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1、<p><b>  中文3920字</b></p><p><b>  一、外文原文</b></p><p>  標(biāo)題:Tourism and hospitality marketing: fantasy, feeling and fun</p><p>  出處:Alistair Williams. Touri

2、sm and hospitality marketing: fantasy, feeling and fun [J].international Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. 2006.18(6),pp.482-495</p><p><b>  原文:</b></p><p>  Introducti

3、on </p><p>  Experiential marketing has become a cornerstone of many recent advances in areas such as retailing, branding and events marketing, however, marketing

4、in the tourism and hospitality sectors does not appear to have explicitly engaged the theoretical issues involved. This raises the question what, if anything, does experiential marketing have to offer marketers in the di

5、sciplines of tourism and hospitality? In this paper, I will seek to introduce the experiential marketing debate and demonstrate ho</p><p>  Marketing and promotion is clearly essential for successful tourism

6、 and hospitality development, however, it is often overlooked or simplistic in nature (Hannam, 2004). Indeed, Morgan et al. (2002) argue that conventional tourism marketing tends to focus on confirming the intentions of

7、tourists, rather than persuading them to consume differently. In addition the marketing of tourism and hospitality products has become increasingly complex, being associated not only with conveying an image of a p</p&

8、gt;<p>  Tourism and hospitality has become a major economic activity as expectations with regard to the use of our leisure time have evolved, attributing greater meaning to our free time. The evolution of tourist

9、 behaviour encourages both change and the emergence of new meaning (Bouchet et al., 2004). This results in marketing having potentially a greater prominence in tourism and hospitality, than in other industries. Potential

10、 that is not always fully achieved (Morgan and Pritchard, 2002). The key rea</p><p>  Studying the behaviour of consumers has become increasingly complex, and it is fair to argue that tourism and hospitality

11、 by its very nature, should be in the vanguard of research into contemporary consumers (Williams, 2002). Tourism and hospitality offers a multitude of venues in which people can consume. Bars, restaurants, hotels, theme

12、parks, casinos and cruise ships all operate as “Cathedrals of consumption” (Ritzer, 1999) offering increasingly complex consumption opportunities to increasing</p><p>  Anecdotal evidence delivered through m

13、edia coverage, would suggest that contemporary consumers are self-indulgent, pleasure seeking individuals, easily dominated by marketers and advertisers, who act like sheep in the ways they mimic referent others. However

14、, the reality is obviously much more complex than such a scenario suggests. Contemporary consumers are as likely to be driven by thrift as to they are to be hedonistic, they use consumption to make statements about thems

15、elves, they use consum</p><p>  Hypereality is one of the most discussed conditions of postmodernism, and refers to the argument that reality has collapsed and has become image, illusion, simulation and simu

16、lacra (copies for which no original exists). Hyper reality refers to a blurring of distinction between the real and the unreal in which the prefix “hyper” signifies more real than real. When the real is no longer a given

17、 but is reproduced by a simulated environment, it does not become unreal, but realer than real, to the ex</p><p>  While it is accepted that there are problems with investigating tourism and hospitality mark

18、eting through a postmodern orientation, it clearly encompasses a broad range of consumer experiences. In addition it has the potential to reframe our thinking about marketing practice in an increasingly fragmented global

19、 marketplace. A better understanding of the underlying macro forces and micro behaviour, associated with postmodernism, can be leveraged by marketers to obtain competitive advantages in th</p><p>  Tradition

20、al marketing provided a valuable set of strategies, implementation tools and methodologies that tourism and hospitality firms could use in an earlier age. As Schmitt (1999, p. 55) argued “traditional marketing was develo

21、ped in response to the industrial age, not the information, branding and communications revolution we are facing today”. In a new age, with new consumers we need to shift away from a features-and-benefits approach, as ad

22、vocated by traditional approaches to consumer exper</p><p>  Experiential marketing is a growing trend worldwide, with enthusiasts reported in all sectors of the global economy, from consumer products such a

23、s Ford Motor Company (Kerwin, 2004) to health care providers such as the North Hawaii Community Hospital (Hill, 2003). As Schmitt (1999, p. 53) states “experiential marketing is everywhere”. The question is what has caus

24、ed this evolution in the world of marketing, and what are the implications for consumers of tourism and hospitality? </p><p>  Experiential marketing was first introduced by Pine and Gilmore

25、 (1998) as part of their work on the experience economy, and further refined in many subsequent articles and books by the same authors. Pine and Gilmore (1999, p. 2) explained their view of experiential marketing in the

26、following manner “when a person buys a service, he purchases a set of intangible activities carried out on his behalf. But when he buys an experience, he pays to spend time enjoying a series of memorable events that a<

27、;/p><p>  Experiential marketing has evolved as a response to a perceived transition from a service economy to one personified by the experiences we participate in. In such a perception experiences are as econo

28、mically different from services as services are from goods. Pine and Gilmore (2004) explain that experiences have emerged as the next step, in what they refer to as the progression of economic value. If we accept such a

29、position; that modern economies are seen as making a transition from the marketi</p><p>  . contemporary economies have evolved from the delivery of commodities to the delivery of goods, from goods to servic

30、es and are presently evolving from services to experiences; </p><p>  . as services became increasingly commodified, customer perceptions of compe

31、titive advantage diminish, as does satisfaction; </p><p>  .the delivery of experiential market offerings involves engaging customers in memorable

32、 way; and</p><p>  . all actions of the organisation contribute to the performance of the experiential</p><p>  market offering. </p><p>  A move from mass media to experiential ma

33、rketing</p><p>  The huge growth in the field of experiential marketing appears to be the result of the effect of the numerous success stories cited in the media. As Kerwin (2004, p. 94) states “the beauty o

34、f a well designed experience is that while it doesn’t reach nearly as many people as a TV spot, it can attract the very customers who are most likely to buy”. The evidence seems to support this contention, for example, r

35、esearch undertaken by SRI, an international market research organisation, found that exper</p><p><b>  二、翻譯文章</b></p><p>  標(biāo)題:旅游及服務(wù)營(yíng)銷:幻想,感覺(jué)和樂(lè)趣的研究</p><p>  出處:阿利斯泰爾威廉姆斯.旅

36、游及服務(wù)營(yíng)銷:幻想,感覺(jué)和樂(lè)趣的研究[J].</p><p><b>  正文:</b></p><p><b>  摘要</b></p><p>  體驗(yàn)營(yíng)銷近來(lái)成為零售,品牌,項(xiàng)目市場(chǎng)發(fā)展的基石。但是,旅游業(yè)和酒店業(yè)的營(yíng)銷并沒(méi)有明確地從上述理論反映出來(lái)這導(dǎo)出一個(gè)問(wèn)題:體驗(yàn)營(yíng)銷提供給市場(chǎng)人員旅游業(yè)和食宿業(yè)的規(guī)則嗎?在這篇

37、文章中我將介紹體驗(yàn)營(yíng)銷的辯論,并且證明上述問(wèn)題是如何由此概念引起,這對(duì)了解旅游業(yè)和酒店業(yè)的營(yíng)銷理論和研究都是至關(guān)重要的。 </p><p>  “營(yíng)銷和促銷很明顯是成功發(fā)展旅游和食宿業(yè)必不可少的,但是它常常很自然而然地就被忽視或者過(guò)分簡(jiǎn)單化了 ” (Hannam, 2004). 確實(shí),摩根馬、艾特說(shuō)傳統(tǒng)的旅游業(yè)營(yíng)銷策略傾向于確認(rèn)游客的目的

38、,而不是以不同的方式勸說(shuō)游客去消費(fèi)。除此之外,旅游時(shí)酒店業(yè)市場(chǎng)所推出的產(chǎn)品越來(lái)越繁復(fù),這不僅僅是傳達(dá)一個(gè)地方的印象,而且是嘗試出售一種地方經(jīng)驗(yàn),通過(guò)將它連接到消費(fèi)者生活結(jié)構(gòu) 。很多年來(lái),我們一直在討論旅游食宿業(yè)所銷售的產(chǎn)品,表明了這個(gè)行業(yè)與其他的很多產(chǎn)業(yè)不同,因?yàn)樵谶@里,你所作出的購(gòu)買(mǎi)決定是建立投射影像和感知形象的基礎(chǔ)上,而不是事先的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。盡管有很多文獻(xiàn)描寫(xiě)這些感知的差異,但是在這個(gè)行業(yè)的營(yíng)銷大部分還是靠傳統(tǒng)營(yíng)銷概念,并且往往難以區(qū)分旅

39、游業(yè)和食宿業(yè)就像為其它的消費(fèi)品主張者推銷一樣。</p><p>  旅游食宿業(yè)成為了主要經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的一種,是在人們期望有效利用閑暇時(shí)光而逐步發(fā)展起來(lái)的,對(duì)于我們利用空閑時(shí)光具有重大意義。旅游方式的演變的不僅帶來(lái)了改變和也有新的意義。這個(gè)結(jié)果在旅游和食宿業(yè)營(yíng)銷上潛在地凸顯出來(lái),比其他行業(yè)要明顯?!皾撛诓⒉皇钦f(shuō)完全就達(dá)到了”(Morgan and Pritchard, 2002) 失敗的主要原因就是旅游食宿業(yè)的主要營(yíng)銷

40、不是集中在消費(fèi)者身上,而是目的地或者是出口,營(yíng)銷策略只是集中在所提供的產(chǎn)品上。隨著這個(gè)行業(yè)的逐步發(fā)展,所提供的產(chǎn)品將會(huì)變得越來(lái)越不重要,因?yàn)橄M(fèi)者的動(dòng)機(jī)和行為具有巨大的多樣性。 這樣的結(jié)果致使這個(gè)行業(yè)的公司和旅游地必須重新制定策略來(lái)應(yīng)對(duì)這種改變。 “研究消費(fèi)者的這種行為變得越來(lái)越復(fù)雜,爭(zhēng)論旅游食宿業(yè)的自身問(wèn)題也很公平,在當(dāng)代的消費(fèi)者處于頭號(hào)位置。” (Williams, 2002)旅游食宿業(yè)提供大量的娛樂(lè)地點(diǎn)供人們消費(fèi),酒吧,餐

41、館,旅館,戲院,賭場(chǎng),游輪,這就像個(gè)“消費(fèi)的大教堂”,提供各種各樣的消費(fèi)方式給不同的顧客。 旅游食宿業(yè)發(fā)展成為全球最重要的經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的一種,應(yīng)消費(fèi)提供改變和逐步增長(zhǎng)的后現(xiàn)代主義的需求 。 這些改變意味著旅游食宿</p><p>  通過(guò)媒體新聞報(bào)道所傳播的軼事趣聞,反映出當(dāng)代的消費(fèi)者是自我放縱的,尋求享樂(lè)的,很容易被營(yíng)銷人員和廣告商所影響,模仿著別人,就像一頭溫順的小綿羊。然而,現(xiàn)實(shí)顯然要比反映出來(lái)的情況復(fù)雜得

42、多。當(dāng)代消費(fèi)者的人很可能被節(jié)儉所支配,就像他們?nèi)菀妆幌順?lè)所控制一樣,他們用消費(fèi)來(lái)顯示他們的身份地位,并通過(guò)消費(fèi)達(dá)到一種歸屬感。對(duì)于許多人來(lái)說(shuō),關(guān)系的形成是通過(guò)消費(fèi),例如,下班之后同事之間在一起喝東西或者孩子們?cè)邴湲?dāng)勞舉辦他們的生日派對(duì),通過(guò)這些能夠讓他們確定自己的交際圈。同時(shí),消費(fèi)在尋求成就感,發(fā)展創(chuàng)造力和展示他們個(gè)人能力等方面也起到了一定作用。顯然,如此復(fù)雜的現(xiàn)象并不能很容易地理解。</p><p>  最近的

43、爭(zhēng)論表明當(dāng)代旅游業(yè)和食宿消費(fèi)已經(jīng)反映出后現(xiàn)代主義的現(xiàn)象。雖然許多人認(rèn)為后現(xiàn)代主義是一個(gè)毫無(wú)意義的智力時(shí)尚,在我們的領(lǐng)域內(nèi)無(wú)法達(dá)到相關(guān)的市場(chǎng),其它一些人卻對(duì)從關(guān)于后現(xiàn)代條件以及它對(duì)旅游業(yè)和食宿業(yè)以及營(yíng)銷的影響的辯論里獲得的洞悉的價(jià)值表示認(rèn)同。我不打算詳細(xì)討論后現(xiàn)代話語(yǔ)在旅游業(yè)和食宿業(yè)營(yíng)銷中的運(yùn)用,因?yàn)樵谥暗墓ぷ髦形乙呀?jīng)詳細(xì)討論過(guò)了。(威廉姆斯,2000,2002)后現(xiàn)代主義這個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)指的是脫離現(xiàn)代的,功能的,合理的事物去思考的一種突破,并

44、在過(guò)去幾十年里已經(jīng)在所有的知識(shí)領(lǐng)域里傳播,包括市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷。后現(xiàn)代營(yíng)銷的關(guān)鍵概念是分散,不確定性和對(duì)普通論說(shuō)的懷疑,但通過(guò)避開(kāi)現(xiàn)代主義,它引入了一個(gè)全新的不同的文化運(yùn)動(dòng),這個(gè)文化運(yùn)動(dòng)與關(guān)于我們?cè)鯓芋w驗(yàn)和解釋這個(gè)世界的重新定義相聯(lián)合。在后現(xiàn)代論說(shuō)的體驗(yàn)營(yíng)銷的兩個(gè)方面是最中肯的,那就是超現(xiàn)實(shí)和印象。</p><p>  超現(xiàn)實(shí)是后現(xiàn)代主義討論最多的情況之一,指的是關(guān)于真實(shí)已經(jīng)坍塌并且已經(jīng)成為影像,幻想,模仿和擬像(沒(méi)有原

45、物的復(fù)制品)的爭(zhēng)論。超現(xiàn)實(shí)指的是真實(shí)和非真實(shí)之間的模糊區(qū)別,超現(xiàn)實(shí)的前綴“hyper”意味著比真實(shí)更真實(shí)。當(dāng)真實(shí)不再是給定的而是從模擬的環(huán)境中復(fù)制的,它并非成為了非現(xiàn)實(shí),而是比真實(shí)更真實(shí),在某種程度上說(shuō)它成為了像鮑德里亞(1993年,第23頁(yè))所提到的“一種對(duì)本身的幻想的相似性”。在后現(xiàn)代主義中,隨著超現(xiàn)實(shí)的出現(xiàn),模擬開(kāi)始成為真實(shí)本身。這個(gè)情況體現(xiàn)在整個(gè)旅游和食宿產(chǎn)業(yè)。鮑徳里亞使用了迪斯尼樂(lè)園的例子,認(rèn)為它比美國(guó)本身更真實(shí)。文圖瑞強(qiáng)調(diào)了

46、一種觀點(diǎn)“迪士尼樂(lè)園比建筑師所給予的更接近于人們想要得到的。迪斯尼樂(lè)園是美國(guó)烏托邦的象征?!痹诤蟋F(xiàn)代社會(huì),人們開(kāi)始對(duì)表象著迷,因此,他們存在于一個(gè)表象和影響比他們所代表的更重要的一個(gè)狀態(tài)。其結(jié)果就是現(xiàn)在的消費(fèi)者消費(fèi)的是想象的事物,而不在乎影像所代表的或者影像的意義。正如米勒和瑞所辯論的“我們生活在一個(gè)事件的影像或符號(hào)替代了直接的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和事件本身所涉及的以及事件的意義(1998年,第30頁(yè))。</p><p>  雖

47、然大家都認(rèn)為通過(guò)后現(xiàn)代定位調(diào)查旅游業(yè)和食宿業(yè)營(yíng)銷存在一定的問(wèn)題,但它清楚地囊括了消費(fèi)者的廣泛經(jīng)驗(yàn)。此外,它有可能重新塑造我們對(duì)日益分散的全球市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷實(shí)踐的認(rèn)識(shí)。對(duì)潛在的宏觀力量和微觀行為的更好的理解并與后現(xiàn)代主義結(jié)合,可以由營(yíng)銷人員舉債經(jīng)營(yíng)以在日益活躍,不可預(yù)測(cè)的,不穩(wěn)定的和充滿競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的旅游業(yè)和食宿業(yè)環(huán)境中獲得競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)。傳統(tǒng)營(yíng)銷提供了一系列旅游和食宿公司在較早的年代可以用到的很有價(jià)值的策略,實(shí)施工具和方法。正如史密特(1999年,第55頁(yè)

48、)所說(shuō)“傳統(tǒng)營(yíng)銷是響應(yīng)工業(yè)時(shí)代而發(fā)展起來(lái)的,而不是響應(yīng)我們今天所面對(duì)的信息,品牌和交流的大變革而發(fā)展起來(lái)的。”在一個(gè)新的時(shí)代,作為消費(fèi)者,我們需要從功效方式轉(zhuǎn)變過(guò)來(lái),正如對(duì)消費(fèi)者體驗(yàn)傳統(tǒng)方法所提倡的。我們需要利用這些新的消費(fèi)者所提供的機(jī)會(huì)來(lái)考慮新的概念和方式。其中一種方式就是體驗(yàn)營(yíng)銷,一種與理性的消費(fèi)者的功效觀念形成對(duì)比的方式,它需要更多的后現(xiàn)代標(biāo)準(zhǔn),并且把這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)看成是有感情的,涉及到獲得令人愉快的經(jīng)歷。</p><

49、;p>  體驗(yàn)營(yíng)銷在全世界的范圍內(nèi)呈現(xiàn)一個(gè)不斷增長(zhǎng)的趨勢(shì)。如福特汽車公司(克爾溫,2004),又如北夏威夷社區(qū)醫(yī)院(黑爾,2003)衛(wèi)生保障部提供給消費(fèi)者的產(chǎn)品,越來(lái)越多的實(shí)例說(shuō)明體驗(yàn)營(yíng)銷已逐漸引起了企業(yè)的關(guān)注。正如施密特(1999,pp.53)提出的“體驗(yàn)營(yíng)銷是無(wú)處不在的”現(xiàn)在的問(wèn)題是什么英氣了這次營(yíng)銷世界的演變,以及體驗(yàn)營(yíng)銷對(duì)消費(fèi)者旅游和接待的影響有哪些?</p><p>  體驗(yàn)營(yíng)銷最早是由派恩和吉爾

50、摩(1998)提出,作為其經(jīng)濟(jì)工作的經(jīng)驗(yàn)的一部分,并進(jìn)一步完善了許多后來(lái)由同一作者撰寫(xiě)的文章和書(shū)籍。派恩和吉爾摩(1999,pp.2)以下列方式解釋:“當(dāng)一個(gè)人購(gòu)買(mǎi)了其服務(wù)的體驗(yàn)營(yíng)銷的看法,他購(gòu)買(mǎi)了他的代表進(jìn)行了無(wú)形的一系列活動(dòng)。但是,當(dāng)他購(gòu)買(mǎi)一種體驗(yàn),他支付給花時(shí)間享受一個(gè)難忘的一系列事件,該公司的為他搞一個(gè)個(gè)性化的組織方式。體驗(yàn)營(yíng)銷是指將適當(dāng)?shù)漠a(chǎn)品的精華,放大到一個(gè)有形,物理,提供加強(qiáng)的互動(dòng)體驗(yàn)設(shè)置中去。而不是看到通過(guò)諸如廣告,平面

51、或電子信息廣告媒體等傳統(tǒng)的方式提供給消費(fèi)者的“感覺(jué)”,而是通過(guò)體驗(yàn)讓消費(fèi)者成為它的一部分。隨著戈蒂埃(2004,pp.8)認(rèn)為“體驗(yàn)式營(yíng)銷是對(duì)市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷的思維全新描述,而并不僅僅是關(guān)于簡(jiǎn)單邊緣調(diào)整”。體驗(yàn)營(yíng)銷是不是一次性的活動(dòng),贊助,抽樣或調(diào)查一般區(qū)域市場(chǎng)。體驗(yàn)營(yíng)銷描述的營(yíng)銷活動(dòng),是讓消費(fèi)者深入的活動(dòng),提供有形的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和足夠的資料,從而刺激消費(fèi)者作出購(gòu)買(mǎi)的決定。人們普遍認(rèn)為,隨著市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷學(xué)的發(fā)展,體驗(yàn)營(yíng)銷將成為未來(lái)(麥克奈克爾,2004)的

52、主要營(yíng)銷工具。</p><p>  體驗(yàn)營(yíng)銷已近演變?yōu)閺氖盏襟w驗(yàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)的推動(dòng)而過(guò)渡為企業(yè)自覺(jué)相應(yīng)并參與實(shí)踐了。由于體驗(yàn)所涉及的服務(wù)或者產(chǎn)品不同,體驗(yàn)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)也不斷演變。派恩和吉爾摩(2004)解釋說(shuō),這已經(jīng)成為他們?cè)谙乱徊街兴f(shuō)到的體驗(yàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和價(jià)值。如果我們接受他們的說(shuō)法,那就可以將現(xiàn)代看做是傳統(tǒng)營(yíng)銷到服務(wù)營(yíng)銷的過(guò)渡階段。我們看到,旅游及酒店在此階段所采用的優(yōu)惠活動(dòng)正是這些經(jīng)驗(yàn)行為的體現(xiàn)。佩特卡斯(2002)總結(jié)

53、體驗(yàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)如下:</p><p>  當(dāng)代經(jīng)濟(jì)已經(jīng)從商品的送貨到交付貨物從貨物,服務(wù)和經(jīng)驗(yàn),即產(chǎn)品,服務(wù),體驗(yàn),都是一個(gè)完整的過(guò)程;</p><p>  服務(wù)日益商品化,企業(yè)都對(duì)對(duì)客戶的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)減弱的看法一樣,表示非常重視;</p><p>  市場(chǎng)服務(wù)的體驗(yàn)的涉及以一個(gè)難忘的方式為客戶服務(wù);</p><p>  企業(yè)組織的一切行動(dòng)都要有助于提

54、供消費(fèi)者體驗(yàn)的性能。</p><p>  從大眾媒體轉(zhuǎn)向體驗(yàn)營(yíng)銷</p><p>  媒體引述的眾多成功故事似乎也反映出了在體驗(yàn)式營(yíng)銷領(lǐng)域正呈現(xiàn)出巨大的增長(zhǎng)??藸枩兀?004,pp.94)指出“一個(gè)精心設(shè)計(jì)的體驗(yàn),雖然可能比沒(méi)有像廣告那樣引起更多的人的注意,但吸引的確實(shí)最有可能購(gòu)買(mǎi)的顧客”。由SRI,國(guó)際市場(chǎng)研究機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),采用體驗(yàn)營(yíng)銷會(huì)引起消費(fèi)者比傳統(tǒng)營(yíng)銷方法快速積極的做購(gòu)買(mǎi)決定

55、。同樣的研究也表明,在一個(gè)濕氣的整合營(yíng)銷的傳播要素中,體驗(yàn)營(yíng)銷使消費(fèi)者更容易接受相關(guān)的廣告,尤其是年輕的女性消費(fèi)者,更有這種傾向(阿倫,2005)。在IMI國(guó)際的調(diào)查研究也表明,超過(guò)55%的消費(fèi)者認(rèn)為,在單項(xiàng)中對(duì)消費(fèi)者購(gòu)買(mǎi)傾向起到最大影響力的選項(xiàng)是是購(gòu)買(mǎi)產(chǎn)品前的互動(dòng)體驗(yàn)或試用經(jīng)歷。在英國(guó)。通過(guò)對(duì)ID Live品牌進(jìn)行的研究指出,多達(dá)85%的消費(fèi)者重視通過(guò)觸覺(jué)、嗅覺(jué)、味覺(jué)或者聽(tīng)到的方式來(lái)體驗(yàn)過(guò)的產(chǎn)品。受訪者中,58%的消費(fèi)者正式體驗(yàn)營(yíng)銷起

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