外文翻譯---基于波特模型的波多黎各的國際競爭力分析

1、<p><b>　　中文4120字</b></p><p>　　本科畢業(yè)論文英文文獻</p><p>　　出 處： Journal of Global Competitiveness </p><p><b>　　原 文：</b></p>

2、<p>　　The International Competitiveness of Puerto Rico Using the Porter’s Model</p><p>　　Luz Leyda Vega-Rosado</p><p>　　EXECUTIVE SUMMARY</p><p>　　This paper is divided in five

3、 parts. The introduction establishes the importance of country competitiveness, especially for the economy of Puerto Rico, a small economy in the Caribbean. The second part includes the theoretical frame. The third part

4、describes and explains the methodology used, developed in 1990 by Michael E. Porter from the Harvard Business School. The fourth part includes the ten industries that keep competitiveness in Puerto Rico for the years

5、1987, 1992, 1997, 2001 and 2002</p><p>　　Keywords: Puerto Rico, Caribbean, Competitiveness, Clusters, Industry.</p><p>　　INTRODUCTION</p><p>　　A country’s competitiveness must be ex

6、amined before it can be successfully introduced into the international market and globalized economy of our time. Before successfully competing at an international level, it is necessary to know where a country’s competi

7、tiveness lies.This topic is frequently discussed not only by developed countries but also by developing countries. According to Dr. Michael E. Porter (1990) of the Harvard Business School, “competitiveness has become a c

8、entral preoccupation o</p><p>　　Puerto Rico (PR) is an island known for its privileged location; between the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. The biggest of the Minor Antilles, its territory expands 100

9、 by 35 miles (8,900 km²). The island is associated to the United States of America as the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Its population is of about four million inhabitants; all of them American citizens. The gross do

10、mestic product (GDP) is about $45.7 billion (purchasing power parity).The GDP per capita is around $11,500.2 P</p><p>　　This work examines which industries Puerto Rico (PR) have been competitive at the inter

11、national level. The research consists of the use of the methodology to prepare cluster charts, developed by Dr. Michael E. Porter (1990), to determine which have been the competitive industries for the years 1987, 1992,

12、1997, 2001 and 2002. With this methodology the cluster charts for Puerto Rico were constructed.3 The industries included in the maps are those in which the country is competitive among the inte</p><p>　　THE

13、ORETICAL FRAME</p><p>　　The traditional definition of competitiveness establishes that it is the rate of participation in the international markets.The true competitiveness, at the international level, exist

14、s when many countries win because they are more productive and can compete more and better in the international markets (Global Competitiveness Report, 2003).“The competitiveness is a dynamic concept. Is a function of ma

15、ny factors,from the macroeconomic environment to the quality of the public institutions and the p</p><p>　　There are different approaches designed to measure the competitiveness of countries and its industri

16、es. Some of them are used by the World Economic Forum in their yearly publication the Global Competitiveness Report.One specific methodology used to measure the competitiveness of the countries is the preparation of clus

17、ter charts of competitive industries. This is the method used in this study. The measures used “seek to proxy the existence of true competitive advantage in international terms in </p><p>　　The clusters are

18、geographic concentrations of firms or industries that compete, collaborate, and are complementary and interdependent. They do business with each other or have common necessities of talent, technology, and infrastructure

19、(Fisher and Reuber, 2000).The German economist Albert Hirschman, who studies at the Sorbonne, at the London Business School, and at Trieste University, was, in 1958, the pioneer in the business clusters concept analyzing

20、 the ties (both backward and forward) betwe</p><p>　　Porter (1990) establishes that the competitive advantage of industries is determined by four factors that are part of the country in which the industry is

21、 located. These factors are called the Porter’s Diamond (Porter, 1990). “The Diamond creates an environment that promotes the clusters of competitive industries.”9 The Porter’s Diamond (1990) includes the following deter

22、minants: factor conditions (human resources, natural resources, capital and infrastructure); demand conditions (especially loc</p><p>　　The role of the government in the competitive advantage of the country

23、influences the four determinants (Porter, 1990). The role of government is to challenge the firms shaping the conditions of the four determinants to make businesses increase their goals. The impact of the government in t

24、he factor conditions should include: improved education, a better match between research and development (R&D) and competitiveness, improved infrastructure, tax incentives, and ensuring the availability of inv</p&

25、gt;<p>　　PORTER’S METHODOLOGY APPLIED TO PUERTO RICO</p><p>　　The method used in this study is based on the methodology constructed by Porter (1990) to prepare cluster charts of competitive industries

26、 in a country.Some modifications were made to the original methodology to adapt it to Puerto Rico. This is the first time that this method has been used in Puerto Rico.</p><p>　　Puerto Rico’s exports (includ

27、ing merchandise and services) were analyzed for selected years to determinethe industries in which the country has been internationally competitive. The studied years were 1987, 1992, 1997, 2001 y2002.10 These years wer

28、e selected after a long discussion and analysis with members of the Puerto Rico Planning Board and the researcher’s advisors. The years were selected taking into account: availability of information, stability in the eco

29、nomy and structural changes to </p><p>　　In this study the raw material are the Puerto Rico’s exports (both merchandise and services). This data was provided by the Puerto Rico Planning Board. The world data

30、 used to compare the country was obtained from the United Nations (UN) Organization 11 and from the World Trade Organization (WTO).12 The data for total world exports was obtained from the WTO and the data about industry

31、 exports was obtained from the UN. It was necessary for this study to make a congruence between two export classif</p><p>　　To begin the process, the Puerto Rico’s cutoff was determined for each studied year

32、. This cutoff is the Puerto Rico’s rate of participation in the world’s total exports. For this study the cutoff is denominated PRRP (Puerto Rico’s rate of participation in total world exports for a given year). To find

33、the PRRP the formula is:</p><p>　　In the previous formula, the value of Puerto Rico’s exports for industry X for the year X is the value registered for each industry classified by SIC at four levels for eac

34、h of the studied years. Between 450 and 500 industries resulted for each year. The denominator of this formula is the total value of the exports per industry, but at the world level for the X year. This second piece of d

35、ata was taken from the information provided by the United Nations Organization at the International Trade S</p><p>　　The list of Puerto Rican exporter industries, both of merchandise and services, has been t

36、he raw material for the construction of the cluster charts for Puerto Rico. The cluster charts included the industries that had a PRIR equal or higher than the PRRP. This analysis was made year by year. The industries th

37、at did not fulfill this criterion were not included.</p><p>　　The cluster chart for each year has sixteen columns and four rows. The sixteen columns classify the industries according to wide industrial secto

38、rs such as:</p><p>　　1. Materials / metals</p><p>　　2. Forest products</p><p>　　3. Petroleum / chemicals</p><p>　　4. Semiconductors / computers</p><p>

39、　　5. Multiple business</p><p>　　6. Transportation</p><p>　　7. Power generation & distribution</p><p>　　8. Office</p><p>　　9. Telecommunications</p><

40、p>　　10. Defense</p><p>　　11. Food / beverage</p><p>　　12. Textiles / apparel</p><p>　　13. Housing / household</p><p>　　14. Health care</p><p>　　15. Pers

41、onal</p><p>　　16. Entertainment / leisure</p><p>　　The four rows classify the industries according to the final use of its products or services. This classification includes: primary goods; mach

42、inery and production; specialty inputs; associated services.</p><p>　　After the cluster charts were prepared13, the four determinants of the Porter’s</p><p>　　Diamond were examined for the indus

43、tries that remain competitive among the five years studied. Ten industries were competitive. For this part of the analysis, firms classified below the SIC (at four levels) of the ten competitive industries were identifie

44、d using the Puerto Rico Industrial Development Company database (PRIDCO).14 The chief executive officers of those companies were interviewed. This paper concentrates on the ten industries.</p><p>　　PUERTO RI

45、CO’S COMPETITIVENESS ACCORDING TO PORTER’S MODEL</p><p>　　CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS</p><p>　　Puerto Rico has the opportunity to be more competitive in areas related to the health sector.It

46、 could be more competitive not only in the pharmaceutical area, but in the cardiovascular and ophthalmologic areas. The continuing strength of these industrial areas, promoting the exports of services associated to those

47、, could benefit other industries such as tourism. This last one could be diversified attracting tourists for reasons different than rest and vacations, but for health care.</p><p>　　Puerto Rico demonstrated

48、competitiveness in the food sector. This one has more presence of local firms in comparison with the health sector. The technical and specialist expertise of engineers that have the know-how to work with the chemical for

49、mulations and the operations of these firms is local. They attain with this expertise the standards of the Federal Drug Administration. Local human resources bring technical support to foreign firms that have the tradema

50、rks, but do not have the expertise </p><p>　　For Puerto Rico it is very important to examine very quickly what decisions will take the firms that are members of the industries that keep competitiveness due t

51、o exogenous elements to the Porter’s Diamond and to the local government. The country faces the threat that those industries will leave the country in the near future. It is necessary to provide alternatives to use the b

52、uildings that they have, most of them properties of the government, and to provide alternatives to generate new employ</p><p>　　1 In summary, the contributions of this research:</p><p>　　(1)dete

53、rmined which are the competitive industries of Puerto Rico at the maximum desegregation level allowed by the SIC and for five years;</p><p>　　(2)analyzed which are the determinants that have contributed to t

54、he competitiveness of the ten industries that keep competitiveness during the five studied years.</p><p>　　2 The recommendations as a result of this study are:</p><p>　　(1)utilize and analyze sc

55、ientific studies to decide the economic strategic direction for the country;</p><p>　　(2)promote urgently and aggressively the diversification of exporter industries of the country;</p><p>　　(3)

56、strength the elements of the Porter’s Diamond in all the exporter industries as a way to increase the competitiveness of them;</p><p>　　(4)create conditions to facilitate effectively and efficiently the expo

57、rt of those industries where the country has more strength on the Porter’s Diamond; evaluate the areas that support export and import infrastructure;</p><p>　　(5)increase the commercial exchange with Caribbe

58、an and with other Latin American countries; </p><p>　　(6)examine the potential of the Latin market out of Puerto Rico for the food sector and how this sector could be a strong niche for Puerto Rican export

59、er firms;</p><p>　　(7)evaluate the strategy with the tourism industry. A possibility is to promote the country in a unified way between the government, academia, and the private sector. This will obtain bene

60、fits from the links between sectors. For example, the competitiveness of the country could increase working together between the health and tourism sector. The country could be promoted in the Caribbean and Latin America

61、 as a center of cardiovascular and ophthalmologic health care services.</p><p>　　Puerto Rico is a country with a privileged geographic position for export management, with many skilled and professional human

62、 resources, with great capital investments in high technology, with a strong position in industries of great value at the global level, and with resources to bring more tourism to the Island. Puerto Rico needs to broaden

63、 its vision. The country can not rest in the strong competitiveness of a few industries. It has to strength the four determinants of the Porter’s Diamond </p><p><b>　　譯 文 ：</b></p><p

64、>　　基于波特模型的波多黎各的國際競爭力分析</p><p>　　Luz Leyda Vega-Rosado</p><p><b>　　摘要</b></p><p>　　本文分為五個部分。引言是說明國家競爭力的重要性，特別是對波多黎各，在加勒比小經(jīng)濟體的經(jīng)濟。第二部分包括理論框架。第三部分描述和解釋所采用的方法，研究邁克爾波特在1990

65、年從哈佛商學(xué)院時提出的理論。第四部分研究包括10個產(chǎn)業(yè)，包括1987年，1992年，1997年，2001年和2002年，波多黎各的競爭力研究的方法和利用波特的鉆石模型分析產(chǎn)業(yè)。第五部分分析包括的是結(jié)論和建議。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：波多黎各，加勒比，競爭力，集群，工業(yè)</p><p><b>　　一、引言</b></p><p>　　一個

66、國家的競爭力，必須加以研究，才能成功地打入國際市場，我們在這個全球化經(jīng)濟的時代中，之前成功地在國際層面競爭，但要知道一個國家的競爭力優(yōu)勢所在。不僅是發(fā)達國家，而且發(fā)展中國家經(jīng)常討論這個話題。根據(jù)邁克爾波特博士（1990）在哈佛商學(xué)院發(fā)表的：“競爭力已經(jīng)成為發(fā)達國家和發(fā)展中國家都核心關(guān)注點，在一個日益開放和一體化的世界經(jīng)濟。”因此，確定一個國家的競爭力是非常重要，無論是大或小。</p><p>　　波多黎各是以其優(yōu)

67、越的地理位置聞名的島嶼;在大西洋和加勒比海之間的國家。是安的列斯群島最大的島，其領(lǐng)土有10035英里（8,900平方公里）。該島為和美利堅合眾國為聯(lián)合體的波多黎各。它的人口約四百萬居民，其中所有為美國公民的，占國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值（GDP）約457億美元（購買力平價）。人均國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值約為11,500萬美元.波多黎各在加勒比地區(qū)是最有活力的經(jīng)濟體之一。像所有其它的國家，希望在全球商業(yè)中成功，波多黎各需要知道它已有的競爭力，還需要確定它是如何被定

68、位的，競爭能力方面面向世界其它國家。</p><p>　　這項工作考察的是波多黎各各個行業(yè)在國際上的競爭力。這項研究包括已確定為1987年，1992年，1997年，2001年和2002年的，用群集競爭性行業(yè)的方法研究博士邁克爾波特（1990）的模型。使用這種方法對波多黎各構(gòu)建了集群圖表。地圖上的工業(yè)是那些在該國有國際市場競爭力的產(chǎn)業(yè)。關(guān)于查明十大產(chǎn)業(yè)，始終是5個研究集群，按年分析。它包括一個競爭力的四因素分析稱為

69、波特的鉆石理論，以及這些如何影響了10個產(chǎn)業(yè)的競爭力。</p><p><b>　　二、理論體系的框架</b></p><p>　　從競爭力的傳統(tǒng)定義上看，是建立在國際市場上的。真正的有競爭力的參與國際一級市場競爭，在許多國家存在著贏家，因為他們有較高的生產(chǎn)力和競爭力，能夠更多更好的在國際市場（全球競爭力報告，2003年）上競爭。 競爭力是一個動態(tài)的概念。是許多因素的

70、作用，從宏觀經(jīng)濟環(huán)境對公共機構(gòu)的質(zhì)量和潛力上分析，是科技發(fā)展和教育的結(jié)果，是人力資本投資“波特（1990年）說，具有競爭力的優(yōu)勢國家沒有繼承其優(yōu)勢，則需要創(chuàng)建它。一個國家的競爭力取決于“創(chuàng)造的營商環(huán)境，以及政府機構(gòu)支持，國家高效利用和不斷升級的投入。”但是競爭力不是自然賦予，需要良好的措施，人為的創(chuàng)造，因此，這部分是由公共部門管理承擔(dān)的。業(yè)務(wù)的進一步全球化增加了市場力量和國家的行動，積極互動的需要。在微觀層面上，一些研究人員定義競爭力為

71、，企業(yè)或行業(yè)的能力，在利潤方面做到表現(xiàn)比較與它的競爭對手好的?！氨狙芯渴顷P(guān)于波多黎各和使該行業(yè)在國際上可能的競爭力。</p><p>　　旨在衡量各國及其產(chǎn)業(yè)的競爭力不同的做法。其中有些是被眾多世界經(jīng)濟論壇公布的全球競爭力年度報告。一個具體的方法來衡量國家競爭力，準備了競爭力的產(chǎn)業(yè)集群圖表。這是本研究使用的方法。所使用的措施，尋求一個行業(yè)在國際上的存在真正的競爭優(yōu)勢。波特在1990年使用此方法來衡量工業(yè)化國家的競

72、爭力，他的研究是的國家競爭優(yōu)勢的基礎(chǔ)。</p><p>　　各專題組的企業(yè)或行業(yè)，相互競爭，協(xié)作和相互補充，相互依存的地理間的聯(lián)系。他們彼此的聯(lián)系有業(yè)務(wù)或人才，技術(shù)和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施（費舍爾和Reuber，2000）等。德國經(jīng)濟學(xué)家赫希曼，他在倫敦索邦大學(xué)的商學(xué)院研究，并在里雅斯特大學(xué)研究共同必需品，1958年，是研究商業(yè)集群分析產(chǎn)業(yè)之間的關(guān)系（向后和向前）概念的先驅(qū)。由于許多聯(lián)系，一個產(chǎn)業(yè)已經(jīng)與在同一部門或內(nèi)部的集群個

73、別的分析，很可能會越成功。</p><p>　　波特（1990年）提出，對產(chǎn)業(yè)的競爭優(yōu)勢是由四個因素決定，它們是該行業(yè)根據(jù)所在國部分情況而決定的。這些因素被稱為波特的鉆石模型（波特，1990）。 “鉆石理論提出制造一種環(huán)境，促進優(yōu)勢產(chǎn)業(yè)集群。波特的鉆石理論（1990）包括以下因素：要素條件（人力資源，自然資源，資金和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施）;需求條件（特別是本地的需求）;有關(guān)及配套產(chǎn)業(yè)，企業(yè)策略，結(jié)構(gòu)和競爭。除了競爭優(yōu)勢的四個

74、因素，波特（1990年）確定了兩個國家，影響系統(tǒng)的其他因素，這些是機會和政府。</p><p>　　政府在該國競爭優(yōu)勢的作用是影響四個基本因素（波特，1990）。政府的作用就是挑戰(zhàn)公司，塑造四個因素的條件，使企業(yè)增加他們的目標(biāo)。而政府在要素條件的影響應(yīng)包括：改進教育，科研與發(fā)展（R＆D）和競爭力，更好地配合，改善基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，稅收優(yōu)惠，并確保投資和風(fēng)險資本（Bermann，1990年）的可用性。其他經(jīng)濟學(xué)家，如克魯格

75、曼（1987）指出，少數(shù)國家和少數(shù)幾個行業(yè)都需要政府的支持，以便進入國際市場推出。</p><p>　　三、波特模型方法應(yīng)用到波多黎各</p><p>　　在這項研究中采用的方法是根據(jù)波特理論（1990年）建造的方法，準備在一個國家具有競爭力的產(chǎn)業(yè)集群。修改一些原來的方法，以使其適應(yīng)波多黎各。這是第一次，該方法在波多黎各使用。</p><p>　　對波多黎各的出口貨

76、物（包括商品和服務(wù)）進行了分析，以確定該國所選年內(nèi)國際競爭力的產(chǎn)業(yè)。所研究的是1987年，1992年，1997年，2001年2002這些年，經(jīng)過長時間的討論，并與波多黎各規(guī)劃委員會成員和研究人員、顧問共同分析。這些年份被選定考慮到，確定經(jīng)濟和改善經(jīng)濟結(jié)構(gòu)變化的信息的可用性，穩(wěn)定性。多年的大部分的研究調(diào)查報告，這提供了更多的分析資料進行研究。</p><p>　　本研究使用的原料為波多黎各的出口（包括商品和服務(wù)）數(shù)

77、據(jù)。這些數(shù)據(jù)是由波多黎各規(guī)劃委員會提供的。使用世界上別的國家數(shù)據(jù)進行比較，從聯(lián)合國（UN）的組織和從世界貿(mào)易組織（WTO）中取得世界總出口的數(shù)據(jù)。這是必要的研究，以使兩個出口分類系統(tǒng)上的數(shù)據(jù)保持一致性。這些系統(tǒng)是：標(biāo)準產(chǎn)業(yè)分類（碳化硅，在波多黎各的使用，直至2000年）和標(biāo)準國際貿(mào)易分類（SITC，由聯(lián)合國使用）。得到與該計算機程序代碼相同的國際貿(mào)易和世界市場觀察公司的數(shù)據(jù)庫（2004年）的援助。</p><p>

78、;　　要開始這個過程，波多黎各的劃分研究的時間被確定為每個一年。這是波多黎各的世界出口總額的劃分截止時間。在這項研究中選取的貨幣PRRP（波多黎各的世界出口總額中的某一年的參與率）。以此建立PRRP的計算公式為。</p><p>　　在前面的公式中，波多黎各的產(chǎn)業(yè)出口值X和Y年，以SIC對所研究的每一個行業(yè)進行研究每年登記的價值劃分四個層次。在450和500行業(yè)中。此公式的分母是每個行業(yè)的出口總值，但在為X年的水

79、平。這組數(shù)據(jù)第二塊是從由聯(lián)合國組織提供的國際貿(mào)易統(tǒng)計年鑒的資料對比呈現(xiàn)一致性后作出的。對于世界服務(wù)出口，使用的是世界貿(mào)易組織的數(shù)據(jù)。</p><p>　　在波多黎各出口產(chǎn)業(yè)中，這兩個商品和服務(wù)一直是波多黎各的群集圖表中建筑產(chǎn)業(yè)的原料方。圖表的群集行業(yè)，有一個PRIR等于或大于PRRP。分析了這一年的的行業(yè)，不符合這個標(biāo)準的并不包括在內(nèi)。</p><p>　　每年的聚類圖有十六列和四列。十六

80、列按廣泛的工業(yè)領(lǐng)域行業(yè)分類如下：</p><p><b>　　1 材料/金屬 </b></p><p><b>　　2 林業(yè)產(chǎn)品 </b></p><p><b>　　3 石油/化工 </b></p><p><b>　　4 半導(dǎo)體/電腦 </b><

81、/p><p><b>　　5 多個業(yè)務(wù) </b></p><p><b>　　6 交通運輸 </b></p><p><b>　　7 發(fā)電和配電 </b></p><p><b>　　8 辦公室 </b></p><p><b&g

82、t;　　9 電訊 </b></p><p><b>　　10 國防 </b></p><p><b>　　11 食品/飲料 </b></p><p><b>　　12 紡織/服裝 </b></p><p><b>　　13 房屋/戶 </b>&

83、lt;/p><p><b>　　14 衛(wèi)生保健 </b></p><p><b>　　15 個人 </b></p><p><b>　　16 娛樂/休閑</b></p><p>　　根據(jù)其產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)的最終用途進行了四個級別的行業(yè)分類。這種分類包括：初級產(chǎn)品，機械和生產(chǎn);專業(yè)的投入;

84、相關(guān)服務(wù)。</p><p>　　波特的四大因素，即鉆石模型進行了檢查，在五個研究年里仍然保持著競爭力。十大產(chǎn)業(yè)的競爭力，對于這部分的分析，企業(yè)分為以下的SIC的（四級）十大產(chǎn)業(yè)的競爭行業(yè)分類，確定使用波多黎各實業(yè)發(fā)展公司的數(shù)據(jù)庫（PRIDCO）。對這些公司的首席行政人員進行了面談，集中在10個產(chǎn)業(yè)上。</p><p>　　四、波多黎各的競爭力根據(jù)波特的模型 </p><

85、p><b>　　五、結(jié)論和建議</b></p><p>　　波多黎各有關(guān)人身健康部門領(lǐng)域的競爭力方面，可能是更具有競爭力。不僅在制藥領(lǐng)域，在心血管和眼科領(lǐng)域。這些產(chǎn)業(yè)的持續(xù)強勢，推動相關(guān)的這些服務(wù)的出口并使其它產(chǎn)業(yè)從中受益，如旅游業(yè)等行業(yè)。這可能是最直接的一個原因，吸引不同的游客前來休息休假，醫(yī)療保健。</p><p>　　波多黎各在糧食部門的競爭力表現(xiàn)。這其中

86、有更多的與衛(wèi)生部門關(guān)聯(lián)存在的當(dāng)?shù)仄髽I(yè)。對有技術(shù)的工程師和專業(yè)知識的了解，如何使用化學(xué)制劑和使這些公司的業(yè)務(wù)實現(xiàn)本地化。他們有這個專業(yè)能力達到聯(lián)邦藥物管理局的標(biāo)準。當(dāng)?shù)氐娜肆Y源以及帶來的技術(shù)支持，有自主商標(biāo)，但是不具備生產(chǎn)無專業(yè)知識的外國公司的產(chǎn)品。波多黎各有能力控制該部門，實現(xiàn)多更多本地化及凸顯在國際上的存在。</p><p>　　波多黎各探明研究公司很快會采取什么決定是非常重要的，由于波特的鉆石理論和當(dāng)?shù)卣?/p>

87、外部因素保持它們的產(chǎn)業(yè)保持競爭力。如果國家面臨的威脅，這些產(chǎn)業(yè)將在不久的將來離開該國。要提供替代使用他們有的政府職能和建筑基礎(chǔ)條件，提供替代品以產(chǎn)生新的就業(yè)，促進國家的出口新產(chǎn)業(yè)、多樣化，并增加在國際市場上的競爭力。</p><p><b>　?。ㄒ唬┛偨Y(jié)研究貢獻</b></p><p>　　1.在SIC允許的最大水平范圍內(nèi)的五年，確定在廢除種族隔離后決定產(chǎn)業(yè)競爭力的

88、影響因素。</p><p>　　2.分析學(xué)習(xí)研究的五年里，十大行業(yè)中促進競爭力的提升作出了貢獻的決定因素。</p><p>　?。ǘ┗谶@項研究結(jié)果的建議</p><p>　　1.利用科學(xué)的研究分析來決定經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的國家戰(zhàn)略方向。</p><p>　　2.及時和積極推動該國的出口產(chǎn)業(yè)多元化。</p><p>　　3.提

89、供所有的力量，以此來提高他們的競爭力。 </p><p>　　4.創(chuàng)造條件，有效地促進擁有強勁的國家競爭優(yōu)勢國家的一些行業(yè)的出口。評估各個領(lǐng)域支持促進出口和進口條件改善。</p><p>　　5.增加與加勒比和拉美其他國家的商業(yè)交流; </p><p>　　6.審查波多黎各退出拉丁市場的糧食部門的潛力和該部門如何能成為波多黎各一個強大的出口產(chǎn)業(yè)業(yè)的潛力;&l

90、t;/p><p>　　7.評價與旅游產(chǎn)業(yè)戰(zhàn)略。一種可能性是在政府之間推動，統(tǒng)一國家學(xué)術(shù)界和私營部門。這將獲得各部門之間的聯(lián)系的好處。例如，該國的競爭力，提高工作之間的聯(lián)系，加強旅游等部門合作。可促進該國成為在加勒比和拉丁美洲的心血管和眼科醫(yī)療服務(wù)中心。</p><p>　　波多黎各是一個地理位置優(yōu)越，并擁有出口管理與許多技術(shù)和專業(yè)的人力資源的國家，國家在高科技上大資本投資，在全球范圍內(nèi)具有很大