土木外文文獻(xiàn)與翻譯--新奧法(natm)隧道設(shè)計(jì)

1、<p>　　NATM tunnel design principle in the construction of major and Construction Technology</p><p><b>　　W.Broere</b></p><p>　　I.The NATM Design Principle</p><p>　　1

2、.Tunnel design and construction of two major theoretical and development process</p><p>　　Since the 20th century, human space on the ground floor of the growing demand, thus the underground works of the stud

3、y of a rapid development. In a large number of underground engineering practice, it is generally recognized that the tunnel and underground cavern project, the core of the problem, all up in the excavation and retaining

4、two key processes. How excavation, it will be more conducive to the stability and cavern facilitate support : For more support, Supporting how they can more effect</p><p>　　Tunnels and underground caverns, a

5、nd focusing on the core issues with the above practice and research, in different periods, People of different theories and gradually established a system of different theories, Each system includes theory and resolve (o

6、r are studying the resolution) from the works of understanding (concept), mechanics, engineering measures to the construction methods (Technology), a series of engineering problems. </p><p>　　A theory of the

7、 20th century the 1920s the traditional "load relaxation theory." Its core content is : a stable rock self-stability, no load : unstable rock may have collapsed. need shoring structure to be supported. Thus, th

8、e role of the supporting structure of the rock load is within a certain range may be due to relaxation and collapse of rock gravity. This is a traditional theory, and their representative is Taishaji and Principe's a

9、nd others. It works similar to the surface issues of the th</p><p>　　Another theory of the 20th century made the 1950s the modern theory of timbering or "rock for the theory." Its core content is :

10、 rock stability is clearly bearing rock to their own self-stability : unstable rock loss of stability is a process, and if this process in providing the necessary help or restrictions will still be able to enter the rock

11、 steady state. This theoretical system of representative characters Labuxiweici, Miller-Feiqieer, Fenner - Daluobo and Kashitenai others. This is a more</p><p>　　Can be seen from the above, the former theory

12、 more attention to the findings and the results of treatment : The latter theory is even more attention to the process and the control of the process, right from the rock for the full utilization of capacity. Given this

13、distinction, which both theory and methods in the process, each with different performance characteristics. NATM theory is rock for the tunnel engineering practice in the representation method.</p><p><b&

14、gt;　　2. NATM </b></p><p>　　NATM that the new Austrian Tunneling Method short the original is in New Austrian Tunneling Method, referred to as the NATM. France said it convergence bound or some countrie

15、s alleged to observe the dynamic design and construction of the basic principles. </p><p>　　NATM concept of filibustering Xiweici Austria scholars in the 20th century, Professor age of 50. It was based on th

16、e experience of both the tunnel and rock mechanics theory, will bolt and shotcrete combination as a major means of supporting a construction method, Austria, Sweden, Italy and other countries, many practical and theoreti

17、cal study in the 1960s and patented officially named. Following this approach in Western Europe, Scandinavia, the United States and Japan and many other underground </p><p>　　（1）. Rock tunnel structure is th

18、e main loading unit, the construction must fully protect the rock, it minimize the disturbance to avoid excessive damage to the intensity of rock. To this end, the construction of sub-section should not block too much, e

19、xcavation should be used smooth blasting, presplit blasting or mechanical tunneling.</p><p>　?。?）. In order to give full play to rock the carrying capacity should be allowed to control and rock deformation.

20、While allowing deformation, which can be a rock bearing ring; The other hand, have to limit it, Rock is not so lax and excessive loss or greatly reduced carrying capacity. During construction should be used with rock clo

21、se to, the timely building puzzle keeps strengthening Flexible support structure, such as bolting and shotcreting supporting. This adjustment will be adopted supportin</p><p>　?。?）. In order to improve the s

22、upport structure, the mechanical properties, the construction should be closed as soon as possible, and to become a closed cylindrical structure. In addition, the tunnel shape with a round should, as far as possible, to

23、avoid the corner of the stress concentration. </p><p>　?。?）. Construction right through the rock and supporting the dynamic observation, measurement, and reasonable arrangements for the construction procedur

24、es, changes in the design and construction management of the day-to-day. </p><p>　　（5）. To lay waterproof layer, or is subject to bolt corrosion, deterioration of rock properties, rheological, swelling cause

25、d by the follow-up to load, use composite lining. </p><p>　?。?）. Lining in principle, and the early rock deformation Supporting the basic stability of the conditions under construction. rock and supporting s

26、tructure into a whole, thereby improving the support system of security. </p><p>　　NATM above the basic elements can be briefly summarized as : "less disturbance, early spray anchor, ground measurements

27、, closed tight."</p><p>　　3．With a spring to understand the principle NATM </p><p>　　（1）. Cavern brink of a point A in the original excavation ago with stress (stress self-respect and tecto

28、nic stress) in a state of equilibrium. As an elastic stiffness of the spring K, P0 under compression in a state of equilibrium.</p><p>　?。?）. Cavern excavation, A point in attacking lose face constraints, th

29、e original stress state to be adjusted, if the intensity of rock big enough, After less stress adjustments may cavern in a stable condition (without support). But most of the geological conditions of the poor, that is, a

30、fter the stress cavern adjustments, such as weak protection, we could have convergence deformation, even instability (landslides), must be provided to support power PE, in order to prevent landslides instabilit</p>

31、<p>　?。?）. By the mechanical balance equation, we can see in the spring P0 role in a state of equilibrium; Spring in the event of deformation u, PE in the role they will be in equilibrium, assuming spring elastici

32、ty of K, were : P0=PE+Ku </p><p>　　Discussion : </p><p>　　(1) When u = 0, that is not allowed P0=PE rock deformation, is a rigid support, not economic; </p><p>　　(2) when u ↑, PE ↓;

33、 When u ↓, PE ↑. That is, rock deformation occurred, the release of some of the load (unloading), we should allow some extent rock deformation, to give full play to rock the capacity for self. Is an economic support meas

34、ures, the rock self-stability P=P0-PE=Ku;</p><p>　　(3) When u=umax, landslides, have relaxation load and unsafe. </p><p><b>　　4. Points</b></p><p>　?。?）. Rock cavern exc

35、avation is affected by that part of rock (soil) body, the rock is a trinity : have a load bearing structure, building materials. </p><p>　?。?）. Tunnel construction is in the rock stress is of special archite

36、ctural environment, which can not be equated with the construction on the ground. </p><p>　?。?）. Tunnel structure rock + = bracing system.</p><p>　　II. The new Austrian highway construction in t

37、he basic method</p><p>　　NATM one of the characteristics is the scene monitoring, measurement information to guide construction, through the tunnel construction measure receipts and excavation of the geologi

38、cal observation for prediction and feedback. And in accordance with the established benchmark for measuring the tunnel construction, excavation section steps and sequences, Supporting the initial parameters for reasonabl

39、e adjustments to guarantee the safety of construction, a tunnel rock stability, the quality of the</p><p>　　1. A tunnel construction method of choice tunnel construction method of choice, mainly based on the

40、 engineering geological and hydrogeological conditions Construction, rock type, buried deep tunnel, the tunnel section size and length lining types, Construction should be the premise of safety and engineering quality at

41、 the core, and with the use of the tunnel function, the level of construction technology, Construction machinery and equipment, time requirements and economic feasibility of factors</p><p>　　When choosing th

42、e method for tunnel construction on the surrounding environment negatively affected, should also be a tunnel, the environmental conditions as the method to choose one of the factors, taking into rock changes the method a

43、nd the applicability of the possibility of change. Tunnel project to avoid mistakes and unnecessary increase investment in public works. NATM new construction, we should also consider the entire process of construction o

44、f auxiliary operations and changes in the su</p><p>　　2. New Austrian Tunneling Method program New Austrian Tunneling Method used all methods can be divided into sections, Division level and the three major

45、types of excavation method and some changes in the program.</p><p>　　(1) Full-face method. That whole section excavation method is based on the design of an excavation face excavation molding. Excavation ord

46、er is its full face excavation, steel bracing, pouring concrete lining. Often choose to IV-VI Class Rock Hard Rock Tunnel, which can be used blasting deep hole.</p><p>　　Excavation whole section of the law i

47、s a larger space operations, introducing supporting large mechanized operations, improving the speed and process small, less interference and facilitate the construction organization and management. Excavation is due to

48、shortcomings in the larger, lower relative stability of rock, and with each cycle of the relatively large workload, it requires the construction units should have a strong excavation, transport and slag out and support c

49、apability, Maojingba VI</p><p>　　Full-face excavation face, drilling and blasting construction more efficient use of deep focus to accelerate the excavation blasting speed, and the rock blasting vibration fr

50、equency less conducive to a stable transfer rocks. The drawback is every deep hole blasting vibration larger. Therefore require careful drilling and blasting design and strict control of blasting operations. </p>

51、<p>　　Full-face excavation method is the main process : the use of mobile carts (or platforms), the first full-face a bored, and installed a line, and then drilling platform car outside 50m back to a safe place and

52、then detonate, Blasting to make a shape out after drilling Jardine car again moved to the excavation face in place, began a cycle of drilling and blasting operations, Anchor sprayed simultaneously supporting or after the

53、 first arch wall lining.</p><p>　　(2) step method. Step method of design is generally divided into sections on the half-section and the lower half section two excavation molding. Excavation order is its firs

54、t half excavation arch bolt jet concrete bracing, arch lining, the central part of the second half of excavation, sidewall of excavation, concrete wall jet bolt support and lining. The more applicable to the II, III and

55、soft joint development of the surrounding rock, which were used Tim change program.</p><p>　　Long-step method : The next stage distance away, on the general level above 50m ahead, Construction can be assigne

56、d to the Department of next larger machine with parallel operations, when mechanical deficiencies can be used interchangeably. When the case of a short tunnel, the upper section will be all dug later, and then dug under

57、the section, the construction of which less interference, single process can work.</p><p>　　Short step method : on the stage length 5-50m apply to Ⅱ, Ⅲ rock can be shortened Invert closing time, Supporting i

58、mprove early stress conditions, but larger construction interference, in the event of Soft Rock need to consider carefully, Auxiliary shall be applied measures to stabilize the excavation excavation face, in order to ens

59、ure the safety of construction. </p><p>　　Ultrashort step method : The only step ahead 3-5m, section closed faster. The method used for the high level of mechanization of various rock section, in the event o

60、f the siege soft rock when required careful consideration. Auxiliary shall be applied measures to stabilize the construction excavation face to ensure the safety of construction. </p><p>　　Excavation level o

61、f character is the first step to using light excavation drilling machine drill a hole, rather than through large drilling platform car. Two step method of excavation operations with sufficient space and a faster rate of

62、construction. Level is conducive to the stability of excavation face. Especially Excavation in the upper, lower operational safety. Three step method of excavation is the next shortcomings of operations interfere with ea

63、ch other. It should be noted at the bottom</p><p>　　(3) Segment excavation method. Excavation Law Division can be divided into five changes in the program : Excavation Division level, from top to bottom hole

64、 lead, heading advance on the excavation, single (double) and lateral pit method. Excavation will be conducted Section Division excavation by the Ministry of shape, and to advance some of excavation, it may be called der

65、ivative ahead excavation pit method. </p><p>　　Law Division level : general application or soil collapse easily lots of soft rock, with its advantages - stage method, height can be lengthened, the two-lane t

66、unnel for a hole-fold, cycling Road Tunnel - hole 2 times; rather than single (double) PENDANTS Heading a high degree of mechanization, can accelerate the progress of the projects.</p><p>　　The next heading

67、advance excavation method (that is guided pit wall first arch) : This Act applies to Ⅱ, Ⅲ rock. in the soft ground tunneling, to be adopted next general guide advance excavation pit wall first arch Act. Its advantages ar

68、e : Heading advance excavation, the use of proven geological conditions in advance to facilitate change in the method. Face to facilitate started procedures applicable to the labor arrangements for the use of small machi

69、nery and construction. The drawbacks : The </p><p>　　Unilateral-arm pit Law : rock instability, the tunnel span larger, ground subsidence is difficult to control when using this method. Its characteristics a

70、re : a positive step and arms Heading Act advantages. </p><p>　　Bilateral arm Heading law : in large-span shallow tunnels, surface subsidence require strict, especially poor rock used. Advantages of this met

71、hod are : Construction of safe, reliable, but slow construction, high cost. </p><p>　　III.The main tunnel construction technology</p><p>　　1. Cave construction</p><p>　?。?） excavati

72、on slope around </p><p>　　Lofting total station measurements, the use of excavators from top to bottom, paragraph by paragraph excavation, not the amount of excavation or the end of next overlapping excavati

73、on, remove pits with the above may slump topsoil, shrubs and rock slopes, rock strata of slope excavation needs blasting, Discussion should focus mainly loose blasting. Also partial artificial finishing, when excavation

74、and inspection slope of slope, if sliding and cracking phenomenon and slowing down due slope. </p><p>　　（2）.Cheng Tung-supporting </p><p>　　Yang Brush Singapore Singapore after the completion of

75、 timely inspection plate slope gradient, the gradient to pass the inspection, the system set up to fight time anchor, and the exposed bolt heads, hanging metal based network expansion and bolt welding into first overall.

76、 Linked network immediately after the completion of shotcrete and repeatedly jet until it reaches the thickness of the design so far. </p><p>　?。?）.as of gutter construction </p><p>　　Yang slop

77、e away from the groove 5 meters excavation ditch interception, interception gutter mainly mechanical excavation, artificial finishing, after dressing, 7.5# immediately masonry made of mortar and stones, and the floor sur

78、face with mortar. </p><p>　　2. Auxiliary construction </p><p>　?。?）A long pipe roof </p><p>　　Sets arch construction : construction Lofting, template installation, assembling reinfo

79、rcement, the guidance of lofting 127 installation guide, concrete pouring. </p><p>　　Pipe specifications : Heat Nazarbayev Seamless Steel Tube ￠ 108 mm and a thickness of 6 mm, length of 3 m, 6 m;</p>

80、<p>　　N pipe from : Central to the distance 50 cm;</p><p>　　N Inclination : Elevation 1 ° (the actual construction works by 2 °), the direction parallel with the Central Line; </p><

81、;p>　　N pipe construction error : Radial not more than 20 cm; </p><p>　　N tunnel longitudinal joints within the same section with more than 50% adjacent pipe joints staggered at least a meter. </p>

82、<p>　　A. pipe roof construction method </p><p>　　Lofting accurate measurement personnel, marking the centerline and the vault out of its hole elevation, soil excavation reserved as a core pipe roof cons

83、truction work platform Excavation footage of 2.5 meters, after the end of excavation, artificial symmetrical on both sides of excavation (Commodities H) platform, level width of 1.5 meters, 2.0 meters high, as constructi

84、on sets and pipe arch shed facilities drilling platform. Pipe-roof design position should be and it should be a good hole steel</p><p>　　B. pipe roof construction machinery </p><p>　　N drilling

85、machinery : XY-28-300 equipped with electric drill, drilling and pipe jacking long shelf; </p><p>　　N grouting machine : BW-250/50-injection pump two Taiwan;</p><p>　　N using cement-water glass

86、slurry. Mud and water volume ratio 1:0.5; water glass slurry concentration of water-cement ratio 1:1 silicate 35 Baume; The efficacy silicate modulus pressure grouting pressure early pressure 2.0MPA 0.5~1.0MPA; end. <

87、/p><p>　　（2）. a small catheter </p><p>　　A. small catheter used ahead diameter of 42 mm and a thickness of 3.5 mm thermal Nazarbayev seamless steel tubes, steel pipe was front-tip, Welding on the t

88、ail ￠ 6 stiffening brace and the wall around the drilling hole grouting 8 mm, but the tail of a meter without grouting holes and Advance Construction of a small catheter, the tubes and the lining of the centerline parall

89、el to 10 ° -30 ° Chalu into the rock arch. penstocks to 20-50 cm spacing. Each was over a steel tubes, should be closed imme</p><p>　　B. Grouting parameters </p><p>　　N water slurry an

90、d water glass volume : 1:0.5; </p><p>　　N slurry water-cement ratio 1:1 </p><p>　　N 35 Baume concentration of sodium silicate; The efficacy silicate modulus </p><p>　　N grouting pre

91、ssure 0.5~1.0MPA; if necessary, set up only orifice Pulp Cypriots. </p><p>　?。?）. bolting ahead : The Chalu must be greater than 14 degrees, grouting satiated and lap length is not less than 1 meter. </p&

92、gt;<p>　　3.Correcting construction </p><p>　　Embedded parts used by the Design Dimensions plank make shape design, installation in contrast snoop plate car, and position accuracy (error ± 50CM),

93、the firm shall not be fixed, you must be in possession of the wire through the middle wear. </p><p>　　4. Leveling Construction </p><p>　　Installation templates, at the request of both sides leve

94、ling layer calibration position to install template. Side-channel steel templates used [10#, top elevation with a corresponding length of the road elevation unanimously to allow deviation ± 2mm. adjusted using the s

95、tandard measurement to determine elevation. Every template fixed a certain distance from the outside to ensure that no displacement, the joints template close comfort, not from a slit, crooked and formation, and the bott

96、om conne</p><p>　　5. Water, cable duct construction </p><p>　　Install groove wall reinforcement of location accuracy, the line must be linked to the construction. Install groove wall purity, the

97、 purity requirements of accurate location, a vertical line. Dyadic greatest degree of not more than 3 mm, and template-Ditch The top-pronged, pass the inspection before the concrete reperfusion, on the side of the origin

98、al wall must pick hair, and embedded parts to the location accurately. Template using stereotypes purity. </p><p>　　6.Gate Construction </p><p>　　Cleared the site for construction layout. By des