簡(jiǎn)介：畢設(shè)附件外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯原文及譯文3500字原文STUDYOFSERVICEQUALITYMANAGEMENTINHOTELINDUSTRYBORKARSAMEERABSTRACTITISANATTEMPTTOUNDERSTANDTHEROLEOFQUALITYIMPROVEMENTPROCESSINHOSPITALITYINDUSTRYANDEFFECTIVENESSINMAKINGITSUSTAINABLEBUSINESSENTERPRISEITISASURVEYOFTHEPRESENTLYADOPTEDQUALITYMANAGEMENTTOOLSWHICHAREMAKINGTHEHOTELSOPERATIONSBETTERFOCUSEDANDRELIABLEANDMEETTHECUSTOMEREXPECTATIONSDESCRIPTIVERESEARCHDESIGNISUSEDTOKNOWTHEPARAMETERSOFSERVICEQUALITYMANAGEMENTINHOSPITALITYINDUSTRYEXPLORATORYRESEARCHDESIGNISUNDERTAKENTODIGOUTTHESERVICEQUALITYMANAGEMENTPRACTICESANDITSEFFECTIVENESSDATAANALYSISISDONEANDPRESENTEDHYPOTHESISISTESTEDAGAINSTTHECOLLECTEDDATASINCETHEINDUSTRYCONTINUOUSLYTRIESTOIMPROVEUPONTHEIRSERVICESTOMEETTHELEVELSOFCUSTOMERSATISFACTIONSTUDYPRESENTSTOOLSFORCONTINUOUSIMPROVEMENTPROCESSANDHOWITBENEFITSALLTHESTAKEHOLDERSITCANBEINFERREDFROMTHESTUDYTHATTHEHOTELIMPLEMENTCONTINUOUSIMPROVEMENTPROCESSANDQUALITYMANAGEMENTTOOLSTOREMAINCOMPETITIVEINTHEMARKETTHESTUDYINVOLVESHOTELSOFHIGHLYCOMPETITIVEMARKETWITHLIMITEDNUMBEROFRESPONDENTSTHISLIMITSTHESTUDYTOHOTELINDUSTRYANDHASSCOPEOFINCLUDINGOTHERHOSPITALITYSERVICEPROVIDERSASWELLKEYWORDSCUSTOMERSATISFACTION,PERCEPTION,PERFORMANCEMEASUREMENT,CONTINUOUS,IMPROVEMENTPROCESSINTRODUCTIONITHASBROUGHTPARADIGMSHIFTSINTHEOPERATIONSOFHOSPITALITYINDUSTRYTHEOVERALLPERSPECTIVEOFTHEINDUSTRYISCHANGEDDUETOINTRODUCTIONOFNEWTECHNIQUESANDMETHODSOFHANDLINGVARIOUSPROCESSESAWARENESSAMONGTHEHOTELIERSANDTHEGUESTSHASFUELLEDTHEINVENTIONSFOCUSEDONOPERATIONSTHEINCREASEDSAGACITYOFCUSTOMERSATISFACTIONLEDTOTHEUSEOFHIGHSTANDARDSOFSERVICEININDUSTRYTHENEWSERVICEPARAMETERSMADETHEHOTELIERSTOIMPLEMENTQUALITYMANAGEMENTASANEFFECTIVEAIDITHASSIGNIFICANTLYAFFECTEDHOTELSABILITYTOCONTROLANDADAPTTOCHANGINGENVIRONMENTSTHEUSEOFNEWTECHNIQUESBEGANWITHTHESIMPLEMOTIVEOFSOPHISTICATIONANDPRECISEACTIVITIESINTHEGIVENFIELDOFOPERATIONWHICHMAYRESULTINHIGHSTANDARDSOFSERVICEINGLOBALECONOMYANDHASALLOWEDTHERISEOFALEISURECLASSCONCEPTUALFRAMEWORKTHISSTUDYOFSERVICEQUALITYMANAGEMENTINHOSPITALITYINDUSTRYISANATTEMPTTOUNDERSTANDTHEPRESENCEOFQUALITYIMPROVEMENTPROCESSINHOSPITALITYINDUSTRYANDEFFECTIVENESSINMAKINGITSUSTAINABLEBUSINESSENTERPRISEITISASURVEYOFTHEPRESENTLYADOPTEDQUALITYMANAGEMENTTOOLSWHICHAREMAKINGTHEHOTELSOPERATIONSSAFER,FOCUSEDANDRELIABLEANDMEETTHECUSTOMEREXPECTATIONSASTHEHOSPITALITYINDUSTRYBECOMESMORECOMPETITIVETHEREISANOBVIOUSNEEDTORETAINCLIENTELEASWELLASINCREASINGPROFITABILITYANDHENCEMANAGEMENTPROFESSIONALSCOMPANIESDELIVERINGSERVICESMUSTBROADENTHEIREXAMINATIONOFPRODUCTIVITYTOHELPSETTLECONFLICTS–THELEVERAGESYNERGIES–BETWEENIMPROVINGSERVICEQUALITYANDBOOSTINGSERVICEPRODUCTIVITYPARASURAMANA2002AKEYACTIVITYISTOCONDUCTREGULARLYSCHEDULEDREVIEWOFPROGRESSBYQUALITYCOUNCILORWORKINGGROUPANDMANAGEMENTMUSTESTABLISHASYSTEMTOIDENTIFYAREASFORFUTUREIMPROVEMENTANDTOTRACKPERFORMANCEWITHRESPECTTOINTERNALANDEXTERNALCUSTOMERSTHEYMUSTALSOTRACKTHECHANGINGPREFERENCESOFCUSTOMERCONTINUOUSIMPROVEMENTMEANSNOTONLYBEINGSATISFIEDWITHDOINGAGOODJOBORPROCESSITISACCOMPLISHEDBYINCORPORATINGPROCESSMEASUREMENTANDTEAMPROBLEMSOLVINGANALLWORKACTIVITIESORGANIZATIONMUSTCONTINUOUSLYSTRIVEFOREXCELLENCEBYREDUCINGCOMPLEXITY,VARIATIONANDOUTOFCONTROLPROCESSPLANDSTUDYACTPDSADEVELOPEDBYSHEWHARTANDLATERONMODIFIEDBYDEMINGISANEFFECTIVEIMPROVEMENTTECHNIQUEFIRSTPLANCAREFULLY,THENCARRYOUTPLAN,STUDYTHERESULTSANDCHECKWHETHERTHEPLANWORKEDEXACTLYASINTENDEDANDACTONRESULTSBYIDENTIFYINGWHATWORKEDASPLANNEDANDWHATDIDNTWORKCONTINUOUSPROCESSIMPROVEMENTISTHEOBJECTIVEANDTHESEPHASESOFPDSAARETHEFRAMEWORKTOACHIEVETHOSEOBJECTIVESBESTERFIELDDETAL2003THESERVICESCAPEISAGENERALTERMTODESCRIBETHEPHYSICALSURROUNDINGSOFASERVICEENVIRONMENTREIMER2005,P786SUCHASAHOTELORCRUISESHIPGUESTSARESOMETIMESUNCONSCIOUSLYTRYINGTOOBTAINASMUCHINFORMATIONASPOSSIBLETHROUGHEXPERIENCESTODECREASEINFORMATIONASYMMETRIESTHISCAUSESGUESTSTOLOOKFORQUALITYSIGNALSORCUESWHICHWOULDPROVIDETHEMWITHINFORMATIONABOUTTHESERVICE,WHICHLEADSUSTOCUEUTILIZATIONTHEORYCUEUTILIZATIONTHEORYSTATESTHATPRODUCTSORSERVICESCONSISTOFSEVERALARRAYSOFCUESTHATSERVEASSURROGATEINDICATORSOFPRODUCTORSERVICEQUALITYTHEREAREBOTHINTRINSICANDEXTRINSICCUESTOHELPGUESTSDETERMINEQUALITYCONSEQUENTIALLY,DUETOTHELIMITEDTANGIBILITYOFSERVICES,GUESTSAREOFTENLEFTTOACCEPTTHEPRICEOFTHEEXPERIENCEANDTHEPHYSICALAPPEARANCEORENVIRONMENTOFTHEHOTELORCRUISESHIPITSELFASQUALITYINDICATORSTHOUGHTHEREAREMANYTRADEANDACADEMICPAPERSDISCUSSINGGUESTSATISFACTIONHASBEENPUBLISHED,ONECANNOTETHATLIMITEDATTENTIONHASBEENPAIDTOTHEVALUEPERCEPTIONANDEXPECTATIONSGUESTSHAVETOWARDSPRODUCTDELIVERYANDINFLUENCEPRICEGUESTSPAYFORANEXPERIENCEHASONSATISFACTIONANDFUTURESPENDINGFURTHERMOREITISALSOKNOWNTHATTHEROLEOFPRICINGINRELATIONTOGUESTDETERMINANTSOFPERCEIVEDQUALITYOFSERVICESTHISISAMAJORCHALLENGEINIMPROVINGORMAINTAININGAHIGHLEVELOFSERVICEQUALITYTIGINEHMETAL1992STUDIESFOCUSINGONSERVICEQUALITYMANAGEMENTSUGGESTTHATSERVICEFIRMSSPENDTOOLITTLEEFFORTONPLANNINGFORSERVICEQUALITYTHERESULTANTCOSTSOFPOORSERVICEQUALITYPLANNINGLEADTOLOWERPROFITABILITYASPARTOFTHESERVICEFAILURESSTUARTF,ETAL1996WHENDISCUSSINGSATISFACTION,ITISIMPORTANTTOUNDERSTANDTHATGUESTSEVALUATIONOFSERVICECOMPRISEOFTWOBASICDISTINCTDIMENSIONSSERVICEDELIVERYANDSERVICEOUTCOMEMATTILA,1999RESEARCHINDICATESTHATHOWTHESERVICEWASDELIVEREDPERCEIVEDFUNCTIONALQUALITYISMOREIMPORTANTTHANTHEOUTCOMEOFTHESERVICEPROCESSTECHNICALQUALITYTHISRESEARCHCLEARLYINDICATESTHATEFFORTBYSTAFFHAVEASTRONGEFFECTONGUESTSSATISFACTIONJUDGMENTSCOMPANIESDELIVERINGSERVICESMUSTBROADENTHEIREXAMINATIONOFPRODUCTIVITYTOHELPSETTLECONFLICTS–THELEVERAGESYNERGIES–BETWEENIMPROVINGSERVICEQUALITYANDBOOSTING

簡(jiǎn)介：畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文外文資料翻料翻譯正文正文汽車(chē)的轉(zhuǎn)向控制附件件SPINCONTROLFORCARS指導(dǎo)教師評(píng)語(yǔ)簽名年月日（VDC），而默西迪稱它為穩(wěn)定電控系統(tǒng)（ESP），作用就是在任何狀況下維持車(chē)輛的穩(wěn)定性。博世公司開(kāi)發(fā)了這項(xiàng)系統(tǒng)，奔馳公司把它應(yīng)用于車(chē)輛。工程師默西迪絲在柏林應(yīng)用戴姆勒奔馳汽車(chē)虛擬駕駛模擬器在極限情況下對(duì)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行評(píng)估，例如極強(qiáng)的側(cè)風(fēng)。然后他們?cè)谌鸬涞陌步芷談诟浇暮竽韧甙埠谋嫔线M(jìn)行性能測(cè)試。工作通常是在公路上進(jìn)行以適用于公共汽車(chē)和大卡車(chē)，例如避免的折合問(wèn)題。穩(wěn)定調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)將在1995年中應(yīng)用于歐洲S系列產(chǎn)品上，隨后會(huì)在1996年進(jìn)入美國(guó)市場(chǎng)（1995年11月產(chǎn)品）。用戶可以選擇750美元的系統(tǒng)，就像應(yīng)用于默西迪絲的試驗(yàn)用的V8發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)上的，也可以選擇價(jià)格為2400美元的應(yīng)用于六缸發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)汽車(chē)的系統(tǒng)。后者的系統(tǒng)中差不多有1650美元是用于牽引控制系統(tǒng)，該系統(tǒng)是穩(wěn)定性系統(tǒng)的先決條件。并不是只有博世公司一家在開(kāi)發(fā)這樣的安全系統(tǒng)，美國(guó)密歇根州的ITT（美國(guó)國(guó)際電信公司）汽車(chē)公司的奧伯恩希爾，在1995年1月底特律北美國(guó)際汽車(chē)展覽會(huì)上展示了了?忣????峂?悇管理系統(tǒng)（ASMS），“車(chē)輛控制器應(yīng)該像空對(duì)地導(dǎo)彈的控制器那樣，比較而言，事實(shí)上那已經(jīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)了，不同的是兩者的費(fèi)用不同”，美國(guó)國(guó)際電信公司駐歐洲空對(duì)地導(dǎo)彈控制工程負(fù)責(zé)人約翰尼斯格雷得說(shuō)。北美ITT公司“汽車(chē)制動(dòng)和底盤(pán)工程”主管湯姆麥茲指出，在未來(lái)十年美國(guó)國(guó)際電信公司的系統(tǒng)要首先出現(xiàn)在車(chē)輛上。很多工程師正在六輛特殊制造的精密車(chē)輛模型上調(diào)試這種系統(tǒng)。一個(gè)比較簡(jiǎn)單和較低效率的博世的穩(wěn)定調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)也在1995年出現(xiàn)在慕尼黑寶馬公司的AG系列750IL和850CIV12兩款車(chē)上。寶馬公司的穩(wěn)定調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)（DSC）運(yùn)用的車(chē)輪速度傳感器同牽引控制系統(tǒng)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)ABS防抱死系統(tǒng)一樣能夠識(shí)別外部情況，使車(chē)輛更容易實(shí)現(xiàn)曲線行駛和轉(zhuǎn)彎。為了檢測(cè)出車(chē)輛轉(zhuǎn)彎時(shí)潛在的危險(xiǎn)，DSC系統(tǒng)檢測(cè)的是兩前輪在轉(zhuǎn)彎時(shí)的速度差，DSC系統(tǒng)添加了一個(gè)更高級(jí)的角度傳感器利用現(xiàn)有的一個(gè)車(chē)輛速度，并且引入了它自身帶有的關(guān)于完全抱死系統(tǒng)，牽引控制系統(tǒng)，穩(wěn)定調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)軟件控制原理。新的博世和ITT自動(dòng)穩(wěn)定調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)得益于航空工業(yè)高級(jí)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，就像超音速發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，汽車(chē)的穩(wěn)定調(diào)節(jié)單元運(yùn)用一個(gè)基于計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)的傳感器來(lái)調(diào)和人與系統(tǒng)之間的，還有輪胎與地面之間差異。另外，系統(tǒng)采用了用于導(dǎo)彈制導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)的回旋傳感器。優(yōu)于ABS防抱死系統(tǒng)和牽引控制系統(tǒng)之處根據(jù)范桑特和博世公司的瑞娜伊哈德，杰瑞帕夫在汽車(chē)工程師雜志所提到的，穩(wěn)定調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)是ABS防抱死系統(tǒng)和牽引控制系統(tǒng)的合理擴(kuò)展。但是ABS系統(tǒng)的作

簡(jiǎn)介：外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯含英文原文及中文譯文含英文原文及中文譯文譯文字?jǐn)?shù)譯文字?jǐn)?shù)3700多字文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處JEHNBERGPOWEROFCOMMUNITYDISTRIBUTIONTODESIGNJVALUEENGINEERING,2016,231421英文原文英文原文POWEROFCOMMUNITYDISTRIBUTIONTODESIGNJEHNBERGABSTRACTTHEBASICFUNCTIONOFTHEELECTRICPOWERSYSTEMISTOTRANSPORTTHEELECTRICPOWERTOWARDSCUSTOMERSTHEL0KVELECTRICDISTRIBUTIONNETISAKEYPOINTTHATCONNECTSTHEPOWERSUPPLYWITHTHEELECTRICITYUSINGONTHEINDUSTRY,BUSINESSANDDAILYLIFEFORTHEELECTRICPOWER,ALLCOSTUMERSEXPECTTOPAYTHELOWESTPRICEFORTHEHIGHESTRELIABILITY,BUTDONTCONSIDERTHATITSSELFCONTRADICTORYINTHECOEXISTENCEOFECONOMYANDRELIABLETOIMPROVETHERELIABILITYOFTHEPOWERSUPPLYNETWORK,WEMUSTINCREASETHEINVESTMENTCOSTOFTHENETWORKCONSTRUCTIONBUT,IFTHECOSTTHATIMPROVETHERELIABILITYOFTHENETWORKCONSTRUCTION,BUTTHEINVESTMENTONTHISKINDOFCONSTRUCTIONWOULDBEWORTHLESSIFTHEREDUCINGLOSSISONTHEPOWEROFFISLESSTHANTHEINCREASINGINVESTMENTONIMPROVINGTHERELIABILITYTHUSWEFINDOUTABALANCEPOINTTOMAKETHEMOSTECONOMIC,BETWEENTHEINVESTMENTANDTHELOSSBYCALCULATINGTHEMANAGEINTHEPAST,LARGECAPACITYLOWVOLTAGECIRCUITBREAKERSGRADUALLYINCREASEDTHECAPACITYOFTHESHORTCIRCUITCURRENT,GRADUALLYREDUCEDTHESCALE,ANDBECAMEMORESTABLE,MAKINGTHESYSTEMSAFERANDMORERELIABLE,WHICHFACILITATEDTHEDESIGNTOWARDSTHEDEVELOPMENTOFINTELLIGENTLOWVOLTAGECIRCUITBREAKERS,VARIOUSPARAMETERSOFTHECIRCUITBREAKERCANBECONTROLLEDBYTHEBUSINDUSTRYANDTHESIGNALSARETRANSMITTEDDIRECTLYTOTHECOMPUTERTHEAPPEARANCEOFDRYTYPETRANSFORMERSHASBROUGHTGREATCONVENIENCETOTHEELECTRICALDESIGNOFBUILDINGSBECAUSETHEREISNOPOSSIBILITYOFLEAKAGEOFTRANSFORMEROILANDFIRESOTHATITCANBEEASILYINSTALLEDINTHEBUILDINGITSELFANDEVENDIRECTLYINTOTHELOADCENTERITALSOELIMINATESTHETRANSFORMERSDEMANDFOROILANDCANUSEDRYTYPETRANSFORMERSWHENBUILDINGLARGECAPACITYEQUIPMENTFOURTAIWANESE2500KVADRYTYPETRANSFORMERSHAVEBEENUSEDINACTUALENGINEERINGDESIGNINTERMSOFUSINGEMERGENCYGENERATORS,ITISMUCHMOREADVANCEDTHANINTHEPASTINTERMSOFPERFORMANCEANDSIZEINADDITIONTOUSINGDIESELGENERATORSEMERGENCYLIGHTINGUSESEPSSTANDBYPOWERDEVICESTHATINTERRUPTPOWERWITHINAMILLISECONDCANUSEUPSTHECONTROLOFELECTRICALEQUIPMENTVARIESFROMTHECONTROLOFASINGLECOMPONENTTOTHECONTROLOFRELAYSINADDITIONTOTHESMALLERSIZEOFTHEVARIOUSCOMPONENTSFORBETTERPERFORMANCE,THESPECIFICATIONOFTHE

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簡(jiǎn)介：外文資料譯文1外文資料原文OBJECTORIENTATIONANDCCISJUSTONEOFMANYPROGRAMMINGLANGUAGESINUSETODAYWHYARETHERESOMANYLANGUAGESWHYDONEWONESAPPEAREVERYFEWYEARSPROGRAMMINGLANGUAGESHAVEEVOLVEDTOHELPPROGRAMMERSEASETHETRANSITIONFROMDESIGNTOIMPLEMENTATIONTHEFIRSTPROGRAMMINGLANGUAGESWEREVERYDEPENDENTONTHEUNDERLYINGMACHINEARCHITECTUREWRITINGPROGRAMSATTHISLEVELOFDETAILISVERYCUMBERSOMEJUSTASHARDWAREENGINEERSLEARNEDHOWTOBUILDCOMPUTERSYSTEMSOUTOFOTHERCOMPONENTS,LANGUAGEDESIGNERSALSOREALIZEDTHATPROGRAMSCOULDBEWRITTENATAMUCHHIGHERLEVEL,THEREBYSHIELDINGTHEPROGRAMMERFROMTHEDETAILSOFTHEUNDERLYINGMACHINEWHYARETHERESUCHALARGENUMBEROFHIGHLEVELPROGRAMMINGLANGUAGESTHEREARELANGUAGESFORACCESSINGLARGEINVENTORYDATABASES,FORMATTINGFINANCIALREPORTS,CONTROLLINGROBOTSONTHEFACTORYFLOOR,PROCESSINGLISTS,CONTROLLINGSATELLITESINREALTIME,SIMULATINGANUCLEARREACTOR,PREDICTINGCHANGINGATMOSPHERICCONDITIONS,PLAYINGCHESS,ANDDRAWINGCIRCUITBOARDSEACHOFTHESEPROBLEMSREQUIRESDIFFERENTSETSOFDATASTRUCTURESANDALGORITHMSPROGRAMMINGLANGUAGESARETOOLSTOHELPUSSOLVEPROBLEMSHOWEVER,THEREISNOTONEPROGRAMMINGLANGUAGETHATISBESTFOREVERYTYPEOFPROBLEMNEWPROGRAMMINGLANGUAGESAREOFTENDEVELOPEDTOPROVIDEBETTERTOOLSFORSOLVINGAPARTICULARCLASSOFPROBLEMSOTHERLANGUAGESAREINTENDEDTOBEUSEFULFORAVARIETYOFPROBLEMDOMAINSANDAREMOREGENERALPURPOSEEACHPROGRAMMINGLANGUAGEIMPARTSAPARTICULARPROGRAMMINGSTYLEORDESIGNPHILOSOPHYONITSPROGRAMMERSWITHTHEMULTITUDEOFPROGRAMMINGLANGUAGESAVAILABLETODAY,ANUMBEROFSUCHDESIGNPHILOSOPHIESHAVEEMERGEDTHESEDESIGNPHILOSOPHIES,CALLEDPROGRAMMINGPARADIGMS,HELPUSTOTHINKABOUTPROBLEMSANDFORMULATESOLUTIONS1SOFTWAREDESIGNTHROUGHPARADIGMSWHENDESIGNINGSMALLCOMPUTERPROGRAMSORLARGESOFTWARESYSTEMS,WEOFTEN外文資料譯文3ABSTRACTIONINTOPROGRAMDESIGNTHEPURPOSEOFABSTRACTIONINPROGRAMMINGISTOSEPARATEBEHAVIORFROMIMPLEMENTATIONPROCEDURESAREAFORMOFABSTRACTIONTHEPROCEDUREPERFORMSSOMETASKORFUNCTIONOTHERPARTSOFTHEPROGRAMCALLTHEPROCEDURE,KNOWINGTHATITWILLPERFORMTHETASKCORRECTLYANDEFFICIENTLY,BUTWITHOUTKNOWINGEXACTLYHOWTHEPROCEDUREISIMPLEMENTEDTHEPROCEDURALPARADIGMWITHADTSDATAABSTRACTIONISCONCERNEDWITHSEPARATINGTHEBEHAVIOROFADATAOBJECTFROMITSREPRESENTATIONORIMPLEMENTATIONFOREXAMPLE,ASTACKCONTAINSTHEOPERATIONSPUSH,POP,ANDISEMPTYASTACKOBJECTPROVIDESUSERSWITHTHESEOPERATIONS,BUTDOESNOTREVEALHOWTHESTACKISACTUALLYIMPLEMENTEDTHESTACKCOULDBEIMPLEMENTEDUSINGANARRAYORALISTUSERSOFTHESTACKOBJECTDONOTCAREHOWTHESTACKISIMPLEMENTED,ONLYTHATITPERFORMSTHEABOVEOPERATIONSCORRECTLYANDEFFICIENTLYBECAUSETHEUNDERLYINGIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHEDATAOBJECTISHIDDENFROMITSUSERS,THEIMPLEMENTATIONCANEASILYBECHANGEDWITHOUTAFFECTINGTHEPROGRAMSTHATUSEITWHENWEDESIGNALGORITHMS,WEOFTENNEEDAPARTICULARDATATYPETOUSEINORDERTOCARRYOUTTHEALGORITHMSOPERATIONSTHEDESIGNOFANALGORITHMISEASIERIFWESIMPLYSPECIFYTHEDATATYPESOFTHEVARIABLES,WITHOUTWORRYINGABOUTHOWTHEACTUALDATATYPEISIMPLEMENTEDWEDESCRIBETHEDATATYPEBYITSPROPERTIESANDOPERATIONSANDASSUMETHATWHATEVERIMPLEMENTATIONISCHOSEN,THEOPERATIONSWILLWORKCORRECTLYANDEFFICIENTLYTYPESDEFINEDINTHISWAYARECALLEDABSTRACTDATATYPESADTSTHEUSEOFABSTRACTDATATYPESMAKESTHEDESIGNOFTHEALGORITHMMOREGENERAL,ANDALLOWSUSTOCONCENTRATEONTHEALGORITHMATHANDWITHOUTGETTINGBOGGEDDOWNINIMPLEMENTATIONDETAILSAFTERTHEALGORITHMSHAVEBEENDESIGNED,THEACTUALDATATYPESWILLNEEDTOBEIMPLEMENTED,ALONGWITHTHEALGORITHMSRECENTLY,PROCEDURALLANGUAGESHAVEBEENEXTENDEDTOSUPPORTTHEDEFINITIONOFNEWDATATYPESANDPROVIDEFACILITIESFORDATAABSTRACTIONTHEOBJECTORIENTEDPARADIGMTHEOBJECTORIENTEDPARADIGMRETAINSMUCHOFTHECHARACTERISTICSOFTHEPROCEDURALPARADIGM,SINCEPROCEDURESARESTILLTHEPRIMARYFORMFORCOMPOSINGCOMPUTATIONSHOWEVER,RATHERTHANOPERATEON

簡(jiǎn)介：網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全態(tài)勢(shì)感知研究綜述網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全態(tài)勢(shì)感知研究綜述文章編號(hào)10019081201201000104DOI103724/SPJ1087201200001摘要網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全態(tài)勢(shì)感知SA的研究對(duì)于提高網(wǎng)絡(luò)的監(jiān)控能力、應(yīng)急響應(yīng)能力和預(yù)測(cè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)具有重要的意義?；趹B(tài)勢(shì)感知的概念模型，詳細(xì)闡述了態(tài)勢(shì)感知的三個(gè)主要研究?jī)?nèi)容網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全態(tài)勢(shì)要素提取、態(tài)勢(shì)理解和態(tài)勢(shì)預(yù)測(cè)，重點(diǎn)論述各研究點(diǎn)需解決的核心問(wèn)題、主要算法以及各種算法的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)；最后對(duì)各研究點(diǎn)的相關(guān)理論及其應(yīng)用實(shí)現(xiàn)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)進(jìn)行了分析和展望。關(guān)鍵詞態(tài)勢(shì)感知；網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全；數(shù)據(jù)融合；態(tài)勢(shì)預(yù)測(cè)中圖分類號(hào)TP39308文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼ARESEARCHSURVEYOFNETWORKSECURITYSITUATIONAWARENESSXIRONGRONG,YUNXIAOCHUN,JINSHUYUAN,ZHANGYONGZHENGINSTITUTEOFCOMPUTINGTECHNOLOGY,CHINESEACADEMYOFSCIENCES,BEIJING100190,CHINABEIJING100190,CHINA2NATIONALENGINEERINGLABORATORYFORINFORMATIONSECURITYTECHNOLOGIES,BEIJING100190,CHINAABSTRACTTHERESEARCHOFNETWORKSECURITYSITUATIONAWARENESSSAISIMPORTANTINIMPROVINGTHEABILITIESOF網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全態(tài)勢(shì)感知研究是近幾年發(fā)展起來(lái)的一個(gè)熱門(mén)研究領(lǐng)域。它融合所有可獲取的信息實(shí)時(shí)評(píng)估網(wǎng)絡(luò)的安全態(tài)勢(shì)，為網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全管理員的決策分析提供依據(jù)，將不安全因素帶來(lái)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和損失降到最低。網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全態(tài)勢(shì)感知在提高網(wǎng)絡(luò)的監(jiān)控能力、應(yīng)急響應(yīng)能力和預(yù)測(cè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)等方面都具有重要的意義。1網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全態(tài)勢(shì)感知概述1988年，ENDSLEY首次明確提出態(tài)勢(shì)感知的定義，態(tài)勢(shì)感知（SITUATIONAWARENESS,SA）是指“在一定的時(shí)空范圍內(nèi)，認(rèn)知、理解環(huán)境因素，并且對(duì)未來(lái)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)”［1］，該定義的概念模型如圖1所示。但是傳統(tǒng)的態(tài)勢(shì)感知的概念主要應(yīng)用于對(duì)航空領(lǐng)域人為因素的考慮，并沒(méi)有引入到網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全領(lǐng)域。1999年，BASS等［2］指出，“下一代網(wǎng)絡(luò)入侵檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)應(yīng)該融合從大量的異構(gòu)分布式網(wǎng)絡(luò)傳感器采集的數(shù)據(jù)，實(shí)現(xiàn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間的態(tài)勢(shì)感知（CYBERSPACESITUATIONALAWARENESS）”，并且基于數(shù)據(jù)融合的JDL（JOINTDIRECTORSOFLABORATORIES）模型,提出了基于多傳感器數(shù)據(jù)融合的網(wǎng)絡(luò)態(tài)勢(shì)感知功能模型。如圖2所示。雖然網(wǎng)絡(luò)態(tài)勢(shì)根據(jù)不同的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域，可分為安全態(tài)勢(shì)、拓?fù)鋺B(tài)勢(shì)和傳輸態(tài)勢(shì)等，但目前關(guān)于網(wǎng)絡(luò)態(tài)勢(shì)的研究都是圍繞網(wǎng)絡(luò)的安全態(tài)勢(shì)展開(kāi)的。ENDSLEY［1］和BASS［2］為網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全態(tài)勢(shì)感知的研究奠定了基礎(chǔ)?；贓NDSLEY［1］態(tài)勢(shì)感知的概念模型和BASS［2］的功能模型，后來(lái)的研究者又陸續(xù)提出了十幾種網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全態(tài)勢(shì)感知的模

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簡(jiǎn)介：1安徽汽車(chē)職院技術(shù)學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文課題名稱汽車(chē)ABS綜述專業(yè)班級(jí)1214作者姓名周子易2014年11月10日3汽車(chē)ABS綜述摘要隨著汽車(chē)行駛速度的不斷提高，買(mǎi)車(chē)的人越來(lái)越多，汽車(chē)行駛安全性受到了廣大人們的重視。汽車(chē)的安全系統(tǒng)成為了汽車(chē)研究發(fā)展的重要部分。汽車(chē)制動(dòng)防抱死系統(tǒng)ANTILOCKBRAKINGSYSTEM，簡(jiǎn)稱ABS，是汽車(chē)主動(dòng)安全裝置的代表，其作用是在制動(dòng)過(guò)程中防止車(chē)輪抱死，提高車(chē)輛在制動(dòng)過(guò)程中的方向穩(wěn)定性、轉(zhuǎn)向控制能力和縮短制動(dòng)距離，使汽車(chē)制動(dòng)更為安全有效?！捌?chē)ABS綜述”是我這次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的題目，我主要介紹了四個(gè)方面的內(nèi)容，第一部分概述；第二部分是；第三部分；第四部分。關(guān)鍵詞。

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簡(jiǎn)介：建環(huán)專業(yè)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯11INDOORENVIRONMENTALHEALTHINDOORENVIRONMENTALHEALTHCOMPRISESTHOSEASPECTSOFHUMANHEALTHANDDISEASETHATAREDETERMINEDBYFACTORSINTHEINDOORENVIRONMENTITALSOREFERSTOTHETHEORYANDPRACTICEOFASSESSINGANDCONTROLLINGFACTORSINTHEINDOORENVIRONMENTTHATCANPOTENTIALLYAFFECTHEALTHTHEPRACTICEOFINDOORENVIRONMENTALHEALTHREQUIRESCONSIDERATIONOFCHEMICAL,BIOLOGICAL,PHYSICALANDERGONOMICHAZARDS室內(nèi)環(huán)境健康包括那些方面的人類健康和疾病是由室內(nèi)的因素決定的ENVIRONMENTITALSOREFERSTOTHETHEORYANDPRACTICEOFASSESSINGANDCONTROLLINGFACTORSINTHEINDOORENVIRONMENTTHATCANPOTENTIALLYAFFECTHEALTHTHEPRACTICEOFINDOORENVIRONMENTALHEALTHREQUIRESCONSIDERATIONOFCHEMICAL,BIOLOGICAL,PHYSICALANDERGONOMICHAZARDS環(huán)境。它也指的是理論和實(shí)踐的評(píng)估和室內(nèi)環(huán)境的控制性因素，可能會(huì)影響健康。室內(nèi)環(huán)境健康的實(shí)踐需要考慮化學(xué)，生物，物理和符合人體工程學(xué)的危害ITISESSENTIALFORENGINEERSTOUNDERSTANDTHEFUNDAMENTALSOFINDOORENVIRONMENTALHEALTHBECAUSETHEDESIGN,OPERATION,ANDMAINTENANCEOFBUILDINGSANDTHEIRHVACSYSTEMSSIGNIFICANTLYAFFECTTHEHEALTHOFBUILDINGOCCUPANTSINMANYCASES,BUILDINGSANDSYSTEMSCANBEDESIGNEDANDOPERATEDTOREDUCETHEEXPOSUREOFOCCUPANTSTOPOTENTIALHAZARDSUNFORTUNATELY,NEGLECTINGTOCONSIDERINDOORENVIRONMENTALHEALTHCANLEADTOCONDITIONSTHATCREATEORWORSENTHOSEHAZARDS工程師要了解基本是必不可少的室內(nèi)環(huán)境健康因?yàn)樵O(shè)計(jì)，操作，和建筑和HVAC系統(tǒng)的維護(hù)明顯影響建筑物的居住者的健康。在許多情況下，建筑和系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)和操作，減少人員暴露于潛在危險(xiǎn)。不幸的是，沒(méi)有考慮室內(nèi)環(huán)境健BACKGROUND背景THEMOSTCLEARLYDEFINEDAREAOFINDOORENVIRONMENTALHEALTHISOCCUPATIONALHEALTH,PARTICULARLYASITPERTAINSTOWORKPLACEAIRBORNECONTAMINANTSEVALUATIONOFEXPOSUREINCIDENTSANDLABORATORYSTUDIESWITHHUMANSANDANIMALSHAVEGENERATEDREASONABLECONSENSUSONSAFEANDUNSAFEWORKPLACEEXPOSURESFORABOUT1000CHEMICALSANDPARTICLESCONSEQUENTLY,MANYCOUNTRIESREGULATEEXPOSURESOFWORKERSTOTHESEAGENTSHOWEVER,CHEMICALANDDUSTCONTAMINANTCONCENTRATIONSTHATMEETOCCUPATIONALHEALTHCRITERIAUSUALLYEXCEEDLEVELSFOUNDACCEPTABLETOOCCUPANTSINNONINDUSTRIALSPACESSUCHASOFFICES,SCHOOLS,ANDRESIDENCES,WHEREEXPOSURESOFTENLASTLONGERANDMAYINVOLVEMIXTURESOFMANYCONTAMINANTSANDALESSROBUSTPOPULATIONEG,INFANTS,THEELDERLY,ANDTHEINFIRMNAS1981室內(nèi)環(huán)境健康最明確的地區(qū)是職業(yè)健康，特別是因?yàn)樗婕暗焦ぷ鲌?chǎng)所空氣中的污染物。曝光事件和實(shí)驗(yàn)室研究與人類和動(dòng)物的評(píng)價(jià)產(chǎn)生的安全和不安全的工作場(chǎng)所暴露約1000化學(xué)品和顆粒合理的共識(shí)。因此，許多國(guó)家規(guī)定工人這些藥物暴露。然而，化學(xué)和粉塵污染濃度符合職業(yè)衛(wèi)生標(biāo)準(zhǔn)通常高于發(fā)現(xiàn)在非工業(yè)場(chǎng)所如辦公室，學(xué)校，住宅，居住者在可接受的水平，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)往往持續(xù)時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)，可能涉及許多污染物的混合物和一個(gè)不太可靠的人口（例如嬰幼兒，老年人，和體弱者）（NAS1981）。OPERATIONALDEFINITIONSOFHEALTH,DISEASE,ANDDISCOMFORTARECONTROVERSIALCAINETAL1995HOWEVER,THEMOSTGENERALLYACCEPTEDDEFINITIONISTHATINTHECONSTITUTIONOFTHEWORLDHEALTHORGANIZATIONWHO“HEALTHISASTATEOFCOMPLETEPHYSICAL,MENTAL,ANDSOCIALWELLBEINGANDNOTMERELYTHEABSENCEOFDISEASEORINFIRMITY”建環(huán)專業(yè)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯13SENSORYIRRITATIONINTHEEYES,NOSE,ORTHROAT眼睛，鼻子和喉嚨過(guò)敏SKINIRRITATION皮膚過(guò)敏NEUROTOXICSYMPTOMS神經(jīng)毒性癥狀ODORANDTASTECOMPLAINTS嗅覺(jué)味覺(jué)過(guò)敏SICKBUILDINGSYNDROMEISCHARACTERIZEDBYANABSENCEOFROUTINEPHYSICALSIGNSANDCLINICALLABORATORYABNORMALITIESTHETERMNONSPECIFICISSOMETIMESUSEDTOIMPLYTHATTHEPATTERNOFSYMPTOMSREPORTEDBYAFFLICTEDBUILDINGOCCUPANTSISNOTCONSISTENTWITHTHATFORAPARTICULARDISEASEADDITIONALSYMPTOMSCANINCLUDENOSEBLEEDS,CHESTTIGHTNESS,ANDFEVERSOMEINVESTIGATIONSHAVESOUGHTTOCORRELATESBSSYMPTOMSWITHREDUCEDNEUROLOGICALANDPHYSIOLOGICALPERFORMANCEINCONTROLLEDSTUDIES,SBSSYMPTOMSCANREDUCEPERFORMANCEINSUSCEPTIBLEINDIVIDUALSM?LHAVEETAL1986BUILDINGRELATEDILLNESSES,INCONTRAST,HAVEAKNOWNORIGIN,MAYHAVEADIFFERENTSETOFSYMPTOMS,ANDAREOFTENACCOMPANIEDBYPHYSICALSIGNSANDABNORMALITIESTHATCANBECLINICALLYIDENTIFIEDWITHLABORATORYMEASUREMENTSFOREXAMPLE,HYPERSENSITIVITYILLNESSES,INCLUDINGHYPERSENSITIVITYPNEUMONITIS,HUMIDIFIERFEVER,ASTHMA,ANDALLERGICRHINITIS,ARECAUSEDBYINDIVIDUALSENSITIZATIONTOBIOAEROSOLS疾病大廈綜合征的特征是缺乏常規(guī)的體征和臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查異常。這個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)有時(shí)用來(lái)表明非特異性的癥狀困擾住戶的模式是不一致的，對(duì)于一個(gè)特定的疾病。其他癥狀包括胸悶，發(fā)熱流鼻血了，一些研究尋找相關(guān)。SBS神經(jīng)生理表現(xiàn)癥狀與減少。在癥狀控制領(lǐng)域，SBS癥狀可以減輕敏感個(gè)人M?LHAVE等人1986，與建筑有關(guān)的疾病，。”，有可能會(huì)有不同的起源，往往建立癥狀，伴隨著異常體征是臨床和實(shí)驗(yàn)室測(cè)量。比如，包括過(guò)敏性肺炎，過(guò)敏癥毛病，濕熱癥包括，氣喘，和過(guò)敏性鼻炎，，是由于個(gè)人對(duì)于空氣中的病毒、細(xì)菌、花粉等生物氣膠的過(guò)敏造成的。IIINESSESASSOCIATEDWITHEXPOSUREININDOORENVIRONMENTSARELISTEDINTABLE1LABORATORYTESTINGANDDEVELOPMENTOFLINKAGESSHOULDBEPERFORMEDUNDERDIRECTIONOFAQUALIFIEDHEALTHCAREPROFESSIONAL與室內(nèi)環(huán)境的接觸有關(guān)疾病都列在表1。實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)和關(guān)聯(lián)開(kāi)展應(yīng)當(dāng)在具備保健資格的專業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)里進(jìn)行。DESCRIPTIONSOFSELECTEDHEALTHSCIENCES健康科學(xué)之闡述THESTUDYOFHEALTHEFFECTSININDOORENVIRONMENTSINCLUDESANUMBEROFSCIENTIFICDISCIPLINESAFEWAREBRIEFLYDESCRIBEDHERETOFURTHERTHEENGINEER’SUNDERSTANDINGOFWHICHHEALTHSCIENCESMAYBEAPPLICABLETOAGIVENENVIRONMENTALHEALTHPROBLEMEPIDEMIOLOGYANDBIOSTATISTICSEPIDEMIOLOGYSTUDIESTHECAUSE,DISTRIBUTION,ANDCONTROLOFDISEASEINHUMANANDANIMALPOPULATIONSITREPRESENTSTHEAPPLICATIONOFQUANTITATIVEMETHODSTOEVALUATEHEALTHRELATEDEVENTSANDEFFECTSEPIDEMIOLOGYISTRADITIONALLYSUBDIVIDEDINTOOBSERVATIONALANDANALYTICALCOMPONENTSTHEFOCUSMAYBEDESCRIPTIVE,ORMAYATTEMPTTOIDENTIFYCAUSALRELATIONSHIPSSOMECLASSICALCRITERIAFORDETERMININGCAUSALRELATIONSHIPSINEPIDEMIOLOGYARECONSISTENCY,TEMPORALITY,PLAUSIBILITY,SPECIFICITY,STRENGTHOFASSOCIATION,ANDDOSE/RESPONSE室內(nèi)環(huán)境中的健康效應(yīng)的研究包括許多科學(xué)領(lǐng)域。一些簡(jiǎn)要介紹是為了工程師的進(jìn)一步的理解，健康科學(xué)，可以適用于一個(gè)給定的環(huán)境健康問(wèn)題。流行病學(xué)生物流行病學(xué)研究導(dǎo)致分配，和，人與動(dòng)物疾病的控制。代表計(jì)量方法在事件影響的評(píng)估與健康相關(guān)適用。流行病學(xué)

簡(jiǎn)介：外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯題目題目變頻器在變頻器在PLC供水控制系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用供水控制系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用陜西科技大學(xué)2采用變頻器PLC恒壓供水裝置有以下幾個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn)A節(jié)電效益高。傳統(tǒng)水泵電機(jī)均采用大容量電機(jī)，用閥門(mén)控制水量恒定，造成電能浪費(fèi)。變頻系統(tǒng)，無(wú)論工作參數(shù)如何，電機(jī)的效率不會(huì)降低，電機(jī)的功率因數(shù)會(huì)得到提高。B運(yùn)行可靠、穩(wěn)定。系統(tǒng)中的核心部件變頻調(diào)速器本身的可靠性很高，一般情況下可連續(xù)使用10萬(wàn)/H以上。系統(tǒng)還采用軟啟動(dòng)方式，不存在電氣沖擊，不污染電網(wǎng)，而且變頻器自帶欠壓、過(guò)壓、過(guò)流、過(guò)載、過(guò)熱以及失速等各種保護(hù)功能。系統(tǒng)對(duì)管網(wǎng)壓力波動(dòng)采取阻尼濾波處理，供水恒壓精度較高，通常能控制在0002MPA范圍內(nèi)。C結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，操作簡(jiǎn)便。裝置的控制系統(tǒng)采用集成度高，配套方案靈活多樣，由可編程控制器得到水泵運(yùn)行的各種組合。調(diào)速范圍廣，對(duì)水量變化的適應(yīng)能力強(qiáng)。D使用壽命長(zhǎng)，自動(dòng)化程度高，無(wú)需人看管，維護(hù)量少。以上系統(tǒng)在實(shí)際的應(yīng)用中效果顯著，如將PLC與變頻器中自帶編程器的功能集成，可開(kāi)發(fā)成一些專用的變頻器，這樣系統(tǒng)的可靠性與健壯性大大增強(qiáng)，應(yīng)用更加簡(jiǎn)單，系統(tǒng)的總成本也會(huì)下降?？梢灶A(yù)見(jiàn)未來(lái)的變頻技術(shù)會(huì)向以下方向發(fā)展1高性能化包括內(nèi)部的整流電路、逆變電路都采用高頻PWM電路從而使輸入、輸出都是正弦波；對(duì)于大容量變頻器采用多重化和多機(jī)并聯(lián)；降低變頻器自身?yè)p耗，實(shí)現(xiàn)高效率化；實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)調(diào)諧或自優(yōu)化、遙控和遠(yuǎn)控；更加面向用戶，進(jìn)一步提高可使用性和維修性向著小型、輕量發(fā)展，以及降低成本等。2智能化包括兩個(gè)方面盡量減少硬件，實(shí)現(xiàn)硬件軟件化；采用智能電力電子器件和其他智能化部件。集成化是智能化的基礎(chǔ)。3全數(shù)字化近年來(lái)，各種現(xiàn)代控制理論、專家系統(tǒng)、模糊控制及神經(jīng)元控制等都是發(fā)展的熱點(diǎn)，將使電力電子控制技術(shù)發(fā)展到一個(gè)嶄新的階段。預(yù)計(jì)21世紀(jì)全數(shù)字控制的應(yīng)用將更加廣泛深入，甚至取代模擬控制。4系統(tǒng)化變頻技術(shù)的發(fā)展與其相關(guān)技術(shù)的發(fā)展是分不開(kāi)的，在21世紀(jì)變頻技術(shù)的發(fā)展是將電網(wǎng)、整流器、逆變器、電動(dòng)機(jī)、生產(chǎn)機(jī)械和控制系統(tǒng)等作為一個(gè)整體、從系統(tǒng)上進(jìn)行考慮的。

簡(jiǎn)介：制造業(yè)生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃體系綜述制造業(yè)生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃體系綜述THEREVIEWOFPRODUCTIONPLANNINGSYSTEMINMANUFACTURINGINDUSTRY摘要介紹了制造業(yè)生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃的發(fā)展，定義及其相關(guān)內(nèi)容，針對(duì)離散型、連續(xù)型和混合型三種生產(chǎn)類型，通過(guò)對(duì)目前應(yīng)用于制造業(yè)的幾種比較常見(jiàn)的生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃體系的研究和分析，如MRP/MRPⅡ、JIT、TOC等，對(duì)制造業(yè)生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行了歸納綜述，最后指出了未來(lái)的幾種可能的發(fā)展模式。關(guān)鍵字制造業(yè)；生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃體系；綜述引言引言MRP、MRPⅡ、ERP、JIT等一些先進(jìn)的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)都是由制造業(yè)發(fā)展起來(lái)的，并且在制造業(yè)中得到最為深入與廣泛的應(yīng)用，無(wú)數(shù)的例證顯示在制造企業(yè)中,高效的生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃管理，不但能夠?yàn)槠渖a(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品的節(jié)約制造成本,而且能夠?yàn)楫a(chǎn)品的本身增加了巨大的附加價(jià)值。1制造業(yè)生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃制造業(yè)生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃是關(guān)于企業(yè)生產(chǎn)運(yùn)作系統(tǒng)總體方面的計(jì)劃，是企業(yè)在計(jì)劃期應(yīng)達(dá)到的產(chǎn)品品種、質(zhì)量、產(chǎn)量和產(chǎn)值等生產(chǎn)任務(wù)的計(jì)劃和對(duì)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)進(jìn)度的安排。它反映的并非某幾個(gè)生產(chǎn)崗位或某一條生產(chǎn)線的生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)，也并非產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)的細(xì)節(jié)問(wèn)題以及一些具體的機(jī)器設(shè)備、人力和其他生產(chǎn)資源的使用安排問(wèn)題，而是指導(dǎo)企業(yè)計(jì)劃期生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)的綱領(lǐng)性方案，是企業(yè)生產(chǎn),運(yùn)作管理的依據(jù)，也是生產(chǎn)運(yùn)作管理的核心內(nèi)容1。制造企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃是指在一定的時(shí)間和空間里,將所需的物資,設(shè)備,運(yùn)輸,倉(cāng)儲(chǔ),人員和通信聯(lián)系等若干相互制約的動(dòng)態(tài)要素相協(xié)調(diào),以最小的成本,最快的速度,最優(yōu)的服務(wù)和產(chǎn)品來(lái)在最大程度上滿足市場(chǎng)的需要。其目的是實(shí)現(xiàn)物資的空間效益和時(shí)間效益,在保證和實(shí)現(xiàn)各種環(huán)節(jié)的合理銜接的前提下,通過(guò)企業(yè)內(nèi)部和外部合理的運(yùn)作和協(xié)作來(lái)取得企業(yè)最佳的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益2。其目的詳細(xì)闡述如下（L）降低庫(kù)存，提高庫(kù)存精度；（2）促進(jìn)企業(yè)資源優(yōu)化；（3）降低采購(gòu)、生產(chǎn)和運(yùn)營(yíng)成本；（4）提高企業(yè)對(duì)客戶的服務(wù)水平，確保按時(shí)發(fā)貨，提高發(fā)貨率水平；需求特征客戶化程度較高，質(zhì)量判定簡(jiǎn)單，產(chǎn)品品種多。主要面向庫(kù)存生產(chǎn)，質(zhì)量需求特征判定復(fù)雜，產(chǎn)品品種相對(duì)固定生產(chǎn)過(guò)程對(duì)時(shí)間緩沖要求并不苛刻，但仍是以生產(chǎn)線形式組織的連續(xù)生產(chǎn)制造特征產(chǎn)品相對(duì)穩(wěn)定，不懂零部件加工時(shí)間差異較大，配套性要求高，但工藝相對(duì)穩(wěn)定，設(shè)備通用性強(qiáng)產(chǎn)品構(gòu)成表現(xiàn)為配方，具有保密性，工藝動(dòng)態(tài)性強(qiáng)，同一產(chǎn)品族加工工藝相似，設(shè)備專用性強(qiáng)不同產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)變批量，差異較大；工藝動(dòng)態(tài)性強(qiáng)包括配方和工藝路線，生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中工藝難以控制成本構(gòu)成成本匯集清晰，一般滾加物料清單計(jì)算成本構(gòu)成不清晰，成本靠分?jǐn)偟玫匠杀緲?gòu)成較為清晰原料特征原料標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化程度高主要進(jìn)行預(yù)處理原料市場(chǎng)供給受供求關(guān)系和季節(jié)因素影響，價(jià)格波動(dòng)較大，原料采購(gòu)主要以長(zhǎng)期采購(gòu)計(jì)劃為主離散制造和連續(xù)制造的不同需求特征和生產(chǎn)特征，決定了其作業(yè)計(jì)劃排程在計(jì)劃約束條件、計(jì)劃優(yōu)化目標(biāo)和計(jì)劃有效反饋點(diǎn)等幾個(gè)方面存在很大差異。表2三種不同模式下的生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃體系連續(xù)制造離散制造混合制造計(jì)劃約束存在最小生產(chǎn)批量；生產(chǎn)線產(chǎn)能固定；生產(chǎn)線開(kāi)停機(jī)費(fèi)用固定；以產(chǎn)品族的形式組織生產(chǎn)。關(guān)鍵資源產(chǎn)能；不同零部件加工時(shí)間差異較大按期交貨。交貨期和數(shù)量生產(chǎn)線產(chǎn)能和對(duì)應(yīng)的最小生產(chǎn)批量；銜接生產(chǎn)的兩種產(chǎn)品的工藝相似度生產(chǎn)線前置時(shí)間優(yōu)化目標(biāo)增大生產(chǎn)批量；降低產(chǎn)品單位成本；減少停機(jī)次數(shù)；縮短生產(chǎn)準(zhǔn)備時(shí)間。保證零配件配套生產(chǎn)；減少停機(jī)待料；增大采購(gòu)批量。增大生產(chǎn)批量降低損失率和單位成本；提高一個(gè)單位時(shí)間內(nèi)的生產(chǎn)線處理量，提高設(shè)備利用率；保持生產(chǎn)均衡進(jìn)行有效反饋車(chē)間制造執(zhí)行過(guò)程MRP計(jì)劃和細(xì)能力平衡計(jì)劃因產(chǎn)品不同不確定3目前主要的制造業(yè)生產(chǎn)體系目前主要的制造業(yè)生產(chǎn)體系（1）MRP（物料需求計(jì)劃）MRP是制造業(yè)生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃的早期階段，是為解決原材料庫(kù)存和零組件投產(chǎn)計(jì)劃問(wèn)題而發(fā)展起來(lái)的。MRP明確指出生產(chǎn)必須以市場(chǎng)需求為導(dǎo)向，把由市場(chǎng)決定而不是能由企業(yè)決定的外部需求稱之為“獨(dú)立需求”，把為產(chǎn)品出廠所需用的一切物料稱之為“相關(guān)需求”；闡述了物料存在的相關(guān)性。它建立以時(shí)間為坐標(biāo)的產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)模型，并將要銷售的產(chǎn)成品、生產(chǎn)物料和采購(gòu)物料分成為三層。產(chǎn)成品、采購(gòu)件和加工件都集成在一個(gè)模型中，能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃和采購(gòu)計(jì)劃同步生成和調(diào)整。MRP所依據(jù)的管理理念主要是①供應(yīng)必須與需求平衡，即供需平衡原則，②優(yōu)先級(jí)計(jì)劃原則（生產(chǎn)與供應(yīng)

簡(jiǎn)介：METHODOFFACERECOGNITIONBASEDONREDBLACKWAVELETTRANSFORMANDPCAYUQINGYUQINGHE,HE,HUANHUANHE,HE,ANDANDHONGYINGHONGYINGYANGYANGDEPARTMENTOFOPTOELECTRONICENGINEERING,BEIJINGINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY,BEIJING,PRCHINA,10008120701170BITEDUCNABSTRACTABSTRACTWITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEMANMACHINEINTERFACEANDTHERECOGNITIONTECHNOLOGY,FACERECOGNITIONHASBECAMEONEOFTHEMOSTIMPORTANTRESEARCHASPECTSINTHEBIOLOGICALFEATURESRECOGNITIONDOMAINNOWADAYS,PCAPRINCIPALCOMPONENTSANALYSISHASAPPLIEDINRECOGNITIONBASEDONMANYFACEDATABASEANDACHIEVEDGOODRESULTSHOWEVER,PCAHASITSLIMITATIONSTHELARGEVOLUMEOFCOMPUTINGANDTHELOWDISTINCTIONABILITYINVIEWOFTHESELIMITATIONS,THISPAPERPUTSFORWARDAFACERECOGNITIONMETHODBASEDONREDBLACKWAVELETTRANSFORMANDPCATHEIMPROVEDHISTOGRAMEQUALIZATIONISUSEDTOREALIZEIMAGEPREPROCESSINGINORDERTOCOMPENSATETHEILLUMINATIONTHEN,APPLINGTHEREDBLACKWAVELETSUBBANDWHICHCONTAINSTHEINFORMATIONOFTHEORIGINALIMAGETOEXTRACTTHEFEATUREANDDOMATCHINGCOMPARINGWITHTHETRADITIONALMETHODS,THISONEHASBETTERRECOGNITIONRATEANDCANREDUCETHECOMPUTATIONALCOMPLEXITYKEYWORDSKEYWORDSREDBLACKWAVELETTRANSFORM,PCA,FACERECOGNITION,IMPROVEDHISTOGRAMEQUALIZATION1INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONBECAUSETHETRADITIONALSTATUSRECOGNITIONIDCARD,PASSWORD,ETCHASSOMEDEFECTS,THERECOGNITIONTECHNOLOGYBASEDONBIOLOGICALFEATURESHASBECOMETHEFOCUSOFTHERESEARCHCOMPAREDWITHTHEOTHERBIOLOGICALFEATURESSUCHASFINGERPRINTS,DNA,PALMPRINTS,ETCRECOGNITIONTECHNOLOGY,PEOPLEIDENTIFYWITHTHEPEOPLEAROUNDMOSTLYUSINGTHEBIOLOGICALCHARACTERISTICSOFHUMANFACEFACEISTHEMOSTUNIVERSALMODEINHUMANVISIONTHEVISUALINFORMATIONREFLECTEDBYHUMANFACEINTHEEXCHANGEANDCONTACTOFPEOPLEHASANIMPORTANTROLEANDSIGNIFICANCETHEREFORE,FACERECOGNITIONISTHEEASIESTWAYTOBEACCEPTEDINTHEIDENTIFICATIONFIELDANDBECOMESONEOFMOSTPOTENTIALIDENTIFICATIONAUTHENTICATIONMETHODSFACERECOGNITIONTECHNOLOGYHASTHECHARACTERISTICSOFCONVENIENTACCESS,RICHINFORMATIONITHASWIDERANGEOFAPPLICATIONSSUCHASIDENTIFICATION,DRIVERSLICENSEANDPASSPORTCHECK,BANKINGANDCUSTOMSCONTROLSYSTEM,ANDOTHERFIELDS12121HORIZONTALHORIZONTAL/VERTICAL/VERTICALLIFTINGLIFTINGASFIG1SHOWS,HORIZONTAL/VERTICALLIFTINGISDIVIDEDINTOTHREESTEPS1DECOMPOSITIONTHEORIGINALIMAGEBYHORIZONTALANDVERTICALDIRECTIONISDIVIDEDINTOREDANDBLACKBLOCKINACROSSBLOCKWAY2PREDICTIONCARRYONTHEPREDICTIONUSINGHORIZONTALANDTHEVERTICALDIRECTIONFOURNEIGHBORHOODSREDBLOCKSTOOBTAINABLACKBLOCKPREDICTEDVALUETHEN,USINGTHEDIFFERENCEOFTHEBLACKBLOCKACTUALVALUEANDTHEPREDICTEDVALUETOSUBSTITUTETHEBLACKBLOCKACTUALVALUEITSRESULTOBTAINSTHEORIGINALIMAGEWAVELETCOEFFICIENTASFIG1BSHOWS??,,1,,1,11,/4FIJFIJFIJFIJFIJFIJ?????????（1）MOD2MOD2IJ?33REVISIONREVISIONUSINGTHEHORIZONTALANDVERTICALDIRECTIONFOURNEIGHBORHOODSBLACKBLOCKSWAVELETCOEFFICIENTTOREVISETHEREDBLOCKACTUALVALUETOOBTAINTHEAPPROXIMATESIGNALASFIG1CSHOWS??,,1,,1,11,/8FIJFIJFIJFIJFIJFIJ?????????（2）MOD2MOD2IJ?INTHISWAY,THEREDBLOCKCORRESPONDSTOTHEAPPROXIMATINGINFORMATIONOFTHEIMAGE,ANDTHEBLACKBLOCKCORRESPONDSTOTHEDETAILSOFTHEIMAGE2222DIAGONALDIAGONALLIFTINGLIFTINGONTHEBASISOFHORIZONTAL/VERTICALLIFTING,WEDOTHEDIAGONALLIFTINGASFIG2SHOWS,ITISALSODIVIDEDINTOTHREESTEPSFIG2FIG2DIAGONALLIFTING1DECOMPOSITIONAFTERHORIZONTAL/VERTICALLIFTING,DIVIDINGTHE

簡(jiǎn)介：0附件四附件四英文文獻(xiàn)原文英文文獻(xiàn)原文ARTIFICIALARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCEINTELLIGENCE“ARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCE“ISAWORDWASORIGINALLYDARTMOUTHIN1956TOPUTFORWARDFROMTHENON,RESEARCHERSHAVEDEVELOPEDMANYTHEORIESANDPRINCIPLES,THECONCEPTOFARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCEISALSOEXPANDSARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCEISACHALLENGINGJOBOFSCIENCE,THEPERSONMUSTKNOWCOMPUTERKNOWLEDGE,PSYCHOLOGYANDPHILOSOPHYARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCEISINCLUDEDAWIDERANGEOFSCIENCE,ITISCOMPOSEDOFDIFFERENTFIELDS,SUCHASMACHINELEARNING,COMPUTERVISION,ETC,ONTHEWHOLE,THERESEARCHONARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCEISONEOFTHEMAINGOALSOFTHEMACHINECANDOSOMEUSUALLYNEEDTOPERFORMCOMPLEXHUMANINTELLIGENCEBUTINDIFFERENTTIMESANDDIFFERENTPEOPLEINTHE“COMPLEX“UNDERSTANDINGISDIFFERENTSUCHASHEAVYSCIENCEANDENGINEERINGCALCULATIONWASSUPPOSEDTOBETHEBRAINTOUNDERTAKE,NOWCOMPUTERCANNOTONLYCOMPLETETHISCALCULATION,ANDFASTERTHANTHEHUMANBRAINCANMOREACCURATELY,ANDTHUSTHEPEOPLENOLONGERPUTTHISCALCULATIONISREGARDEDAS“THENEEDTOPERFORMCOMPLEXHUMANINTELLIGENCE,COMPLEXTASKS“WORKISDEFINEDASTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHETIMESANDTHEPROGRESSOFTECHNOLOGY,ARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCEISTHESCIENCEOFSPECIFICTARGETANDNATUREASTHETIMESCHANGEANDDEVELOPMENTONTHEONEHANDITCONTINUESTOGAINNEWPROGRESSONTHEONEHAND,ANDTURNINGTOMOREMEANINGFUL,THEMOREDIFFICULTTHETARGETCURRENTCANBEUSEDTOSTUDYTHEMAINMATERIALOFARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCEANDARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCETECHNOLOGYTOREALIZETHEMACHINEISACOMPUTER,THEDEVELOPMENTHISTORYOFARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCEISCOMPUTERSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYANDTHEDEVELOPMENTTOGETHERBESIDESTHECOMPUTERSCIENCEANDARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCEALSOINVOLVESINFORMATION,CYBERNETICS,AUTOMATION,BIONICS,BIOLOGY,PSYCHOLOGY,LOGIC,LINGUISTICS,MEDICINEANDPHILOSOPHYANDMULTIDISCIPLINEARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCERESEARCHINCLUDEKNOWLEDGEREPRESENTATION,AUTOMATICREASONINGANDSEARCHMETHOD,MACHINELEARNINGANDKNOWLEDGEACQUISITIONANDPROCESSINGOFKNOWLEDGESYSTEM,NATURALLANGUAGEPROCESSING,COMPUTERVISION,INTELLIGENTROBOT,AUTOMATICPROGRAMDESIGN,ETCPRACTICALAPPLICATIONOFMACHINEVISIONFINGERPRINTIDENTIFICATION,2EXTENSIVEATTENTIONANDINTHEROBOT,ECONOMICANDPOLITICALDECISIONS,CONTROLSYSTEM,SIMULATIONSYSTEMAPPLICATIONINOTHERAREAS,ITALSOPLAYEDANINDISPENSABLEROLETHEFAMOUSAMERICANSTANFORDUNIVERSITYPROFESSORNELSONARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCERESEARCHCENTEROFARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCEUNDERSUCHADEFINITION“ARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCEABOUTTHEKNOWLEDGEOFTHESUBJECTISANDHOWTOREPRESENTKNOWLEDGEHOWTOGAINKNOWLEDGEANDUSEOFSCIENTIFICKNOWLEDGEBUTANOTHERAMERICANMITPROFESSORWINSTONTHOUGHT“ARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCEISHOWTOMAKETHECOMPUTERTODOWHATONLYCANDOINTELLIGENTWORK“THESECOMMENTSREFLECTTHEARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCEDISCIPLINEBASICIDEASANDBASICCONTENTNAMELYARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCEISTHESTUDYOFHUMANINTELLIGENCEACTIVITIES,HASCERTAINLAW,RESEARCHOFARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCESYSTEM,HOWTOMAKETHECOMPUTERTOCOMPLETEBEFORETHEINTELLIGENCENEEDSTODOWORK,ALSOISTOSTUDYHOWTHEAPPLICATIONOFCOMPUTERHARDWAREANDSOFTWARETOSIMULATEHUMANSOMEINTELLIGENTBEHAVIOROFTHEBASICTHEORY,METHODSANDTECHNIQUESARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCEISABRANCHOFCOMPUTERSCIENCE,SINCETHE1970S,KNOWNASONEOFTHETHREETECHNOLOGIESSPACETECHNOLOGY,ENERGYTECHNOLOGY,ARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCEALSOCONSIDEREDTHE21STCENTURYGENETICENGINEERING,NANOSCIENCE,ARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCEISONEOFTHETHREETECHNOLOGIESITISNEARLYTHREEYEARSITHASBEENDEVELOPEDRAPIDLY,ANDINMANYFIELDSAREWIDELYAPPLIED,ANDHAVEMADEGREATACHIEVEMENTS,ARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCEHASGRADUALLYBECOMEANINDEPENDENTBRANCH,BOTHINTHEORYANDPRACTICEAREALREADYBECOMESASYSTEMITSRESEARCHRESULTSAREGRADUALLYINTEGRATEDINTOPEOPLESLIVES,ANDCREATEMOREHAPPINESSFORMANKINDARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCEISTHATTHECOMPUTERSIMULATIONRESEARCHOFSOMETHINKINGPROCESSANDINTELLIGENTBEHAVIORSUCHASSTUDY,REASONING,THINKING,PLANNING,ETC,INCLUDINGCOMPUTERTOREALIZEINTELLIGENTPRINCIPLE,MAKESIMILARTOTHATOFHUMANINTELLIGENCE,COMPUTERCANACHIEVEHIGHERLEVELOFCOMPUTERAPPLICATIONARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCEWILLINVOLVETHECOMPUTERSCIENCE,PHILOSOPHYANDLINGUISTICS,PSYCHOLOGY,ETCTHATWASALMOSTNATURALSCIENCEANDSOCIALSCIENCEDISCIPLINES,THESCOPEOFALLALREADYFARBEYONDTHESCOPEOFCOMPUTERSCIENCEANDARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCEANDTHINKINGSCIENCEISTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHEORYANDPRACTICE,ARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCEISINTHEMODEOFTHINKINGSCIENCETECHNOLOGYAPPLICATIONLEVEL,ISONEOFITSAPPLICATIONFROMTHEVIEWOFTHINKING,ARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCEISNOT

簡(jiǎn)介：XX化工大學(xué)XX學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文文獻(xiàn)原稿和譯文1外文文獻(xiàn)原稿和譯文外文文獻(xiàn)原稿和譯文原稿DEVELOPMENTOFUSEDCARMARKETINCHINAABSTRACTALTHOUGHSTILLINITSEARLYDEVELOPMENTPHASE,RAPIDGROWTHOFAUTOOWNERSHIPHASALSOINJECTEDNEWVITALITYFORUSEDCARMARKETINCHINAUNDERTHESUPPORTOFSERIESPOLICY,THEUSEDCARMARKETREVEALSLEAPINGDEVELOPMENTCHARACTERWITHQUALIFIEDCHANGESITISESSENTIALTOUNDERSTANDTHENEWCHANGESINTHEUSEDCARMARKETTHISPAPERCONDUCTEDRESEARCHONTHENEWFEATURESOFUSEDCARMARKETINCHINATOPROMOTEITSDEVELOPMENTENVIRONMENTANALYSISSHOWEDTHATUSEDCARMARKETWILLBESTRONGLYENHANCEDBYTHEBLOOMINGOFAUTOMARKET,RAPIDGDPGROWTHANDPOLICYSUPPORT,WHICHEXPERIENCEDSTEADYTRADESCALEINCREASEANDSTRUCTUREOPTIMIZATIONTHEUSEDCARTRADEEXPERIENCEDSTEADYTRADESCALEINCREASEANDSTRUCTUREOPTIMIZATIONALONGWITHTHEPURCHASINGPATTERNCHANGING,SIGNIFICANTEXPANSIONOFTHESECONDHANDCARMARKETISIMMINENT,EVENWITHHINDERISSUESSUCHASLACKOFINTEGRITY,EVALUATIONCRITERIAANDAFTERSERVICESYSTEM,ANDINCOMPLETEPOLICYANDREGULATIONSEVERALNEWFEATURESWEREIDENTIFIED,STRONGPOLICYSUPPORT,ENLARGINGMARKETSCALEANDIRRADIATIONLOOP,REMARKABLECONCENTRATIONINCREASE,INCREASEDSTATUSOFBRANDUSEDCAR,ANDENHANCEDTRADINGSERVICEPLATFORMESTABLISHMENTITISINDICATEDTHATCHINA’SUSEDCARMARKETISMAKINGTHESHIFTFROMSUBORDINATEPOSITIONTOONEOFTHEDOMINANTPOSITIONSINAUTOINDUSTRY,WHICHISEXPECTEDINTOAHIGHSPEED,UPGOINGDEVELOPMENTPASSAGEINTHEFUTUREKEYWORDSUSEDCARMARKETDEVELOPMENTNEWFEATURESCHINA1INTRODUCTIONWITHTHERAPIDSOCIALANDECONOMICALDEVELOPMENT,CHINAHASBECOMEONEOFTHEMOSTIMPORTANTMARKETSINTHEWORLDFORTHEAUTOMOTIVEINDUSTRYINRECENTYEARS,THESCALEOFCHINA’SAUTOMOTIVEAFTERSALESSERVICEMARKETCONTINUESTOINCREASE1ANALYZINGFROMTHEXX化工大學(xué)XX學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文文獻(xiàn)原稿和譯文3NOTESREDSECTIONREPRESENTSPASSENGERCAR,YELLOWSECTIONREPRESENTSCOMMERCIALCAR,BLUELINEREPRESENTSINCREMENTFORTOTALCARTRADEVOLUMEALONGWITHTHEGROWTHINAUTOTRADEVOLUME,CARISPOPULARIZEDINORDINARYFAMILYACCORDINGTOTHEDATAFROMCHINAAUTOMOTIVEINDUSTRYASSOCIATION,CIVILCARPOPULATIONINCREASEDFROM1802MILLIONTO935MILLION,WITHAVERAGELY174INCREMENTPERYEAR,SHOWNINFIGURE2CONSEQUENTLY,THECARVOLUMEPERTHOUSANDPEOPLEGREWSTEADILYINCHINA,FROM37TO468IN2001TO2011,INCREASED127TIMES,SHOWNINFIGURE3ACCORDINGTOTHEAUTOMARKETDEVELOPMENT,CHINA’SAUTOMARKETISINTHEMASSIVEPOPULARIZATIONSTAGEINTHESTAGE,CARVOLUMEWILLKEEPFASTINCREASEUNTILTHECARVOLUMEPERTHOUSANDPEOPLEEXCEEDS250USUALLY,ITWILLLAST10YEARSDUETOTHEREGIONALDIFFERENCEININCOME,POPULATION,ECONOMY,THISSTAGEMAYLASTLONGERINCHINAEXPERTSFROMSTATEINFORMATIONCENTERESTIMATEDTHATTHISSTAGEMAYLASTUNTIL2013,WITH1214INCREMENTANNUALLYTHEREFORE,THEEVERGROWINGCARVOLUMEDUETOTHEPOPULARIZATIONSTAGEOFAUTOMARKET,WILLPROVIDEMOREROOMANDSOLIDFOUNDATIONFORUSEDCARMARKETDEVELOPMENTINCHINATHEREFORE,THEEVERGROWINGCARVOLUMEDUETOTHEPOPULARIZATIONSTAGEOFAUTOMARKET,WILLPROVIDEMOREROOMANDSOLIDFOUNDATIONFORUSEDCARMARKETDEVELOPMENTINCHINA22ECONOMYENVIRONMENTANALYSISDEVELOPMENTOFAUTOMARKETISPOSITIVELYRELATEDTOECONOMYDEVELOPMENTANDPEOPLE’SINCOME5ASTHEBIGGESTPOPULATIONINTHEWORLD,THEMARKETPOTENTIALISENORMOUSRECENTLY,CHINAECONOMYKEEPSSTEADYANDFASTINCREASEREALGDPPERCAPITALINCREASEDFROM1041IN2001TO5432IN2011,WITH174ANNUALINCREMENT,SHOWNINFIGURE4ASRESIDENT’SINCOMELEVELISTHEKEYFACTORFORAUTOPOPULATION,THEFASTGROWTHININCOMEWILLTRANSFERINTOHIGHERDEMANDINCREASEINCHINAAUTOMARKET,WHICHWILLFIGURE1