土木工程畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文翻譯2

1、<p>　　PROJECTCOSTCONTROL</p><p>　　INTRODUCTION project a corporate image window and </p><p>　　effectiveness of the source. With increasingly fierce market competition, the quality of wor

2、k and the construction of civilizations rising material prices fluctuations. uncertainties and other factors, make the project operational in a relatively tough environment. So the cost of control is through the building

3、 of the project since the bidding phase of acceptance until the completion of the entire process, It is a comprehensive enterprise cost management an important part, we must organize and c</p><p>　　2, outlin

4、ing the construction project cost control, the cost of the project refers to the cost and process of formation occurred, on the production and operation of the amount of human resources, material resources and expenses,

5、guidance, supervision, regulation and restrictions, in a timely manner to prevent, detect and correct errors in order to control costs in all project costs within the intended target. to guarantee the production and oper

6、ation of enterprises benefits.</p><p>　　3, the cost of the construction enterprise principles of construction enterprises control the cost of control is based on cost control of construction project for the

7、center, Construction of the project cost control principle is the enterprise cost management infrastructure and the core, Construction Project Manager in the Ministry of Construction of the project cost control process,

8、we must adhere to the following basic principles. </p><p>　　3.1 Principles lowest cost. Construction of the project cost control, the basic purpose is to cost management through various means, promote constr

9、uction projects continue to reduce costs, to achieve the lowest possible cost of the objective requirements. The implementation of the principle of minimum cost, attention should be given to the possibility of reducing c

10、osts and reasonable cost of the minimum. While various mining capacity to reduce costs so that possibility into reality; The other mu</p><p>　　3.2 overall cost control principles. Cost Management is a compre

11、hensive enterprise-wide, and full management of the entire process, also known as the "three" of management. The full project cost control is a system of substantive content, including the departments, the resp

12、onsibility for the network and team economic accounting, and so on, to prevent the cost control is everybody's responsibility, regardless of everyone. Project cost of the entire process control requirements to contro

13、l its cost</p><p>　　3.3 Dynamic Control principle. Construction of the project is a one-time, cost control should emphasize control of the project in the middle, that is, dynamic control. Construction prepar

14、ation stage because the cost is under the control of construction design to determine the specific content of the cost, prepare cost plans, the development of a cost-control program for the future cost control ready. And

15、 the completion of phase cost control, as a result of cost financing has been basically a for</p><p>　　3.4 principle of management by objectives. Management objectives include : setting goals and decompositi

16、on, the goal of responsibility and implementation of the aims of the inspection results of the implementation, evaluation of the goals and objectives that form the management objectives of the planning, implementation, i

17、nspection, processing cycle, PDCA. </p><p>　　3.5 responsibility, authority, in light of the profit principle. Construction of the project, project manager of the department, the team shouldering the responsi

18、bility for cost control at the same time, enjoy the power of cost control, project manager for the department, Teams cost control in the performance of regular examination and appraisal of implementation of a crossword p

19、unishment. Only to do a good job duties, rights, and interests combining cost control, in order to achieve the desired</p><p>　　4, the construction cost control measures cost control measures. </p>&l

20、t;p>　　Reduce the cost of construction projects means, we should not only increase revenue is also reducing expenditure, or both also increase savings. Cutting expenditure is not only revenue, or revenue not only to cu

21、t expenditure, it is impossible to achieve the aim of reducing costs, at least there is no ideal lower cost effective. </p><p>　　Project Manager of the project cost management responsibility for the first, c

22、omprehensive organization of the project cost management, timely understand and analyze profit and loss situation and take prompt and effective measures; engineering technology department should ensure the quality, Regul

23、ar tasks to complete as much as possible under the premise adopt advanced technology in order to reduce costs; Ministry of Economic Affairs should strengthen budget management contract, the project to c</p><p&

24、gt;　　With the construction market competition intensifies, more and the price low, the scene increasingly high management fees. This requires project managers to more scientific and more rigorous management approach to t

25、he management of the project. As a management departments should be a reasonable analysis of regional economic disparities, to prevent the input across the board. From the foregoing analysis, project management and cost

26、control are complementary, it is only by strengthening project ma</p><p>　　5. strengthen project cost control practical significance </p><p>　　5.1 strengthen project cost control railway constru

27、ction enterprises out of their predicament, the need to increase revenue. At present, the railway construction enterprises just into the market, to participate in market competition, will face a tough test of the market.

28、 Now the construction market liberalization, implement bidding system, and the strike has very low weight, To create efficiency is the only way to strengthen internal management and improve their internal conditions, int

29、ernal eff</p><p>　　5.2 Strengthening Project Cost control is adapt to the market competition, and strengthening internal management to the needs of their work. With the railway enterprise's rapid develop

30、ment, construction increasingly fierce market competition. For a period of time, the railway construction enterprises will face the increasingly fierce market challenges Construction of the business environment difficult

31、 to be improved. Efficiency increases, effective cost control and claims will be strengthened in</p><p>　　6, the construction project cost control of construction cost control in many ways, this highlights d

32、eviation analysis. Deviation refers to the actual value of the construction costs with the planned value of the difference. Deviation analysis available Bar Graph method, the form, method. </p><p>　　(1) Bar

33、Graph method is different Transverse-Line marking the completion of the project has been the construction costs, End to construction projects have been completed and cost (the cost-effective construction, Transverse-Line

34、 length is proportional to the amount of their cases. Bar Graph with image, audio-visual, very clear advantages, It can accurately express construction cost deviations, but one can feel the gravity of deviation. However,

35、 this method of information below.</p><p>　　(2) Form method is error - Analysis of the most commonly used method, it will project code name, Construction of the cost parameters and construction cost deviatio

36、n integrated into the number one form, and in the form of direct comparison. As the deviations are shown in the table. Construction costs makes integrated managers to understand and deal with these data. flexible, applic

37、ability; informative; forms can be handled by computer, thus saving a large amount of data to deal with the human, an</p><p>　　(3) curve is a total construction cost curve (S OK curve) for the partial constr

38、uction costs A differential analysis methods. a figure which indicated the actual value of the construction cost curve, p. construction cost of the scheme said the value curve, The curve between two vertical distance bet

39、ween construction cost deviation. The method used is the same image analysis, and visual characteristics, But this is very difficult to direct for quantitative analysis of quantitative analysis can pl</p><p>

40、;　　7. Currently construction enterprise project cost control analysis of the current project cost </p><p>　　7.1 problems and the causes of the current project implementation After the restructuring projects

41、implemented "five responsibility for the costs," "100 of responsibility for the content of the output value of wages" and "contracting indicators Kau" various forms of economic management co

42、ntract responsibility system. Construction projects in the Ministry of Production and quality aspects of the rapid progress. But beyond doubt is just working, regardless of the mode of production accounts still </p>

43、;<p>　　7.2 Project Department analysis of the reasons for the losses as a project of building products Commodities direct producers, both under the contract and construction drawings, self-regulating organizations

44、 of the construction authority, Construction of that arrangement, the deployment of personnel, materials, equipment parts procurement, custody, use, consumption, safety, Quality of management with a measure of autonomy;

45、but also by contracting, design, Enterprises and other projects related to</p><p>　?、?no strict cost control of the overall goal or no cost control goals. Most of the loss items Department head, there is no

46、cost control goals. Although some but not strictly enforced, thus the cost of the project is out of control. </p><p>　?、?materials, spare parts planning, procurement, inspection, custody, out of the reservoi

47、r, consumption of the system is not sound. the loss of the item, the purchase of materials and accessories unplanned phenomenon abound. procurement lies in the number of project managers even material, the result is boun

48、d to lead to a backlog of material, cost overruns. As the project is difficult to grasp the Department of the relatively reasonable price information for the procurement of materials not calcu</p><p>　?、?con

49、tract measures are incomplete. Projects within the ranks of the contract is not be supporting management measures implemented after contracting loopholes 100, resulting in cost overruns. For example, Some contracting for

50、 the completion of the mission and the number of wages, but the consumption of materials and equipment use, maintenance is not explicitly required to form the contracting not-included, the surplus excluding packet loss,

51、some contracting program, though reasonable, but pricin</p><p>　?、?sub-loopholes. Projects contingent on the labor subcontractor, the contracting not-included, to allocate more projects; or sub-unreasonable

52、price; or the extensive use of sub-teams, resulting in super funds arrears sub-teams such phenomena occurring; or to link a number of external units, all lead to the rehabilitation costs are all linked by the Department

53、of the project. </p><p>　?、?serious quality problems. serious losses Project Department, almost all relatively serious quality problems, resulting in rework, repair, It seems a repetition of construction, in

54、crease the costs of construction. For example, in the bridge construction, there is the basis sank, Pier deflect such phenomena. </p><p>　?、?construction equipment utilization rate is not high. Some of the p

55、rojects undertaken projects a loss what to do, To ensure uninterrupted construction, acquisition or blind items transferred from other large equipment reserve, even bought some of the projects do not require the equipmen

56、t, resulting in long-term suspension equipment. , </p><p>　?、薈onstruction unreasonable arrangements. During the construction process, the project was not in a reasonable allocation of manpower, materials, eq

57、uipment and other resources. lead to a waste of sabotage work; Construction of the manufacturing arrangements unreasonable to step in to complete the actual conduct of the second, three complete, the resulting redone, an

58、d so on. </p><p>　?、?more accidents. the loss of the item, Most of the projects have occurred in the Department of varying degrees of security incidents and minor injuries affected employees work injuries ha

59、ve affected staff work, Also the cost of medical expenses, but can also enable the staff of physical and skills decline, reduced labor and labor efficiency; fatal accidents resulting in huge pension costs to be incurred,

60、 directly increasing costs, and may also affect sentiment reduce production efficiency. </p><p>　　⑼ overhead control ineffective. the loss of the item, almost all of this problem. The largest of these is the

61、 administrative expenses, travel, transport costs and operational Hospitality.</p><p>　　⑽ chaotic financial management. All loss of the item, its financial management in every case there is confusion. shown

62、in the following ways : First, no complete financial management system, think how expenditure on how expenses; Second, currency and capital management, the creation of a number of bank account deposits. But without timel

63、y check cleared lead to bank deposits and cash accounts are inconsistent. hide the huge cost of bank deposits and cash balances Lane; Third debts inaccurate conf</p><p>　?、?contract management confusion. the

64、 loss of the item, Most of the projects the Ministry failed contract management awareness, knowledge of the contract, and have little do not understand the basic elements of the contract, contract management led to confu

65、sion, enterprises suffered huge economic losses. 2. the influence of objective factors of the project is to increase the total cost of a connection so-called objective factors, Project Department is unable to control its

66、 own and must take place</p><p>　　These factors are : ⑴ costs. Some enterprises in order to gain access to a particular market in the qualifications, thereby meeting the quality of construction projects buil

67、t on the premise that right to take the tender bid price is lower than the cost of bidding strategy for the final bidding process, in the operating strategy is bound to happen, but projects are concerned, no matter what

68、steps are taken it will be difficult to make these projects profitable. </p><p>　?、?geological changes. the geological conditions are inconsistent with the design, Projects will be forced to change the const

69、ruction method, thus affecting the construction period, so that the total project costs. the same time will also cost breakdown of a larger change.</p><p>　?、?climate change. Winter, Construction of the rain

70、y season and the number of days of sandstorms construction increase, the Ministry will allow the project to increase various fees. For example, the number of days in winter, If unchanged in the period, the Ministry of pr

71、ojects or increase in the winter construction costs, such as antifreeze materials, Construction of antifreeze, winterization supplies, machinery and equipment due to reduced efficiency and increased costs; rush or increa

72、se costs, </p><p>　?、?design changes. various engineering design changes so that the project will cost changes affect the total project cost. For example, contracting unit to increase the number of extend or

73、 shorten the construction period. changes in construction plans and projects to improve the quality of grading, etc..</p><p>　?、?enterprises raise requirements. In order to achieve a certain goal, Enterprise

74、s sometimes requires projects in the Ministry of Construction Organization war or to achieve a certain quality standards, However, as the Department of projects in the process of implementing arrangements or less thoroug

75、h understanding of the deviation, in the majority of cases formed a human fight, fight equipment, fight funds or improving quality standards. </p><p>　?、?construction design less reasonable. As a constructio

76、n site with the actual difference individual projects in construction design at the time of the existence of irrational phenomena, such as the personnel, materials, equipment arrangements and plans for the accuracy of in

77、dividual projects or processes of the time, the lack of quality considerations. Projects can make the cost increase. </p><p>　?、?sabotage work of the project. As work on the link between tasks or for other r

78、easons, Projects have some sabotage work, in this period sabotage work needed to meet various costs, such as wages or basic living expenses. fixed asset depreciation charges, indirect costs of the project. </p>&l

79、t;p>　　Projects 7.3 containment measures for the loss of containment for a variety of reasons over the project losses, in accordance with the requirements of clear responsibilities, Projects should control the cost of

80、the project is able to cost control measures were taken. for a project to control the cost of the project by the Ministry of control; and the project beyond the control of the costs or losses, by the enterprises should t

81、ake measures to control it. </p><p>　　1. Construction projects to the Ministry of the so-called cost control measures to the Ministry of Construction of the project. refer to enterprises directly organized b

82、y the staff and farmers contract workers, temporary workers and the labor force composed of the internal construction team, mixed construction team and construction services sub-teams composed of Construction Projects. &

83、lt;/p><p>　　⑴ determine the total project cost targets and the profit and loss targets. Every one of the successful projects, in a formal pre-construction, identify the project and sub-project for the dates, ma

84、terials, equipment and identify the project and sub-project of the labor, materials, machinery and indirect costs. On this basis, The project will determine the profit or loss targets. </p><p>　?、?implemente

85、d material bidding procurement. Projects must thoroughly change the past, piecemeal purchase goods, the enterprises of all projects, including the main material to build on all the tender for the procurement, Obviously c

86、hoice of material suppliers. Meanwhile, we should fully consider the time value of money. choose a suitable form of payment. </p><p>　?、?controllable according to the principle of cost control. The Ministry

87、of Construction of the project team and staff, In accordance with the principle of cost control and distinguish the project department, the construction team and the staff of the costs of monovalent responsibility, inclu

88、ding dates Price, Materials Unit, select the unit and units, or fixed rates. We must strictly enforce the internal inspection system for pricing, timely construction team and staff honored economic interests.</p>

89、<p>　　⑷ enhance safety, and quality management. Projects must establish security, Quality is the major benefits of efficiency. actively prevent and avoid possible security, quality accidents, for the accident-prone

90、regions of constant surveillance. to strictly implement the responsibility for the accident the penalty system so that all staff clearly establish the safety, quality consciousness.</p><p>　　⑸ strengthen con

91、tract management. All of the projects, In particular, the main sub-projects of the need for a designated person responsible for contract management, In addition to the timely settlement or deal with the things, with the

92、other units or individuals from the economic, technical, labor matters, must sign the formal contract, not with the verbal agreement. at the contract process, should act in strict accordance with the relevant provisions

93、of the contract for disposal. </p><p>　?、?improve the management system, establish a cost-control mechanism. Projects must connect with reality, the development and control of the cost to draw up rules and r

94、egulations, such as material procurement, custody, inspection, warehousing, consumption system, the labor remuneration management systems, equipment management, financial management, accounting, security, quality managem

95、ent approach, the post-mortem valuation methods, and to establish the cost of the project department of internal </p><p>　　2. Construction of the sub-item of cost control measures in the so-called sub-Constr

96、uction Projects, refers to the shoulder of the main tasks of the project subcontracted to external team of mainly construction of the project. </p><p>　?、?determined in accordance with the assembly The objec

97、tives of the sub-projects to determine the price. their specific operational process : First, According to determine the total cost of the project and the sub-units of construction commitments, identify the sub-project i

98、s the direct costs and field; Secondly, the intelligence sub-unit level, its terms should obtain the enterprise management fee, labor insurance and financial costs to lower the rate to 30% -50%; Third, According to the a