KRUTETSKII,1976HOWEVER,NONEOF

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簡(jiǎn)介：JOURNALOFMATERIALSPROCESSINGTECHNOLOGY142200320–28DELTAFERRITEPREDICTIONINSTAINLESSSTEELWELDSUSINGNEURALNETWORKANALYSISANDCOMPARISONWITHOTHERPREDICTIONMETHODSMVASUDEVANA,?,AKBHADURIA,BALDEVRAJA,KPRASADRAOBAMETALLURGYANDMATERIALSGROUP,INDIRAGANDHICENTREFORATOMICRESEARCH,KALPAKKAM,INDIABDEPARTMENTOFMETALLURGY,INDIANINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY,CHENNAI,INDIARECEIVED2MAY2002RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM11DECEMBER2002ACCEPTED17FEBRUARY2003ABSTRACTTHEABILITYTOPREDICTTHEDELTAFERRITECONTENTINSTAINLESSSTEELWELDSISIMPORTANTFORMANYREASONSDEPENDINGONTHESERVICEREQUIREMENT,MANUFACTURERSANDCONSUMERSOFTENSPECIFYDELTAFERRITECONTENTASANALLOYSPECIFICATIONTOENSURETHATWELDCONTAINSADESIREDMINIMUMORMAXIMUMFERRITELEVELRECENTRESEARCHACTIVITIESHAVEBEENFOCUSEDONSTUDYINGTHEEFFECTOFVARIOUSALLOYINGELEMENTSONTHEDELTAFERRITECONTENTANDCONTROLLINGDELTAFERRITECONTENTBYMODIFYINGTHEWELDMETALCOMPOSITIONSOVERTHEYEARS,ANUMBEROFMETHODSINCLUDINGCONSTITUTIONDIAGRAMS,FUNCTIONFITMODEL,FEEDFORWARDBACKPROPAGATIONNEURALNETWORKMODELHAVEBEENPUTFORWARDFORPREDICTINGTHEDELTAFERRITECONTENTINSTAINLESSSTEELWELDSAMONGALLTHEMETHODS,NEURALNETWORKMETHODWASREPORTEDTOBEMOREACCURATECOMPAREDTOOTHERMETHODSAPOTENTIALRISKASSOCIATEDWITHNEURALNETWORKANALYSISISOVERFITTINGOFTHETRAININGDATATOAVOIDOVERFITTING,MACKAYHASDEVELOPEDABAYESIANFRAMEWORKTOCONTROLTHECOMPLEXITYOFTHENEURALNETWORKMAINADVANTAGESOFTHISMETHODARETHATITPROVIDESMEANINGFULERRORBARSFORTHEMODELPREDICTIONSANDALSOITISPOSSIBLETOIDENTIFYAUTOMATICALLYTHEINPUTVARIABLESWHICHAREIMPORTANTINTHENONLINEARREGRESSIONINTHEPRESENTWORK,BAYESIANNEURALNETWORKBNNMODELFORPREDICTIONOFDELTAFERRITECONTENTINSTAINLESSSTEELWELDHASBEENDEVELOPEDTHEEFFECTOFVARYINGCONCENTRATIONOFTHEELEMENTSONTHEDELTAFERRITECONTENTHASBEENQUANTIFIEDFORTYPE309AUSTENITICSTAINLESSSTEELANDTHEDUPLEXSTAINLESSSTEELALLOY2205THEBNNMODELISFOUNDTOBEMOREACCURATECOMPAREDTOTHATOFTHEOTHERMETHODSFORPREDICTINGDELTAFERRITECONTENTINSTAINLESSSTEELWELDS?2003ELSEVIERSCIENCEBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSNEURALNETWORKANALYSISDELTAFERRITECONTENTAUSTENITICSTAINLESSSTEELDUPLEXSTAINLESSSTEEL1INTRODUCTIONTHEABILITYTOESTIMATETHEDELTAFERRITECONTENTACCURATELYHASPROVENVERYUSEFULINPREDICTINGTHEVARIOUSPROPERTIESOFAUSTENITICSSWELDSAMINIMUMDELTAFERRITECONTENTISNECESSARYTOENSUREHOTCRACKINGRESISTANCEINTHESEWELDS1,2,WHILEANUPPERLIMITONTHEDELTAFERRITECONTENTDETERMINESTHEPROPENSITYTOEMBRITTLEMENTDUETOSECONDARYPHASES,EGSIGMAPHASE,ETC,FORMEDDURINGELEVATEDTEMPERATURESERVICE3ATCRYOGENICTEMPERATURES,THETOUGHNESSOFTHEAUSTENITICSSWELDSISSTRONGLYINFLUENCEDBYTHEDELTAFERRITECONTENT4INDUPLEXSTAINLESSSTEELWELDMETALS,ALOWERFERRITELIMITISSPECIFIEDFORSTRESSCORROSIONCRACKINGRESISTANCEWHILETHEUPPERLIMITISSPECIFIEDTOENSUREADEQUATEDUCTILITYANDTOUGHNESS5HENCE,DEPENDINGONTHESERVICEREQUIREMENTALOWERLIMITAND/ORANUPPERLIMITONDELTAFERRITECONTENTISGENERALLYSPECIFIEDDURINGTHESELEC?CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL91411480232FAX91411440381EMAILADDRESSDEVIGCARERNETINMVASUDEVANTIONOFFILLERMETALCOMPOSITION,THEMOSTACCURATEDIAGRAMTODATEWRC1992ISUSEDGENERALLYTOESTIMATETHE?FERRITECONTENT6THECREQANDNIEQFORMULAEUSEDFORGENERATINGTHEWRC1992CONSTITUTIONDIAGRAMISGIVENBYCREQCRMO07NBANDNIEQNI35C20N025CUTHELIMITATIONOFTHESEEQUATIONSISTHATVALUESOFTHECOEFFICIENTSFORTHEDIFFERENTELEMENTSREMAINUNCHANGEDIRRESPECTIVEOFTHECHANGEINTHEBASECOMPOSITIONOFTHEWELDHOWEVER,THERELATIVEINFLUENCEOFEACHALLOYINGADDITIONGIVENBYTHEELEMENTALCOEFFICIENTSINTHECREQANDNIEQEXPRESSIONSISLIKELYTOCHANGEOVERTHEFULLCOMPOSITIONRANGEFURTHERMORE,THESEEXPRESSIONSIGNORETHEINTERACTIONBETWEENTHEELEMENTSALSO,THEREAREANUMBEROFALLOYINGELEMENTSTHATHAVENOTBEENCONSIDEREDINTHEWRC1992DIAGRAMELEMENTSLIKESI,TI,WHAVENOTBEENGIVENDUETOCONSIDERATIONS,THOUGHTHEYAREKNOWNTOINFLUENCETHEDELTAFERRITECONTENTHENCE,THEDELTAFERRITECONTENTESTIMATEDUSINGTHEWRC1992DIAGRAMWOULDALWAYSBELESSACCURATEANDMAYNEVERBECLOSETOTHEACTUALMEASUREDVALUEINTHEFUNCTIONFITMODEL7FORESTIMATINGFERRITE,THEDIFFERENCEINFREEENERGYBETWEENTHEFERRITEANDTHEAUSTENITEWASCALCULATED09240136/–SEEFRONTMATTER?2003ELSEVIERSCIENCEBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/S092401360300430822MVASUDEVANETAL/JOURNALOFMATERIALSPROCESSINGTECHNOLOGY142200320–28FIG1SCHEMATICDIAGRAMOFTHENETWORKSTRUCTURESHOWINGTHEINPUTNODES,HIDDENUNITSANDTHEOUTPUTNODEFUNCTIONSOTHATEACHINPUTCONTRIBUTESTOEVERYHIDDENUNIT,WHERENISTHETOTALNUMBEROFINPUTVARIABLESHITANH??N?JW1IJXJΘ1I??3HERETHEBIASISDESIGNATEDASΘANDISANALOGOUSTOTHECONSTANTINLINEARREGRESSIONTHETRANSFERFROMTHEHIDDENUNITSTOTHEOUTPUTISLINEAR,ANDISGIVENBYYN?IW2IHIΘ24THEOUTPUTYISTHEREFOREANONLINEARFUNCTIONOFXJ,WITHTHEFUNCTIONUSUALLYSELECTEDFORFLEXIBILITYBEINGTHEHYPERBOLICTANGENTTHUS,THENETWORKISCOMPLETELYDESCRIBEDIFTHENUMBEROFINPUTNODES,OUTPUTNODESANDTHEHIDDENUNITSAREKNOWNALONGWITHALLTHEWEIGHTSWIJANDBIASESΘITHESEWEIGHTSWIJAREDETERMINEDBYTRAININGTHENETWORKANDINVOLVESMINIMIZATIONOFAREGULARIZEDSUMOFSQUAREDERRORSTHEBNNANALYSISOFMACKAY10ALLOWSTHECALCULATIONOFERRORBARSWITHTWOCOMPONENTSONEREPRESENTINGTHEPERCEIVEDLEVELOFNOISEΣVINTHEOUTPUTANDTHEOTHERINDICATINGTHEUNCERTAINTYINTHEDATAFITTINGTHISLATTERCOMPONENTOFTHEERRORBARSEMANATINGFROMTHEBAYESIANFRAMEWORKALLOWSTHERELATIVEPROBABILITIESOFTHEMODELSWITHDIFFERENTCOMPLEXITYTOBEASSESSEDTHISENABLESESTIMATIONOFQUANTITATIVEERRORBARS,WHICHVARYWITHTHEPOSITIONINTHEINPUTSPACEDEPENDINGONTHEUNCERTAINTYINFITTINGTHEFUNCTIONINTHATSPACEHENCE,INSTEADOFCALCULATINGAUNIQUESETOFWEIGHTS,APROBABILITYDISTRIBUTIONOFWEIGHTSISUSEDTODEFINETHEUNCERTAINTYINFITTINGTHEREFORE,THESEERRORBARSBECOMELARGEWHENDATAARESPARSEORLOCALLYNOISYINTHISCONTEXT,AVERYUSEFULMEASUREOFTHEERRORISTHELOGARITHMOFTHEPREDICTIVEERRORLPEGIVENBYTHEFOLLOWINGLPE?N12?TN?YN2ΣN2YLOG2ΠΣNY1/2?5WHERETISTHETARGETFORTHESETOFINPUTSX,WHILEYTHECORRESPONDINGNETWORKOUTPUTΣYISRELATEDTOTHEUNCERTAINTYOFFITTINGFORTHESETOFINPUTSXBYUSINGLPE,THEPENALTYFORMAKINGAWILDPREDICTIONISREDUCEDIFTHATPREDICTIONISACCOMPANIEDBYANAPPROPRIATELYLARGEERRORBAR,WITHALARGERVALUEOFTHELPEIMPLYINGABETTERMODELFURTHER,BYTHISMETHODITISALSOPOSSIBLETOAUTOMATICALLYIDENTIFYTHEINPUTVARIABLESTHATARESIGNIFICANTININFLUENCINGTHEOUTPUTVARIABLE,ASTHEINPUTVARIABLESTHATARELESSSIGNIFICANTAREDOWNWEIGHTEDINTHEREGRESSIONANALYSIS31OVERFITTINGPROBLEMINBNNANALYSIS,TWOSOLUTIONSAREIMPLEMENTEDWHICHCONTRIBUTETOAVOIDOVERFITTINGTHEFIRSTISCONTAINEDINTHEALGORITHMDUETOMACKAY12THECOMPLEXITYPARAMETERSΑANDΒAREINFERREDFROMTHEDATA,THEREFOREALLOWINGAUTOMATICCONTROLOFTHEMODELCOMPLEXITYTHESECONDRESIDESINTHETRAININGMETHODTHEDATABASEISEQUALLYDIVIDEDINTOATRAININGSETANDATESTINGSETTOBUILDAMODEL,ABOUT80NETWORKSARETRAINEDWITHDIFFERENTNUMBEROFHIDDENUNITSANDSEEDS,USINGTHETRAININGSETTHEYARETHENUSEDTOMAKEPREDICTIONSONTHEUNSEENTESTINGSETANDARERANKEDBYLPE32COMMITTEEMODELTHENETWORKSWITHDIFFERENTNUMBEROFHIDDENUNITSWILLGIVEDIFFERENTPREDICTIONSBUTPREDICTIONSWILLALSODEPENDONTHEINITIALGUESSMADEFORTHEPROBABILITYDISTRIBUTIONOFTHEWEIGHTSTHEPRIOROPTIMUMPREDICTIONSAREOFTENMADEUSINGMORETHANONEMODEL,BYBUILDINGACOMMITTEETHEPREDICTIONˉYOFACOMMITTEEOFNETWORKSISTHEAVERAGEPREDICTIONOFITSMEMBERS,ANDTHEASSOCIATEDERRORBARISCALCULATEDACCORDINGTOEQ6ˉY1L?LYLΣ21L?LΣL2Y1L?LYL?ˉY26WHERELISTHENUMBEROFNETWORKSINACOMMITTEENOTETHATWENOWCONSIDERTHEPREDICTIONSFORAGIVENSINGLESETOFINPUTSANDTHATEXPONENTLREFERSTOTHEMODELUSEDTOPRODUCETHECORRESPONDINGPREDICTIONYLINPRACTICE,ANINCREASINGNUMBEROFNETWORKSAREINCLUDEDINACOMMITTEEANDTHEIR