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1、<p> 字?jǐn)?shù):英文2221單詞,12805字符;中文4184漢字</p><p> 出處:AM Alshbail,TAA Turki.A Theoretical Discussion of Internal Audit Effectiveness in Kuwaiti Industrial SMEs[J]International Journal of Academic Research in A
2、ccounting, Finance and Management Sciences.2017,1(7):107-116</p><p><b> 外文文獻: </b></p><p> A Theoretical Discussion of Internal Audit Effectiveness in Kuwaiti Industrial SMEs</p
3、><p> Abstract This paper aims to scrutinise the association between the internal audit effectiveness and the four factors associated with International Standards for Professional Practice of Internal Auditin
4、g (ISPPIA): independence of internal auditors, scope of internal auditors, management support, and audited cooperation. The relationship between these factors and Satisfaction of internal auditors is also examined. Furth
5、er, the moderating effect on the relationship between these factors (if prese</p><p> Key words:Internal audit effectiveness, satisfaction of internal auditors, Kuwaiti Industrial SMEs</p><p>
6、 1.Introduction</p><p> Within the past few decades, internal audit departments have significantly contributed to organizational structure through value added services and thus, it has become crucial part t
7、herein (Al- Twaijry et al., 2003; Arena and Azzone, 2009; Coram et al., 2008). Moreover, internal auditing has significantly increased in importance in the previous years, particularly in its consulting role inside the f
8、irm’s risk management. Owing to the widespread accounting scandals, and also the bankruptcy of fir</p><p> Moreover, Kuwaiti listed firms operate in an environment characterized with voluntary governance as
9、 Kuwait is considered to be among the Middle Easter nations that have not established a corporate governance code (Koldertsova, 2011). Moreover, such firms display high ownership concentration that may balance the weaker
10、 legal protection provided (Abu-Azza, 2012). Contrary to majority of developed nations, the Kuwait government mandates the appointment of a least two distinct auditors in firms, tha</p><p> 2.Internal Audit
11、 in Kuwaiti Industrial SMEs</p><p> SMEs are an integral part of numerous global economies particularly with respect to employment and their contribution to GDP. They have also played a significant role esp
12、ecially within certain GCC States including the United Arab Emirates (UAE). In UAE SMEs contribute to 30% of the overall GDP and 86% of the country’s employment. Comparably, in Saudi Arabia, SMEs make up 28% of GDP. On t
13、he other hand, Kuwait was late to appreciate the key role that can be played by SMEs enterprises in the econom</p><p> In Kuwait, industrial SMEs Law necessitates that the Kuwait Stock Exchange (KSE) listed
14、 companies to appoint two separate auditors to audit accounts. Additionally, this study shows the similarities and differences between audit services in the market in Kuwait and in other countries to enhance the knowledg
15、e of world economy that is increasingly interdependent with accounting and auditing. Besides that, knowledge of the economies of auditing could also be increased (Shammari et al., 2008).</p><p> 3.Theoretic
16、al Perspectives</p><p> In the context of IA research, the use of neoclassical economic theories like the agency theory (Adams, 1994) as well as the transaction cost theory (Spraakman, 1997) are not suffici
17、ent because they posit a developed a market economy environment characterized as having considerable transaction volume according to the economic development level throughout countries (Reed, 2002). Therefore, this confi
18、nes the capacity of the theories to explain IA in extensive settings.</p><p> Criticism of the above theories also stems from the institutional theories maintaining that individual behavior whether as produ
19、ct consumer or producer, cannot be delineated from the social context wherein the behavior occurs (Hula, 1984). Barley and Tolbert (1997) explained that the institutional theory acknowledges the significant value of cult
20、ural and social determinants as a significant impact upon the decision making (cited in Mihret et al. (2010)).</p><p> Based on this premise, Mihret et al. (2010) made use of the institutional theory propos
21、ed by Dimaggio and Powell (1983), particularly circuit of industrial capital. Institutional theories primarily function as the base for examining organizational phenomenon integrated in extensive social, political and ec
22、onomic environments (Mihret et al., 2010). More importantly, they are capable of providing an insight into the IA practices as one element of organizational systems and shed light on the relati</p><p> 4.Re
23、search Model and Hypotheses</p><p> King et al. (1994) illustrated a model to be an approximation, or a straightforward replica of the actual feature and in the current study. The primary objective is to in
24、vestigate the present perceptions of IA directors, administrative affairs managers, financial affairs managers, CEOs and internal auditors concerning IA effectiveness through the determination of factors impacting the sa
25、me. Additionally, several studies that examined this issue have employed various measures (Abu-Azza, 2012; Mih</p><p> Independent variables</p><p> This study aims to explore the critical fac
26、tors influencing internal auditor effectiveness among industrial SMEs in Kuwait. In order to attain the research goals, the research hypotheses are proposed:</p><p> I.Independence of Internal Auditors</
27、p><p> In terms of audit function, auditor independence has long been deemed to be a crucial driver as evidenced by the independence definition provided by ISPPIA (glossary) that described independence as the
28、liberation from circumstances threatening objectivity or its appearance and that such objectivity needs to be managed through different levels (individual auditor, engagement, functional and organizational). Internal aud
29、it independence is a crucial element of corporate governance and the control s</p><p> H1a: Independence of internal auditor positively impacts internal auditor’s effectiveness.</p><p> H1b: I
30、ndependence of internal auditor highly positively impacts internal auditor’s effectiveness mediated by satisfaction of internal auditors.</p><p> II.Work Scope of Internal Auditors</p><p> The
31、 work scope of the internal auditors is also a significant factor affecting IA effectiveness. IA throughout the years, has extended from the evaluation and measurement of internal control effectiveness to the delivery of
32、 consultation linked to organizational operations and system developments (Dittenhofer, 2001). Added to this, the IA scope covers services associated with consulting and assurance which include systematic review, reporti
33、ng and appraisal of system adequacy in terms of finance, </p><p> In a related study conducted by Mihret et al. (2010), the authors revealed a positive relationship between IA work scope and IA effectivenes
34、s and as such, it is only logical to examine such relationship in this research in the context of Kuwaiti firms.</p><p> H2a: Work Scope of Internal Auditors impacts positively on internal auditor’s effecti
35、veness.</p><p> H2b: Work Scope of Internal Auditors highly positively impacts internal auditor’s effectiveness mediated by satisfaction of internal auditors.</p><p> III.Management Support<
36、;/p><p> Management support and commitment have also been evidenced to impact IA effectiveness. In fact, successful IA function depends on the support demonstrated by the management on the process of auditing.
37、 It is important that managers acknowledge the fact that IA is a crucial process and activity like any other activities performed within the organization.</p><p> In Mihret and Yismaw (2007) study, they hig
38、hlighted the need to focus on IA recommendations and despite the well-prepared audit reports, the audit results in the past are not highlighted and consistently presented. Aside from this, the authors showed that audit e
39、vidence is linked with the reports indicating that the audit reports are physically bulky, which minimizes their readability. Also, the distribution of audit reports is restricted and thus, copies are not forwarded to se
40、nior management o</p><p> H3a: Management Support impacts positively on internal auditor’s effectiveness.</p><p> H3b: Management Support highly positively impacts internal audito’s effectiven
41、ess mediated by satisfaction of internal auditors.</p><p> IV.Audited cooperation</p><p> In turn, auditee’s cooperation level impacts the degree to which IA properly attains its objectives (A
42、l‐Twaijry et al., 2003; Mihret and Yismaw, 2007). Hence, auditee’s lack of cooperation can possibly obstruct the endeavour in attaining effective internal audit work. This is because full cooperation from auditee is nece
43、ssary to allow internal auditors full access to all activities, records and properties (Ahmad et al., 2009). Within the companies in Saudi Arabia, Al‐Twaijryet et al. (2003) foun</p><p> H4a: Auditee cooper
44、ation impacts positively on internal auditor’s effectiveness.</p><p> H4b: Auditee cooperation highly positively impacts on internal auditor’s effectiveness mediated by satisfaction of internal auditors.<
45、;/p><p> Satisfaction of Internal Auditors as a Moderating Variable</p><p> The pay satisfaction of employees is described by the level to which employees feel satisfaction towards financial rewa
46、rds they obtain in terms of the level and process for the work they do (Shahnawaz and Jafri, 2009). It is one of the top crucial factors that measure the effectiveness of the organization (Heneman et al., 1997). Organiza
47、tions having satisfied employees appear to display more effectiveness compared to their counterparts with dissatisfied employees (Shahnawaz and Jafri, 2009). In </p><p> H5: Satisfaction of Internal Auditor
48、s impacts positively on internal auditor’s effectiveness.</p><p> 5.Conclusions</p><p> The aim of this research proposal is to look into the impact of the four factors that are linked to IA e
49、ffectiveness moderated by satisfaction of internal auditors within the Kuwaiti industrial SMEs. This study contributes in the body of knowledge by expanding the already available literature on the IA effectiveness via th
50、e determination of the effectiveness of IA at the industrial firms employing the theories and variables that were previously identified and highlighted.</p><p><b> 中文譯文:</b></p><p>
51、 科威特工業(yè)中小企業(yè)內(nèi)部審計有效性的理論探討</p><p> 摘要 本文旨在審查內(nèi)部審計的有效性與國際內(nèi)部審計專業(yè)實務(wù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(ISPPIA)有關(guān)的四個因素之間的關(guān)系:內(nèi)部審計師的獨立性,內(nèi)部審計師的工作范圍,管理支持和審計合作。還審查了這些因素與內(nèi)部審計師滿意度之間的關(guān)系。此外,通過內(nèi)部審計師的滿意度,研究了這些因素(如果存在)之間的關(guān)系的調(diào)節(jié)作用,以及科威特工業(yè)中小企業(yè)內(nèi)部審計的有效性。本文通過理論和變量
52、來確定工業(yè)企業(yè)內(nèi)部審計的有效性,在有關(guān)內(nèi)部審計有效性的現(xiàn)有文獻上進行了拓展。</p><p> 關(guān)鍵詞:內(nèi)部審計有效性,內(nèi)部審計師的滿意度,科威特工業(yè)中小企業(yè)</p><p><b> 1.引言</b></p><p> 在過去的幾十年里,內(nèi)部審計部門通過增值服務(wù)對組織結(jié)構(gòu)作出了重大貢獻,并由此成為其中關(guān)鍵的部分(Al-Twaijry等人
53、,2003;阿里納和阿佐內(nèi),2009;科拉姆等人,2008)。此外,在過去幾年中,內(nèi)部審計的重要性顯著增加,特別是其在企業(yè)風(fēng)險管理中發(fā)揮著咨詢作用。由于眾多的會計丑聞以及企業(yè)的破產(chǎn),內(nèi)部審計(IA)的職能一直是研究人員和從業(yè)人員關(guān)注的重點,它被認(rèn)為是組織效能的重要貢獻因素。更具體地說,阿布阿扎(2012年)認(rèn)為,通過在各種問題上提供專業(yè)服務(wù),包括業(yè)務(wù)審計和咨詢管理,內(nèi)部審計將為企業(yè)創(chuàng)造價值。繼2008-2009年全球金融危機之后,內(nèi)部審
54、計已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐粋€重要的實體,用于保護資本收益率并防止資本浪費或貶值(伊等人,2008)。然而,一些文獻研究表明,內(nèi)部審計功能的有效性并不總是一致的(阿布阿扎等,2015)。在像科威特這樣的發(fā)展中國家尤其如此,那里的企業(yè)可能不知道被西方國家認(rèn)可的內(nèi)部審計的理念和實踐究竟有什么價值。</p><p> 此外,科威特上市公司在自愿治理的環(huán)境下運作,因為科威特被認(rèn)為是尚未建立公司治理代碼的中東國家之一(Kolderts
55、ova,2011)。此外,這些公司的股權(quán)高度集中,可以與所提供的較弱的法律保護達成平衡(阿布阿扎,2012)。與大多數(shù)發(fā)達國家相反,科威特政府規(guī)定企業(yè)任命至少兩名不同的審計師,被稱為聯(lián)合審計師或?qū)徲媽?。盡管內(nèi)部審計功能在組織中的重要性日益增加,但該領(lǐng)域的現(xiàn)有文獻主要集中在外部審計上;其他相關(guān)作者指出,內(nèi)部審計功能可能沒有表現(xiàn)出一致的有效性(Al-Twaijry等人,2003;米哈伊特等人,2010;米哈伊特和伊斯邁爾,2007)。更重要
56、的是,雖然有些學(xué)者考察了內(nèi)部審計的有效性,但迄今為止還沒有通用的指南來進行這種測量(阿里納和阿佐內(nèi),2009)。此外,文獻顯示,對內(nèi)部審計的評估沒有公認(rèn)的方法(米哈伊特等人,2010),因此,關(guān)于內(nèi)部審計的有效性,先前的調(diào)查中已經(jīng)采用了各種方法。</p><p> 2.科威特工業(yè)中小企業(yè)內(nèi)部審計</p><p> 中小企業(yè)是眾多全球經(jīng)濟體中不可或缺的一部分,特別是在就業(yè)方面,以及它們對
57、GDP的貢獻方面。在包括阿拉伯聯(lián)合酋長國(UAE)的一些海灣合作委員會國家中,中小企業(yè)也發(fā)揮了重要作用。在阿聯(lián)酋,中小企業(yè)貢獻了全國30%的GDP和全國86% 的就業(yè)率。同樣,在沙特阿拉伯,中小企業(yè)貢獻了28%的GDP。另一方面,科威特很晚才意識到中小企業(yè)在經(jīng)濟中發(fā)揮的關(guān)鍵作用。私營部門和中小企業(yè)對就業(yè)的貢獻不大,目前科威特約85%的勞動力由政府部門雇傭(Alhabashi,2015)。然而,拉普爾瓦拉和馬拉菲(2011),以及阿爾穆塔
58、里和法耶茲(2015)都認(rèn)為,在科威特,地方政策分散,盡管一些組織能夠看到中小企業(yè)對各個行業(yè)如工業(yè)的好處,但中小企業(yè)仍然處于起步階段。這意味著新推出的工業(yè)型中小企業(yè)很可能會疲軟,從而減少了它們?yōu)榻?jīng)濟做出貢獻的機會。此外,達塔(2009)和Alhabashi(2015)指出,正規(guī)銀行通常不愿意貸款給工業(yè)中小企業(yè),因為它們不能對其信息進行認(rèn)證,例如反映項目效率和能力的會計記錄和財務(wù)報表。在科威特商業(yè)市場的背景下,99%的企業(yè)由在國家經(jīng)濟機構(gòu)
59、運作下的中小企業(yè)(SMEs)組成。根據(jù)科威特經(jīng)濟</p><p> 在科威特,工業(yè)中小企業(yè)法需要科威特證券交易所(KSE)的上市公司任命兩名獨立的審計師審計賬目。此外,這項研究還顯示了科威特市場和其他國家審計服務(wù)的異同,以完善與會計、審計相互依存的世界經(jīng)濟知識體系。另外,還增加了對審計經(jīng)濟知識的了解(沙馬里等人,2008)。</p><p><b> 3.理論觀點</b
60、></p><p> 在內(nèi)部審計研究的背景下,使用新古典主義經(jīng)濟理論,如代理理論(亞當(dāng)斯,1994)以及交易成本理論(Spraakman,1997)是不夠的,因為它們假定,根據(jù)整個國家的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展水平,一個發(fā)達的市場經(jīng)濟環(huán)境的特征是具有相當(dāng)大的交易量(里德,2002)。因此,這限制了在廣泛的環(huán)境中解釋內(nèi)部審計的理論能力。</p><p> 對上述理論的批評也源于制度理論,認(rèn)為個人行
61、為無論是作為產(chǎn)品的消費者還是生產(chǎn)者,都不能從行為發(fā)生的社會環(huán)境中加以界定(胡拉,1984)。巴利和托爾伯特(1997)解釋說,制度理論承認(rèn)文化和社會決定因素對決策產(chǎn)生重大影響的重要價值(引用米哈伊特等人(2010))。</p><p> 基于這一前提,米哈伊特等人(2010)運用迪馬喬和鮑威爾(1983)提出的制度理論,特別是產(chǎn)業(yè)資本回籠。制度理論的主要功能是作為在廣泛的社會、政治和經(jīng)濟環(huán)境中審視組織現(xiàn)象的基礎(chǔ)
62、(米哈伊特等人,2010)。更重要的是,它們能夠?qū)?nèi)部審計實踐視為組織系統(tǒng)的一個要素,并闡明了內(nèi)部審計與實現(xiàn)企業(yè)目標(biāo)之間的關(guān)系(米哈伊特等人,2010)。</p><p><b> 4.研究模型與假設(shè)</b></p><p> 金等人(1994)將模型描述為一個近似值,或者是實際特征和當(dāng)前研究的一個直接復(fù)制。主要目標(biāo)是通過確定影響相同的因素,調(diào)查內(nèi)部審計主管、行政
63、事務(wù)經(jīng)理、財務(wù)經(jīng)理、首席執(zhí)行官和內(nèi)部審計師對內(nèi)部審計有效性的看法。另外,研究這一問題的幾項研究采用了多種測量方式(阿布阿扎,2012;米哈伊特等人,2010; 米哈伊特和伊斯邁爾,2007),但很少有人調(diào)查了內(nèi)部審計師的薪酬滿意度對內(nèi)部審計有效性的影響。模型中存在五個變量:內(nèi)部審計師的獨立性,內(nèi)部審計師的工作范圍,管理支持,審計合作和內(nèi)部審計師的滿意度。</p><p><b> 獨立變量</b
64、></p><p> 本研究旨在探討影響科威特工業(yè)中小企業(yè)內(nèi)部審計師有效性的關(guān)鍵因素。為了達到研究目的,提出了研究假設(shè):</p><p> (1)內(nèi)部審計師的獨立性</p><p> 在審計功能方面,長期以來,審計師的獨立性被認(rèn)為是一個關(guān)鍵的驅(qū)動因素,因為ISPPIA(術(shù)語表)提供的獨立性定義證明了這一點,即將獨立性視為不受環(huán)境威脅的客觀性或客觀性的出現(xiàn)
65、,而且這種客觀性需要通過不同層次(獨立審計師、契約、職能和組織)來進行管理。內(nèi)部審計的獨立性是公司治理和控制體系的關(guān)鍵要素,如果沒有這一點,內(nèi)部審計部門就會在管理層中迷失方向,因為它不再提供客觀的觀點(Al-Twaijr等人,2003)。此外,根據(jù)先前的研究(阿布阿扎,2012;科恩和薩伊格,2010;米哈伊特等人,2010),內(nèi)部審計的獨立性與內(nèi)部審計的有效性存在積極關(guān)系。無論其重要性如何,內(nèi)部審計的獨立性受到的研究人員的關(guān)注極少。因
66、此,本研究豐富了早期研究的結(jié)果,因為它研究了內(nèi)部審計師的獨立性與內(nèi)部審計的有效性之間的聯(lián)系。在此基礎(chǔ)上,提出了以下假設(shè):</p><p> 假設(shè)1a:內(nèi)部審計師的獨立性對內(nèi)部審計師的有效性產(chǎn)生積極影響。</p><p> 假設(shè)1b:內(nèi)部審計師的獨立性對由內(nèi)部審計師滿意度介導(dǎo)的內(nèi)部審計師的有效性產(chǎn)生高度積極影響。</p><p> ?。?)內(nèi)部審計師的工作范圍&l
67、t;/p><p> 內(nèi)部審計師的工作范圍也是影響內(nèi)部審計有效性的重要因素。多年來,內(nèi)部審計從內(nèi)部控制有效性的評估和衡量,擴展到與組織運作和系統(tǒng)發(fā)展相關(guān)的咨詢(Dittenhofer,2001)。此外,內(nèi)部審計的范圍涵蓋與咨詢和保證相關(guān)的服務(wù),包括系統(tǒng)評估,對財務(wù)、管理、運營和預(yù)算控制方面的系統(tǒng)充分性的報告和評估(科恩和薩伊格,2010;國際內(nèi)部審計師協(xié)會,2016;薩克爾和賴?yán)?015)。</p>
68、<p> 在米哈伊特等人(2010)進行的相關(guān)研究中,作者透露了內(nèi)部審計的工作范圍與內(nèi)部審計有效性之間的積極關(guān)系,因此,在科威特公司的背景下研究這種關(guān)系是合乎邏輯的。</p><p> 假設(shè)2a:內(nèi)部審計師的工作范圍對內(nèi)部審計師的有效性產(chǎn)生積極影響。</p><p> 假設(shè)2b:內(nèi)部審計師的工作范圍對由內(nèi)部審計師滿意度介導(dǎo)的內(nèi)部審計師的有效性產(chǎn)生高度積極影響。</p&
69、gt;<p><b> ?。?)管理支持</b></p><p> 管理層的支持和承諾也被證明會影響到內(nèi)部審計的有效性。事實上,內(nèi)部審計功能的成功取決于管理層對審計過程的支持。像組織內(nèi)部進行的任何其他活動一樣,內(nèi)部審計是一個重要的過程和活動,管理層必須承認(rèn)這一事實。</p><p> 在米哈伊特和伊斯邁爾(2007)的研究中,他們強調(diào)需要關(guān)注內(nèi)部審計
70、的建議,盡管有準(zhǔn)備充分的審計報告,但過去的審計結(jié)果并沒有得到強調(diào)和持續(xù)介紹。除此之外,作者表明,審計證據(jù)與報告相關(guān),審計報告內(nèi)容繁多,大大降低了其可讀性。此外,審計報告的分發(fā)受到限制,因此副本不會轉(zhuǎn)交給與之相關(guān)的高級管理人員。作者得出結(jié)論,內(nèi)部審計的管理支持決定了內(nèi)部審計的有效性。</p><p> 假設(shè)3a:管理支持對內(nèi)部審計師的有效性產(chǎn)生積極影響。</p><p> 假設(shè)3b:管理
71、支持對由內(nèi)部審計師滿意度介導(dǎo)的內(nèi)部審計師的有效性產(chǎn)生高度積極影響。</p><p><b> ?。?)合作協(xié)作</b></p><p> 反過來,被審核方的合作水平影響到內(nèi)部審計達到目標(biāo)的程度(Al-Twaijry等人,2003;米哈伊特和伊斯邁爾,2007)。因此,受審核方缺乏合作,可能阻礙了內(nèi)部審計工作的有效實施。這是因為受審核方的充分合作是必要的,以便允許內(nèi)部
72、審計人員全面訪問所有活動、記錄和財產(chǎn)(艾哈邁德等人,2009)。在沙特阿拉伯的公司,Al-Twaijryet等人(2003)發(fā)現(xiàn)受審核方的合作水平較低。當(dāng)審計范圍擴大到傳統(tǒng)領(lǐng)域之外時,尤其如此。正如作者所論證的,這種情況導(dǎo)致內(nèi)部審計建議的執(zhí)行水平低下。</p><p> 假設(shè)4a:受審核方合作對內(nèi)部審計師的有效性產(chǎn)生積極影響。</p><p> 假設(shè)4b:受審核方合作對由內(nèi)部審計師滿意
73、度介導(dǎo)的內(nèi)部審計師的有效性產(chǎn)生高度積極影響。</p><p> 內(nèi)部審計師的滿意度作為一個調(diào)節(jié)變量</p><p> 員工的薪酬滿意度是指,員工就他們所做的工作的水平和過程來講,對他們所獲得的財務(wù)報酬感到滿意的程度(沙赫納瓦茲和加法里,2009)。它是衡量組織有效性的關(guān)鍵因素之一(赫尼曼等人,1997)。與員工感到不滿意的組織相比,員工感到滿意的組織似乎更具有效益(沙赫納瓦茲和加法里,
74、2009)。在內(nèi)部審計師受限的背景下,沙赫納瓦茲和加法里(2009)指出,大多數(shù)內(nèi)部審計師對其工作感到不滿意。這可能會降低生產(chǎn)力和業(yè)績。阿布阿扎(2012)支持這一說法,他的調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示,為利比亞公共企業(yè)工作的大多數(shù)內(nèi)部審計師似乎對其工資不滿意。</p><p> 假設(shè)5:內(nèi)部審計師的滿意度對內(nèi)部審計師的有效性產(chǎn)生積極影響。</p><p><b> 5.結(jié)論</b&g
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