新媒體外文翻譯—新媒體對(duì)尼日利亞新聞媒體監(jiān)督作用的影響（節(jié)選）

1、<p>　　字?jǐn)?shù)：英文2871單詞，15350字符；中文4768漢字</p><p>　　出處：Agbo B O, Chukwuma O. Influence of the New Media on the Watchdog Role of the Press in Nigeria[J]. European Scientific Journal, 2017, 13(2):126-140</p>

2、;<p><b>　　外文文獻(xiàn)：　</b></p><p>　　Influence of the New Media on the Watchdog Role of the Press in Nigeria</p><p>　　Abstract Section 22 of Nigeria’s 1999 constitution indicates th

3、at the watchdog role is a constitutional duty of the press to ensure that government is responsible and accountable to the people. However, one major approach deployed by the press to enforce this crucial watchdog role i

4、s through investigative journalism. Investigative journalism provides a very potent platform for the press to unravel what is known as “facts behind the facts” particularly in governance. More so, the press is no dou<

5、/p><p>　　Keywords: Watchdog, New Media,Press, Constitution, Investigation</p><p>　　Introduction</p><p>　　In every society, good governance remains a cardinal platform to engender devel

6、opment. Where there is good governance, the wellbeing of the citizens is essentially a priority. On the other hand, bad governance (which is the direct opposite of good governance) is no doubt a fundamental avenue to her

7、ald stagnation, retrogression and frustration. The massive advancement in virtually all the developed nations has its root in good governance. To a very significant extent, these developed countries su</p><p&g

8、t;　　As earlier indicated, in many underdeveloped/developing nations such as Nigeria, bad governance has consigned the countries into a state of frustration. Citizens cannot properly feed, access good water, acquire good

9、clothes and decent homes. They cannot access quality education, good roads, healthcare etc. We have inadequate learning facilities, poor learning environment and consistent teachers’ strike at both the pre and post terti

10、ary education levels. In the health centres, health workers are </p><p>　　As a way of holding our leaders accountable and responsible to the people, the watchdog role of the press was introduced. The watchdo

11、g function of the press is essentially to hold government accountable. It is a crucial role that empowers the press to checkmate governments’ activities with the core aim of engendering good governance. This function of

12、the press has its root in section 22 of Nigeria’s 1999 constitution. The section states clearly that, “the press, radio, television and other agenc</p><p>　　A fearless and effective watchdog is critical in f

13、ledgling democracies such as Nigeria where existing democratic institutions are weak and pummeled by political pressure. The watchdog role of the press is all the more important because the critical arms of government: t

14、he legislature and the judiciary seem to have neglected their oversight functions hence they are powerless as mechanisms of social control. Thus the media are often left as the only check against the abuse of power, crit

15、icize corr</p><p>　　One major approach deployed by the press to enforce this crucial watchdog role is through investigative journalism. Investigative journalism provides a very potent platform for the press

16、to unravel what is known as “facts behind the facts” particularly in governance. Through investigative journalism, the press conducts intense investigations to unearth hidden facts.</p><p>　　The emergence of

17、 the new media has redefined the patterns of communication globally. In recognition of the importance of the new media, the press have massively began to utilize them (new media) in the practice of journalism. Both the b

18、roadcast and the print media journalists now use the new media to discharge their duty of information gathering and dissemination. In fact, journalism practice has taken a new dimension of been more interactive, timely,

19、and interesting.</p><p>　　The question however is, what is the impact of the new media in the discharging the watchdog role of the press in Nigeria? The above question formed the basis for this paper.</p&

20、gt;<p>　　An Overview of the New Media</p><p>　　The new media are those methods and social practices of communication, representation and expression that have developed using digital, multimedia, netwo

21、rked computer and the ways that this machine is held transformed work in other media, like books, movies, newspapers, magazines, radio, television, telephone etc (Diri, 2009, p.177).</p><p>　　The various int

22、ernet-based applications, from social networks to user- generated content and micro-blogging, have empowered nearly every user of the new media to be a potential broadcaster, with the ability to rapidly create, modify, a

23、nd share digital contents and knowledge with millions of other users both locally and globally. This trend encourages new and emerging patterns of communication, demolishes artificial borders, while creating a participat

24、ory and new forms of other creative expressio</p><p>　　With the various platforms the new media offer, it is possible for almost any citizen to communicate to a large and diversified audience either through

25、blogs, social networking sites, internet groups and chat-rooms. Now, it is much easier for citizens around the world to challenge authorities on issues, expose corruption, and express their opinions via new media. Images

26、 that would have been censored by media houses based on their sensitive nature, get frequently circulated online. Online, people</p><p>　　New media channels have formed a global interactive web community whe

27、re connected people can easily share ideas, messages and update themselves on any unfolding happening in the world. Through this, people easily get informed more than any other source. </p><p>　　A Brief Over

28、view of the Watchdog Role of the Press</p><p>　　The watchdog function of the press is essentially to hold government accountable. It is a crucial role that empowers the press to checkmate governments’ activi

29、ties with the core aim of engendering good governance.</p><p>　　The watchdog role is a constitutional duty of the press to ensure that government is responsible and accountable to the people. This watchdog f

30、unction places a crucial demand on the press to instill accountability and responsibility in governance with a cardinal intention of wading-off corruption which will ultimately herald good governance that will advance th

31、e wellbeing of the citizens. Laying credence to the above, Idumange (2013, para. 7) asserts that “The media are expected to monitor ‘happ</p><p>　　One role of the media in a democracy is that of watchdog ove

32、r government. The idea is that the press should dig up facts and warn the public when officials are doing something wrong. Citizens can hold officials accountable for setting things right only if they know about errors a

33、nd wrongdoing.</p><p>　　The Impact of the New Media on the Watchdog Role of the Press in Nigeria</p><p>　　The next question that needs clarification in this discourse is how have the various new

34、 media platforms enhanced the watchdog role of the press? Put differently, in what way(s) have the new media aided the watchdog function of the press in Nigeria?</p><p>　　The first response to the above ques

35、tion is through citizen journalism. Citizen journalism which is made possible by the new media is a cardinal practice that has essentially aided the watchdog function. The new media now provide wider platforms for not ju

36、st the press but also the citizens to hold government accountable. With the new media, both the citizens and media professionals now hold governments at all levels accountable based on their activities. The new media are

37、 now massively used to o</p><p>　　The second point here is that the new media have significantly added to the variety of sources for investigation. With the new media, journalists now have more sources to ac

38、cess very relevant information that will aid their watchdog function. Today, much sensitive information regarding the misdeeds of government and its agencies are uploaded by citizens with a core intention of exposing the

39、 ills in governance. Also, the variety of sources helps in the verification/confirmation of information. Th</p><p>　　Furthermore, the new media help to bring government activities much closer to the Nigerian

40、 citizens thereby making it possible for the citizens to fully participate in the performance of the watchdog function. Various government activities are streamed on Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Short Message Service, etc

41、, and gadgets such as ipod, mobile phones, ipad, etc are used used in this regard. The streaming by government is done with the priority intention of letting the citizens know about these ac</p><p>　　It is a

42、lso in place to aver that the new media have made the watchdog role of the press easier and faster in Nigeria. In this regard, what Joseph Dominick called “Back Pack Journalism” comes to mind. Here, the journalist does e

43、verything by himself. For instance, the journalist deploys the smart phone to conduct his investigations which amongst others include taking pictures of stolen money, property, fake contracts and other fraudulent activit

44、ies of government and its agencies. Also, the smartph</p><p>　　Challenges of Journalists’ Utilisation of the New Media in Performing the Watchdog Role of the Press Despite the fact that the new media have po

45、sitively impacted on the performance of the watchdog role, some challenges abound. These challenges impede the press’ maximal use of the new media in the enforcement of the watchdog function.</p><p>　　The in

46、sufficient or unavailability of new media facilities such as the smartphones, laptops, Ipods etc is a serious impediment to using the new media in the performance of the watchdog function of the press. Even situations wh

47、ere these facilities are said to be available, they are not adequate. To this end, the need to make the new media facilities not just available but sufficiently available becomes very pertinent. This is owing to the fact

48、 that contemporary journalism practice demands the use</p><p>　　Lack/poor Internet connectivity is as well a challenge in using the new media to discharge the watchdog function of the press in Nigeria and ot

49、her developing nations. There are many locations in these nations where internet connectivity is unavailable. Even at locations where the internet can be accessed, fluctuating network is sometimes unavoidable. This makes

50、 it impossible for journalists to fully harness the internet to access and transmit relevant information that will be beneficial to the j</p><p>　　Also very fundamental amongst the challenges is the challeng

51、e of skill. For any journalist to effectively use the new media in performing the watchdog function, the need to possess adequate skill to operate the new media is no doubt very expedient. This is premised on the fact th

52、at the new media are very sophisticated technologies that require adequate knowledge for efficient utilization. Some Nigerian journalists lack the requisite skills to efficiently use the new media gadgets to aid their pr

53、</p><p>　　The issue of credibility/public suspicion is as well another impediment. In most developing climes like Nigeria, the culture of casting doubts on what is seen and read online is still visible. Some

54、 people have not fully come to terms with the fact that online sources have come to constitute very important avenue to access relevant information regarding various issues. They do not trust the information they access

55、online. The tendency to only believe what they read and listen/watch on the convent</p><p>　　Furthermore, the attitude of journalists regarding the use of the new media in performing the watchdog function is

56、 also one of the core challenges. This is because some journalists have become too used to their old ways of doing things to the extent that they are now very conservative to embracing the contemporary trend of journalis

57、m practice. Because of their conservative nature, some journalists have refused to develop favourable attitude towards the use of the new media in discharging the wat</p><p>　　Conclusion</p><p>

58、　　Based on the discussion above, the researchers conclude that the new media have fundamentally aided the execution of the watchdog function of the press. This was premised on the fact that the press now deploy the new m

59、edia to add depth and context to the coverage of events and issues. The new media now provide wider platforms for not just the press but also the citizens to hold government accountable. With the new media, both the citi

60、zens and media professionals now hold governments at all level</p><p><b>　　中文譯文：</b></p><p>　　新媒體對(duì)尼日利亞新聞媒體監(jiān)督作用的影響</p><p>　　摘要 尼日利亞1999年憲法第22條指出，監(jiān)督作用是新聞媒體的一項(xiàng)憲法義務(wù)，以確保政府對(duì)人

61、民的責(zé)任和義務(wù)。然而，為執(zhí)行這一重要的監(jiān)督作用，新聞媒體實(shí)施的最主要的方法之一就是采用調(diào)查性新聞。對(duì)新聞媒體來(lái)說(shuō)，要揭露“事實(shí)背后的真相”，特別是管理體制方面的，調(diào)查性新聞提供了一個(gè)非常有力的平臺(tái)。更重要的是，新聞媒體無(wú)疑是新媒體優(yōu)勢(shì)的受益者。新媒體的迅速性和普遍性，如今在新聞工作中非常明顯。不過(guò)，問(wèn)題是，新媒體對(duì)新聞媒體監(jiān)督作用的執(zhí)行有何影響？根據(jù)上述問(wèn)題，研究人員斷言，新媒體從根本上有助于新聞媒體履行監(jiān)督職能。這是基于這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)，

62、即新聞媒體現(xiàn)在利用新媒體為事件和問(wèn)題的報(bào)道增加深度和背景。新媒體現(xiàn)在不僅為新聞媒體提供了更廣闊的平臺(tái)，也為公民提供了追究政府責(zé)任的平臺(tái)。隨著新媒體的出現(xiàn)，公民和媒體專(zhuān)業(yè)人士現(xiàn)在都要求各級(jí)政府對(duì)自己的活動(dòng)負(fù)責(zé)。新媒體現(xiàn)在被大量用來(lái)反對(duì)和批評(píng)政府的政策和方案，以及揭露賄賂和腐敗等政府丑惡行為，從而促使政府績(jī)效得到改善。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：監(jiān)督，新媒體，新聞，憲法，調(diào)查</p><p>

63、;<b>　　引言</b></p><p>　　在每個(gè)社會(huì)，善政仍然是促進(jìn)發(fā)展的基本平臺(tái)。在擁有良好治理的地方，公民的福祉基本上是優(yōu)先考慮的事情。另一方面，糟糕的治理（善政的相反面）無(wú)疑預(yù)示著停滯、倒退和挫敗。幾乎所有發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的巨大進(jìn)步都源自善政。在很大程度上，這些發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家如英國(guó)、美國(guó)、法國(guó)、俄羅斯等，都享有良好治理的紅利，而欠發(fā)達(dá)/發(fā)展中國(guó)家（大部分在非洲）顯然是治理不善的受害者。<

64、/p><p>　　如前所述，在諸如尼日利亞等許多欠發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家/發(fā)展中國(guó)家，糟糕的治理已經(jīng)使得這些國(guó)家陷入沮喪的境地。公民難以果腹，無(wú)法獲得良好的水源、漂亮的衣服和體面的房屋。他們不能享受優(yōu)質(zhì)的教育、良好的道路、醫(yī)療保健等。我們的學(xué)習(xí)設(shè)施不足，學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境差，教師在高等教育前后都倍受打擊。在保健中心，衛(wèi)生工作者經(jīng)常因?yàn)楣ぷ鳁l件惡劣而出現(xiàn)罷工。我們同樣存在醫(yī)療設(shè)備不足及更多的問(wèn)題。旨在解決這些問(wèn)題的資金往往被腐敗官員貪污了。&

65、lt;/p><p>　　新聞媒體的監(jiān)督作用，是為了讓我們的國(guó)家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)履行對(duì)人民的責(zé)任和義務(wù)。新聞媒體的監(jiān)督職能實(shí)質(zhì)上是要追究政府的責(zé)任。以產(chǎn)生良好治理為基本目標(biāo)，賦予新聞媒體監(jiān)督政府的活動(dòng)，這是非常關(guān)鍵的。新聞媒體的這個(gè)職能是尼日利亞1999年憲法第22條的根本。該條憲法明確指出，“新聞、廣播、電視和大眾媒體的其他機(jī)構(gòu)在任何時(shí)候都應(yīng)自由地維護(hù)本章所載的基本目標(biāo)，堅(jiān)持政府對(duì)人民的責(zé)任和義務(wù)”。</p>&l

66、t;p>　　對(duì)尼日利亞等民主體制薄弱、受到政治壓力重創(chuàng)的新興民主國(guó)家來(lái)說(shuō)，一個(gè)無(wú)所畏懼的和有效的監(jiān)督機(jī)構(gòu)至關(guān)重要。由于政府的關(guān)鍵武器：立法機(jī)關(guān)和司法機(jī)構(gòu)似乎都忽視了自己的監(jiān)督職能，導(dǎo)致它們無(wú)力成為社會(huì)控制的機(jī)制，所以新聞媒體的監(jiān)督作用就更為重要。因此，媒體往往被當(dāng)做是唯一的遏制權(quán)力濫用、批判腐敗，加強(qiáng)透明度、問(wèn)責(zé)制，強(qiáng)化民主的羽翼未豐的機(jī)構(gòu)（Idumange，2013，第11段）。</p><p>　　為執(zhí)

67、行這一重要的監(jiān)督作用，新聞媒體實(shí)施的最主要的方法之一就是采用調(diào)查性新聞。對(duì)新聞媒體來(lái)說(shuō)，要揭露“事實(shí)背后的真相”，特別是管理體制方面的，調(diào)查性新聞提供了一個(gè)非常有力的平臺(tái)。通過(guò)調(diào)查性新聞，新聞媒體進(jìn)行了深入的調(diào)查，發(fā)掘隱藏的事實(shí)。</p><p>　　新媒體的出現(xiàn)，重新定義了全球的通信模式。新聞媒體認(rèn)識(shí)到新媒體的重要性，開(kāi)始在新聞工作中大力利用它們（新媒體）。廣播和印刷媒體新聞工作者現(xiàn)在都利用新媒體來(lái)履行其信息收

68、集和傳播的職責(zé)。事實(shí)上，新聞工作已經(jīng)呈現(xiàn)出一個(gè)更加互動(dòng)、及時(shí)和有趣的新紀(jì)元。</p><p>　　不過(guò)，問(wèn)題是，新媒體對(duì)尼日利亞的新聞媒體監(jiān)督作用有何影響？上述問(wèn)題構(gòu)成了本文研究的基礎(chǔ)。</p><p><b>　　新媒體概述</b></p><p>　　新媒體是利用數(shù)字、多媒體、網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)算機(jī)開(kāi)發(fā)的通信、表達(dá)和溝通的方法和社會(huì)實(shí)踐，以及其傳播形態(tài)

69、改造了如書(shū)籍、電影、報(bào)紙、雜志、廣播、電視、電話(huà)等其他媒體（迪里，2009，第177頁(yè)）。</p><p>　　各種基于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的應(yīng)用程序，從社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)到用戶(hù)生成的內(nèi)容和微博，都使得新媒體的幾乎每個(gè)用戶(hù)都能夠成為潛在的廣播機(jī)構(gòu)，能夠快速創(chuàng)建、修改和共享數(shù)字內(nèi)容和知識(shí)，并與本地和全球的其他數(shù)百萬(wàn)用戶(hù)分享。這種趨勢(shì)促使出現(xiàn)新的通信模式，消除了人為的邊界，同時(shí)創(chuàng)造了一種富有參與性和新鮮性的創(chuàng)意表達(dá)形式。這樣，與以前相比，人

70、們能夠更多地表達(dá)自己，并參與公共辯論（Adelabu， 2011）。</p><p>　　隨著新媒體提供的各種平臺(tái)，幾乎任何一個(gè)公民都可以通過(guò)博客、社交網(wǎng)站、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)團(tuán)體和聊天室與廣大的、多元化的觀眾進(jìn)行交流。現(xiàn)在，世界各地的公民更容易挑戰(zhàn)當(dāng)局的問(wèn)題，揭露腐敗現(xiàn)象，并通過(guò)新媒體表達(dá)意見(jiàn)。帶有敏感性的、會(huì)被媒體機(jī)構(gòu)審查的圖像，經(jīng)常得到在線(xiàn)傳播。在網(wǎng)上，人們毫無(wú)拘束地發(fā)表評(píng)論和寫(xiě)作。這些新領(lǐng)域的開(kāi)放為媒體提供了加強(qiáng)業(yè)務(wù)

71、的機(jī)會(huì)（Adelabu，2011）。</p><p>　　新媒體渠道已經(jīng)形成了一個(gè)全球互動(dòng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)社區(qū)，人們可以很容易地針對(duì)世界上發(fā)生的任何事情分享想法、信息及進(jìn)行更新。通過(guò)這一點(diǎn)，比其他任何來(lái)源，人們從自媒體上更容易得到信息。</p><p>　　新聞媒體監(jiān)督作用的概述</p><p>　　新聞媒體的監(jiān)督職能實(shí)質(zhì)上是要追究政府的責(zé)任。以產(chǎn)生良好治理為基本目標(biāo)，賦予新聞

72、媒體監(jiān)督政府的活動(dòng)，這是非常關(guān)鍵的。</p><p>　　監(jiān)督作用是新聞媒體的憲法義務(wù)，以確保政府對(duì)人民的責(zé)任和義務(wù)。這種監(jiān)督職能對(duì)新聞媒體提出了一個(gè)重要的要求，即在治理中灌輸問(wèn)責(zé)制和責(zé)任感，以消除腐敗，最終預(yù)示著促進(jìn)公民福祉的善政。根據(jù)上述，Idumange（2013，第7段）認(rèn)為，“媒體應(yīng)該監(jiān)測(cè)‘發(fā)生的事情’，特別是政府的活動(dòng)，并向整個(gè)社會(huì)報(bào)告。此外，他們還應(yīng)該堅(jiān)持政府對(duì)社會(huì)的責(zé)任和義務(wù)”。在撰寫(xiě)新聞媒體的監(jiān)

73、督作用時(shí)，格雷伯（1993，第35頁(yè)）認(rèn)為：</p><p>　　媒體在民主中的一個(gè)作用就是監(jiān)督政府。也就是說(shuō)，新聞媒體應(yīng)該挖掘事實(shí)，并在官員做錯(cuò)事的時(shí)候向公眾發(fā)出警告。公民只有在知道錯(cuò)誤和不法行為的情況下，才能追究官員的責(zé)任。</p><p>　　新媒體對(duì)尼日利亞新聞媒體監(jiān)督作用的影響</p><p>　　在這篇文章中需要澄清的下一個(gè)問(wèn)題是，各種新媒體平臺(tái)是如何增

74、強(qiáng)新聞媒體的監(jiān)督作用的呢？換句話(huà)說(shuō)，新媒體在哪些方面幫助了尼日利亞新聞媒體的監(jiān)督職能呢？</p><p>　　對(duì)上述問(wèn)題的第一反應(yīng)是通過(guò)公民新聞。新媒體使公民新聞成為可能，這實(shí)質(zhì)上是幫助監(jiān)督作用的一種基本做法。新媒體現(xiàn)在不僅為新聞媒體提供了更廣闊的平臺(tái)，也為公民提供了追究政府責(zé)任的平臺(tái)。隨著新媒體的出現(xiàn)，公民和媒體專(zhuān)業(yè)人士現(xiàn)在都要求各級(jí)政府對(duì)自己的活動(dòng)負(fù)責(zé)。新媒體現(xiàn)在被大量用來(lái)反對(duì)和批評(píng)政府的政策和方案，以及揭露

75、賄賂和腐敗等政府丑惡行為，從而促使政府績(jī)效得到改善。</p><p>　　第二點(diǎn)是，新媒體明顯增加了各種調(diào)查來(lái)源。在新媒體的幫助下，新聞工作者現(xiàn)在有了更多的渠道來(lái)獲取相關(guān)信息，這將有助于他們的監(jiān)督職能。今天，有關(guān)政府及其機(jī)構(gòu)的不當(dāng)行為的敏感信息被公民上傳到網(wǎng)上，其核心意圖是揭露治理中的弊病。此外，來(lái)源的多樣性有助于核實(shí)/確認(rèn)信息。新媒體是大量消息來(lái)源的主要貢獻(xiàn)者，為新聞工作者提供了更好的機(jī)會(huì)，以便他們?cè)趯彶楸O(jiān)督職

76、能的過(guò)程中適當(dāng)?shù)睾藢?duì)事實(shí)。為了確保他們掌握的信息是準(zhǔn)確的，各種新媒體的來(lái)源被最大限度地利用，以便在發(fā)布之前驗(yàn)證這些事實(shí)。因此，安納（2014）在他的研究中指出，新媒體擴(kuò)大了尼日利亞新聞工作者獲取和傳播信息的范圍，這將有助于其監(jiān)督職能的履行。</p><p>　　此外，新媒體有助于讓政府的活動(dòng)更接近尼日利亞公民，從而使公民能夠充分參與執(zhí)行監(jiān)督職能。通過(guò)使用諸如iPod、手機(jī)、iPad等小工具，便可以在Faceboo

77、k、Witter、YouTube、短信服務(wù)等上宣傳各種政府活動(dòng)。政府這么做的最主要是為了讓公民了解這些這些活動(dòng)。這為公民參與職業(yè)新聞人士的監(jiān)督工作提供了良好的平臺(tái)。當(dāng)一個(gè)人熟悉了政府的活動(dòng)時(shí)，他就能夠恰當(dāng)?shù)嘏u(píng)那些活動(dòng)，從而促進(jìn)實(shí)現(xiàn)善政的終極目標(biāo)。鑒于此，Njoku（2014）在他的定性研究中指出，新媒體平臺(tái)為非新聞人士提供了參與專(zhuān)業(yè)新聞工作者執(zhí)行監(jiān)督職能的機(jī)會(huì)，通過(guò)批評(píng)政府活動(dòng)，以確保尼日利亞實(shí)現(xiàn)善政。</p><

78、p>　　還有一點(diǎn)可以肯定的是，新媒體在尼日利亞更容易和更快地發(fā)揮監(jiān)督作用。就這方面，約瑟夫·多米尼克稱(chēng)之為“背包新聞”。在這里，新聞?dòng)浾呖梢元?dú)自做每一件事。例如，記者使用智能手機(jī)進(jìn)行調(diào)查，其中包括給政府及其機(jī)構(gòu)貪污的金錢(qián)、財(cái)產(chǎn)、假合同和其他欺詐活動(dòng)進(jìn)行拍照。另外，智能手機(jī)被用來(lái)記錄采訪(fǎng)的來(lái)源和其他信息，將提高監(jiān)督職能的履行。</p><p>　　新聞工作者利用新媒體在發(fā)揮新聞媒體監(jiān)督作用的方面，盡

79、管產(chǎn)生了積極的影響，但也存在一些挑戰(zhàn)。這些挑戰(zhàn)阻礙了新聞媒體最大限度地利用新媒體來(lái)執(zhí)行監(jiān)督職能。</p><p>　　諸如智能手機(jī)、筆記本電腦、Ipod等新媒體設(shè)施的不足或無(wú)法使用，將會(huì)嚴(yán)重阻礙利用新媒體來(lái)執(zhí)行監(jiān)督職能。甚至這些設(shè)施在被認(rèn)為是可用的情況下，也會(huì)出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題。為此，鑒于當(dāng)代新聞工作需要使用新媒體，所以必須要確保新媒體設(shè)施不僅是可用的，而且是能夠加以充分利用的。任何媒體機(jī)構(gòu)或記者誰(shuí)想要與當(dāng)前的新聞趨勢(shì)保持

80、一致步調(diào)，就必須接受和使用新媒體，以幫助他們的新聞工作，這是毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)的事實(shí)。威爾遜（2013，第7頁(yè)）在他的研究中透露，一些尼日利亞的新聞工作者還未擁有當(dāng)代新聞工作中所需的新媒體設(shè)施。</p><p>　　在尼日利亞和其他發(fā)展中國(guó)家，利用新媒體來(lái)履行新聞的監(jiān)督職能，缺乏/不良的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)連接也是一項(xiàng)挑戰(zhàn)。在這些國(guó)家，有許多地方的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)連接是不可用的。即使在可以訪(fǎng)問(wèn)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的地方，不穩(wěn)定的網(wǎng)絡(luò)有時(shí)也是不可避免的。這使得新

81、聞工作者無(wú)法充分利用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)來(lái)獲取和傳播相關(guān)信息，從而不利于新聞工作者履行監(jiān)督職能。史密斯（2014，第11頁(yè)）發(fā)現(xiàn)，尼日利亞的一些地區(qū)，特別是農(nóng)村地區(qū)的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)連通性不足，從而阻礙了新聞媒體工作者充分利用新媒體來(lái)履行監(jiān)督職能。</p><p>　　在挑戰(zhàn)之中，還有一項(xiàng)非常重要的就是技能挑戰(zhàn)。對(duì)于任何新聞工作者來(lái)說(shuō)，有效利用新媒體來(lái)執(zhí)行監(jiān)督職能，就必須具備足夠的技能來(lái)操作新媒體，這一點(diǎn)是毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)的。這是基于這樣一種事

82、實(shí)，即新媒體是非常復(fù)雜的技術(shù)，需要足夠的知識(shí)，才能有效利用。尼日利亞的一些新聞工作者缺乏必要的技能，未能有效使用新媒體工具來(lái)幫助他們的新聞工作。在許多非洲國(guó)家也是如此。在尼日利亞，我們把這組新聞工作者稱(chēng)為“模擬記者”。這意味著這些記者不具備操作數(shù)字小工具所需的技能。Nwafor（2013）指出，尼日利亞的一些新聞工作者不具備使用新媒體工具所需的技能。在這方面，新聞工作者必須繼續(xù)接受培訓(xùn)和再培訓(xùn)，以獲得必要的技能，使他們能夠正確使用新媒體

83、來(lái)履行監(jiān)督機(jī)構(gòu)的義務(wù)。</p><p>　　信譽(yù)/公眾質(zhì)疑也是另一個(gè)障礙。在像尼日利亞這樣的大多數(shù)發(fā)展中國(guó)家，對(duì)網(wǎng)上看到和閱讀的內(nèi)容表示懷疑的文化依然顯而易見(jiàn)。有些人還沒(méi)有完全接受這樣的事實(shí)，即網(wǎng)絡(luò)來(lái)源已經(jīng)成為獲取各種問(wèn)題的相關(guān)信息的重要途徑。他們不信任何網(wǎng)絡(luò)信息，只相信他們?cè)趥鹘y(tǒng)媒體上讀、聽(tīng)/看到的，這種意識(shí)仍然扎根于公民之中。因此，懷疑新媒體在線(xiàn)發(fā)布的信息，會(huì)削弱監(jiān)督的職能。同樣地，哈桑（2013）發(fā)現(xiàn)，“尼

84、日利亞觀眾對(duì)新媒體/在線(xiàn)平臺(tái)的信息的懷疑，對(duì)新聞工作者使用新媒體構(gòu)成了重大挑戰(zhàn)”。但啟蒙活動(dòng)仍然是這種誤解的核心補(bǔ)救辦法。</p><p>　　此外，新聞工作者對(duì)使用新媒體執(zhí)行監(jiān)督職能的態(tài)度也是核心挑戰(zhàn)之一。這是因?yàn)橛行┬侣劰ぷ髡咭呀?jīng)習(xí)慣了舊的做事方式，對(duì)于當(dāng)代新聞工作的趨勢(shì)，他們持有非常保守的接受態(tài)度。由于其保守性，一些新聞工作者拒絕使用新媒體發(fā)揮監(jiān)督作用。他們也應(yīng)該被告知繼續(xù)舊的新聞工作模式將意味著什么。穆罕

85、默德（2014）和阿德博拉（2013）的調(diào)查結(jié)果表明支持這一論斷。因此，這組新聞工作者必須充分認(rèn)識(shí)到新聞從業(yè)者接受和利用新媒體的必要性。</p><p><b>　　結(jié)論</b></p><p>　　基于上述討論，研究人員得出結(jié)論，新媒體從根本上有助于新聞媒體履行監(jiān)督職能。這是基于這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)，即新聞媒體現(xiàn)在利用新媒體為事件和問(wèn)題的報(bào)道增加深度和背景。新媒體現(xiàn)在不僅為