土木工程畢業(yè)設計外文翻譯--土木工程

1、<p><b>　　本科畢業(yè)設計</b></p><p><b>　　英 文 翻 譯</b></p><p>　　系 （院）：土木工程</p><p><b>　　專業(yè)方向： </b></p><p><b>　　班 級：</b></

2、p><p><b>　　學 號：</b></p><p><b>　　姓 名：</b></p><p><b>　　指導教師： </b></p><p><b>　　日 期：</b></p><p>　　Civil E

3、ngineering</p><p>　　Civil engineering is the planning, design, construction, and management of the built environment. This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles, from i

4、rrigation and drainage systems to rocket launching facilities.</p><p>　　Civil engineers build roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, harbors, power plants, water and sewage systems, hospitals, schools, mass transit,

5、 and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations. They also build privately owned facilities such as airport, railroads, pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures desi

6、gned for industrial, commercial, or residential use. In addition, civil engineers plan, design, and build complete cities and towns, and more rec</p><p>　　The word civil derives from the Latin for citizen. I

7、n 1782, Englishman John Seaton used the term to differentiate his nonmilitary engineering work from that of the military engineers who predominated at the time. Since then, the term civil engineer has often been used to

8、refer to engineers who build public facilities, although the field is much broader.</p><p>　　Scope Because it is so broad, civil engineering is subdivided into a number of technical specialties. Depending on

9、 the type of project, the skills pf many kinds of civil engineer specialties may be needed. When a project begins, the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who experiment to determine if the earth can bear the

10、weight of project. Environmental specialists study the project’s impact on the local area, the potential for air and groundwater pollution, the project’s impact on lo</p><p>　　Many civil engineers, among the

11、m the top people in the field, work in design. As we have seen, civil engineers work on many different kinds of structures, so it is normal practice for an engineer to specialize in just one kind. In designing buildings,

12、 engineers often work as consultants to architectural or construction firms. Dams, bridges, water supply systems, and other large projects ordinarily employ several engineers whose work is coordinated by a system enginee

13、r who is in charge of the ent</p><p>　　Throughout any given project, civil engineers make extensive use of computers. Computes are used to design the project’s various elements (computer-aided design, or CAD

14、) and to manger it. Computers are a necessity for the modern civil engineer because they permit the engineer to efficiently handle the large quantities of data needed in determining the best way to construct a project. &

15、lt;/p><p>　　Structural engineering In this specialty, civil engineers plan and design structures of all types, including bridges dams, power plants, supports for equipment, special structures for offshore proje

16、cts, the United States space program, transmission towers, giant astronomical and radio telescopes, and many other kinds of projects.</p><p>　　Using computers, structural engineers determine the forces a str

17、ucture must resist, its own weight, wind and hurricane forces temperature changes that expand or contract construction materials, and earthquakes. They also determine the combination of appropriate materials: steel, conc

18、rete, plastic, stone, asphalt, brick, aluminum, or other construction materials.</p><p>　　Water resources engineering Civil engineers in this specialty deal with all aspects of the physical control of water.

19、 Their projects help prevent floods, supply water for cities and for irrigation, manage and control rivers and water runoff, and maintain beaches and other waterfront facilities. In addition, they design and maintain har

20、bors, canals, and locks, build huge hydroelectric dams and smaller dams and water impoundments of all kinds, help design offshore structures, and determine the loc</p><p>　　Geotechnical engineering Civil eng

21、ineers who specialize in this filed analyze the properties of soils and rocks that support structures and affect structural behavior. They evaluate and work to minimize the potential settlement of buildings and other str

22、uctures that stems from the pressure of their weight on the earth. These engineers also evaluate and determine how to strengthen the stability of slopes and how to protect structures against earthquakes and the effects o

23、f groundwater.</p><p>　　Environmental engineering In this branch of engineering, civil engineers design, build, and supervise systems to provide safe drinking water and to prevent and control pollution of wa

24、ter supplies, both on the surface and underground. They also design, build, and supervise projects to control or eliminate pollution of the land and air. These engineers build water and wastewaters treatment plants, and

25、design air scrubbers and other devices to minimize or eliminate air pollution caused by industria</p><p>　　Transportation engineering Civil engineers working in this specialty build facilities to ensure safe

26、 and efficient movement of both people and goods. They specialize in designing and maintaining all types of transportation facilities, highways and streets, mass transit systems, railroads and airfields ports and harbors

27、. Transportation engineers apply technological knowledge as well as consideration of the economic, political, and social factors in designing each project. They work closely with u</p><p>　　Pipeline engineer

28、ing In this branch of civil engineering, engineers build pipelines and related facilities, which transport liquids, gases, or solids ranging from coal slurries (mixed coal and water) and semi liquids wastes, to water, oi

29、l and various types pf highly combustible and noncombustible gases. The engineers determine pipeline design, the economic and environmental impact of a project on regions it must traverse, the type pf materials to be use

30、d-steel, concrete, plastic, or combinations</p><p>　　Construction engineering Civil engineers in this field oversee the construction of a project from beginning to end. Sometimes called project engineers, th

31、ey apply both technical and managerial skills, including knowledge of construction methods, planning, organizing, financing, and operating construction projects. They coordinate the activities of virtually everyone engag

32、ed in the work: the surveyors, workers who lay out and construct the temporary roads and ramps, excavate for the foundation, b</p><p>　　Construction is a complicated process on almost all engineering project

33、s. It involves scheduling the work and utilizing the equipment and the materials so that coats are kept as low as possible. Safety factor must also be taken into account, since construction can be very dangerous. Many ci

34、vil engineers therefore specialize in the construction phase.</p><p>　　Community and urban planning Those engaged in this area of civil engineering may plan and develop communities within a city, or entire c

35、ities. Such planning involves far more than engineering considerations; environmental, social, and economic factors in the use and development of land and natural resources are also key elements. They evaluate the kinds

36、of facilities needed, including streets and highways, public transportation systems, airports, and recreational and other facilities to ensure s</p><p>　　Photogrammetry, surveying, and mapping The civil engi

37、neers in this specialty precisely measure the Earth’s surface to obtain reliable information for locating and designing engineering projects. This practice often involves high-technology methods such as satellite and aer

38、ial surveying, and computer processing of photographic imagery. Radio signals from satellites, scanned by laser and sonic beams, are converted to maps to provide very accurate measurements for boring tunnels, building hi

39、ghways </p><p>　　Other specialties Three additional civil engineering specialties that are not entirely within the scope of civil engineering teaching.</p><p>　　Engineering research Research is

40、one of the most important aspects of scientific and engineering practice. A researcher usually works as a member of a team with other scientists and engineers. He or she is often employed in a laboratory that financed by

41、 government or industry. Areas of research connected with civil engineering include soil mechanics and soil stabilization techniques, and also the development and testing of new structural materials.</p><p>

42、　　Engineering management Many civil engineers choose careers that eventually lead to management. Others are also to start their careers in management positions. The civil engineer manager combines technical knowledge wit

43、h an ability to organize and coordinate worker power, materials, machinery, and money. These engineers may work in government municipal, county, state, or federal; in the U.S.Army Corps of Engineers as military or civili

44、an management engineers; or in semiautonomous regional or city</p><p>　　Engineering teaching The civil engineer who chooses a teaching career usually teaches both graduate and undergraduate students in techn

45、ical specialties. Many teaching civil engineers engage in basic research that eventually leads to technical innovations in construction materials and methods. Many also serve as consultants on engineering projects, or on

46、 technical boards and commissions associated with major projects.</p><p><b>　　土木工程</b></p><p>　　土木工程是指對建成環(huán)境的規(guī)劃、設計、建造、管理等一系列活動。所謂建成環(huán)境是包括從灌溉、排水系統(tǒng)到火箭發(fā)射設施等所有根據(jù)科學原理而建造的建筑。</p><

47、p>　　土木工程師建造道路、橋梁、隧道、堤壩、海港、發(fā)電廠、給水、排污系統(tǒng)、醫(yī)院、學校、公共交通以及現(xiàn)代社會和人口高度集中所必需的其它公共設施。他們還建造機場、鐵路、管道、摩天大樓之類的非公有設施，以及其它為了工業(yè)、商業(yè)或居住用途而設計的大型建筑物。此外，土木工程師還規(guī)劃、設計和建造完善的都市和城鎮(zhèn)，近來又計劃和設計能夠自給的空間站。</p><p>　　Civil engineering中的civil一詞

48、來源于拉丁文中的citizen（市民或公民）。1782年英國人John Seaton使用該詞以區(qū)別非軍用工程與那時占主導地位的軍用工程。從那以后，土木工程一詞用來指那些建造公共設施的工程，盡管這一領域越來越廣泛。</p><p>　　范圍 由于土木工程涉及的范圍十分廣泛，因而將其劃分為很多技術專業(yè)。根據(jù)項目的類型不同，需要許多專業(yè)的土木工程專家的技術參與。項目開始時，土木工程師要進行現(xiàn)場勘探、繪圖，通過實驗確定

49、該項目所在土層的承載力。環(huán)境專家研究工程項目對本地區(qū)的影響，和如何設計工程項目使其能滿足政府對環(huán)境保護的要求。交通運輸專家確定需要何種類型的交通設施以減輕項目完成后對既有道路和交通網(wǎng)絡構成的壓力。同時，結(jié)構專家為該工程項目搜集原始資料，以進行具體的設計、規(guī)劃，并提出該項目的說明書。從工程項目的開始至終結(jié)，施工管理專家監(jiān)督與協(xié)調(diào)這些土木工程師的工作。以其它專家所提供的信息為基礎，施工管理土木工程師估計材料與勞動力的數(shù)量和價格，安排全部工作

50、計劃，訂購工作所需的材料與設備，雇用承包商與轉(zhuǎn)包商，并進行其它監(jiān)督工作以確保工程項目能按規(guī)定完成。</p><p>　　土木工程領域的很多工程師從事設計工作。正如我們所看到的，土木工程師的工作涉及多種類型的結(jié)構，所以對一個工程師而言，僅在某種結(jié)構上有專長是一種正常現(xiàn)象。在建筑設計時，工程師通常是某個建筑設計公司或施工企業(yè)的顧問。堤壩、橋梁、給水系統(tǒng)和其它大型項目通常聘用幾位工程師，在負責整個項目的系統(tǒng)工程師領導下

51、協(xié)同工作。在很多情況下也會有一些其他專業(yè)的工程師參加其中，例如在一個堤壩項目中，電力工程師和機械工程師會參與發(fā)電站的設計與其設備安裝。另外，土木工程師也會被指派為別的領域的項目而工作，例如在實施空間計劃時，需要土木工程師參與諸如火箭發(fā)射臺和火箭貯存庫這些結(jié)構的設計和施工。</p><p>　　在任何項目的實施過程中，土木工程師都要廣泛使用到電腦這種工具。電腦被用與工程項目各種要素的設計（計算機輔助設計或稱為CAD

52、）和控制。由于計算機使土木工程師能夠更為有效的處理和確定項目建造最佳方式所需的大量數(shù)據(jù)，因此計算機是現(xiàn)代土木工程師的必需品。</p><p>　　結(jié)構工程 在這個專業(yè)領域，土木工程師規(guī)劃、設計所有類型的結(jié)構，這些結(jié)構包括橋梁、堤壩、動力廠、設備底座、近海工程的特殊結(jié)構、美國空間項目、輸電塔、大型的天文和無線電望遠鏡以及其它很多類型的項目。</p><p>　　結(jié)構工程師使用計算機來確定結(jié)

53、構所必須抵抗的力，即結(jié)構本身的重量、風荷載、溫度變化引起的建筑材料膨脹或收縮以及地震。他們還要選定合適的材料例如鋼材、混凝土、塑料、石材、瀝青、磚、鋁或者其它結(jié)構材料等，并將其組合起來以形成結(jié)構。</p><p>　　水利資源工程 這一領域的土木工程師處理所有的水自然控制方面的問題。他們的工程項目幫助防洪，城市供水和灌溉用水，管理與控制江河及水的徑流量，以及維護海灘和其它沿岸設施。另外，他們還設計和維修海港、溝

54、渠、水閘，建造巨大的水電堤壩、較小的堤壩和各種類型的蓄水堤壩，設計離岸的海上結(jié)構物，以及確定對航行有影響的建筑物的位置。</p><p>　　巖土工程 在這一領域有專長的土木工程師分析支撐建筑和結(jié)構特性的巖土性質(zhì)，他們估計并力求減小建筑物和其它構筑物由其作用于巖土層上的重力而產(chǎn)生的沉降。這些工程師還要估計并確定如何加強邊坡和填方的穩(wěn)定性以及如何保護建筑以抵抗地震和地下水的作用。</p><p

55、>　　環(huán)境工程 在這一領域中，土木工程師設計、建造和監(jiān)督安全的飲用水系統(tǒng)，防止和控制來自地表和地下的對供水系統(tǒng)的污染。他們還設計、建造和監(jiān)督能夠控制或消除土地和空氣污染的工程項目。這些工程師建造自來水廠和污水處理廠，設計空氣洗滌器和其它設備以減少或消除由工業(yè)生產(chǎn)、焚化或其它產(chǎn)生煙的行為所引起的空氣污染。他們還通過建造特殊的垃圾場來中和有毒物質(zhì)等方式來控制有毒的和危險的物質(zhì)。另外，這些工程師還設計和管理衛(wèi)生掩埋場以防止周圍土地的污

56、染。</p><p>　　交通運輸工程 該領域的土木工程師建造能確保人與貨物能安全有效運轉(zhuǎn)的設施。他們擅長于設計和維修各種類型的交通設施，如公路和街道、大規(guī)模的交通體系、鐵路、航空港和海港碼頭。交通運輸工程師在設計每一個工程項目時要運用科技知識，同時還要考慮經(jīng)濟、政治和社會等因素。因為社區(qū)的質(zhì)量與交通運輸體系的質(zhì)量有直接的關系，所以他們要與城市規(guī)劃者密切協(xié)作。</p><p>　　管道工

57、程 在這一領域，工程師鋪設管道、建造相關設施，用來輸送液體、氣體或固體，從煤漿（煤與水的混合物）、半液狀的廢物到水、油和各種各樣極易燃燒的和不宜燃燒的氣體。這些工程師選定使用材料的類型，例如鋼材、混凝土、塑料或多種材料的組合，決定安裝技術，并確定計算管道強度的方法、維持適當壓力的調(diào)節(jié)裝置以及被輸送物質(zhì)的流速等。當輸送危險物質(zhì)時，安全也是應考慮的問題。</p><p>　　建筑工程 這一領域的土木工程師負責監(jiān)督

58、一個項目從開始到竣工的施工過程，有時又被稱為項目主管工程師。他們的應用技術和管理技能包括施工方面的知識，計劃、組織、籌措資金及經(jīng)營整個建設項目等。他們協(xié)調(diào)幾乎每一個參與工作的人員的活動，這些工作人員包括測量員，臨時道路與邊坡的放線和修筑工人，挖掘地基、支摸板和澆注混凝土的工人，以及綁扎鋼筋骨架的工人。這些工程師還要向項目業(yè)主作定期的進度報告。</p><p>　　幾乎所有工程項目的施工過程都很復雜。在施工時要制定

59、工作計劃，合理利用設備與材料，從而盡可能的降低工程費用。安全因素也必須考慮，因為施工過程非常危險，所以需要很多土木工程師從事施工階段的工作。</p><p>　　社區(qū)與城市規(guī)劃 這一領域的土木工程師負責規(guī)劃和發(fā)展城市中的社區(qū)或整個城市。這些規(guī)劃遠不止于工程面上的考慮，當時環(huán)境、社會和經(jīng)濟因素、土地和天然資源的發(fā)展也是主要考慮因素。這些工程師將市政工程的規(guī)劃同私人開發(fā)的規(guī)劃相互協(xié)調(diào)。他們評估各種必要的設施，這些設

60、施包括街道和公路、公共交通運輸系統(tǒng)、民用機場、港口設施、給排水系統(tǒng)、公共建筑、公園、娛樂設施及其它為了保證社會福利以及經(jīng)濟的、環(huán)境的利益而設置的公共設施。</p><p>　　攝影測量，測繪，和制圖 這一領域的工程師測量地球的表面以獲得有利于定位和設計工程項目的可靠信息。這些工程實踐通常涉及到高科技方法例如衛(wèi)星和航空測量，攝影成像的計算機處理等?？梢园讶嗽煨l(wèi)星傳來的通過激光束與聲波掃描得到的無線電信號轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閳D象

61、，以便為開挖隧道、建造公路與堤壩、描繪防洪灌溉工程、確定影響施工計劃的地下地質(zhì)構造以及其它許多建筑用途提供精確的測量結(jié)果。</p><p>　　其它領域 有三個附加專業(yè)，不完全包含在土木工程范圍內(nèi)，但確是三個基本的學科，那就是工程科研、工程管理和工程教學。</p><p>　　工程科研 科研是科學和實踐最為重要的一個方面。一個研究者通常是一個科研小組的一員，他要和其他的科學家、工程師一

62、起工作。他們供職于一個收政府或企業(yè)資助的實驗室。土木工程科研的領域包括力學、土穩(wěn)定性技術、新型結(jié)構材料的開發(fā)與實驗等。</p><p>　　工程管理 很多土木工程師選擇了某種職業(yè)，而這些職業(yè)最終通向管理層，另外一些工程師開始就選擇了管理職位的職業(yè)生涯。土木工程項目經(jīng)理將技術知識與組織協(xié)調(diào)人力、材料、機械和資金的能力結(jié)合起來。他們可能供職于市、縣、軸、聯(lián)邦政府，或在美國國家工程兵團任軍用或民用工程的管理工程師，或