外文翻譯--亞洲正在老齡化——時(shí)刻關(guān)注老年人的贍養(yǎng)和照顧

1、<p><b>　　中文2660字</b></p><p>　　本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）</p><p>　　外 文 翻 譯</p><p><b>　　原文：</b></p><p>　　Aging in Asia—Perennial Concerns on Support and C

2、aring for the Old</p><p><b>　　Abstract </b></p><p>　　This introductory article provides background to an understanding of “Aging in Asia,” focusing on the demographics of population

3、aging in Asia. It discusses the differences in the magnitude of the aged population in different parts of Asia and highlights the perennial concerns of care and support facing the aged and their families as Asian societi

4、es grapple with the graying population. Globalization is one important factor presenting new challenges as well as opportunities to aging Asia. </p><p>　　Keywords Asia .Aging .Globalization .Old age support&

5、lt;/p><p>　　East and Southeast Asia Aging the Fastest</p><p>　　In only one-quarter century—from 1970 to 1996—the percent of the population aged 65 and over in Japan increased from seven to fourteen

6、 percent. Similarly swift increases are expected in China, beginning around the turn of the century, and elsewhere in East and Southeast Asia fueled by dramatic drops in fertility levels...</p><p>　　Introduc

7、tion</p><p>　　Asia, home to some of the most populous nations in the world, has aged rapidly over the second half of the 20th century. Beginning with Japan, the most developed Asian nation, the graying of As

8、ia’s population has proceeded apace among the less developed countries as well, such that the latter are likely to outstrip the former in the speed of population aging. These developments have taken place within a region

9、 of great diversity, not only in terms of their social and economic development but als</p><p>　　Regardless of where they stand in terms of their cultural or socioeconomic development, the peoples of East an

10、d Southeast Asia are also everywhere subject to the forces of globalization and change. While globalization is not a new phenomenon, it accelerated in the 1990s with rapid developments in information and communication te

11、chnology (ICT). In this regard, not only can basic medical technology be brought to even the most remote villages to bring about swift fertility and mortality declines, b</p><p>　　Caregiver issues are major

12、concerns in Asian societies. Chronological aging brings certain life cycle changes, some of which are physically imposed, while others are culturally defined or set by statutes. Among these life cycle changes are declini

13、ng health status, retirement, and declining roles and status in family and society. Thus, old age often brings with it dependency and disengagement, and everywhere, including in Asia, people and governments are concerned

14、 about the provision of care for </p><p>　　Given the developments in health care, the elderly are also likely to live an increasing number of years post-retirement in a relatively healthy state. They may als

15、o have fewer traditional roles such as grand parenting, either by choice or by default. The growing number of healthy old will contribute to rising demand for leisure activities and programs to keep their bodies and mind

16、s occupied.</p><p>　　As Mason has noted, the elderly have been the fastest growing demographic group in Asia, and “the development of institutions and programs that will meet the needs of the elderly in a su

17、stainable way requires time”. Commentators have also noted that whereas the more advanced countries were developed before they aged, countries in Asia are aging before they develop. Thus, questions have been raised as to

18、 whether they will be able to provide for the growing elderly population. On the other hand, A</p><p>　　Issues and Challenges</p><p>　　It would be fair to say that few of the Asian countries hav

19、e, to date, developed the necessary infrastructure and institutions to provide for their elderly. In fact, not all countries even have a clear policy on aging. Where formal systems exist, the coverage may be limited to s

20、elected groups such as civil servants, workers of state enterprises, and members of armed forces. As Jackson has noted, most countries in Asia continue to rely heavily on informal family networks to support the elderly.

21、I</p><p>　　Globalization is likely to have an impact on the family in a number of ways. The new global division of labor and ease of mobility increases the likelihood of younger generations migrating elsewhe

22、re in search of better job opportunities. Job losses and uncertainty associated with shorter, sharper business cycles are likely to affect fertility decisions as well as the willingness and ability of the younger adult g

23、eneration to provide for the old. In some Asian countries as well, health epidemics </p><p>　　Opportunities</p><p>　　It is not the intention here to be alarmist or to paint a gloom and doom pict

24、ure of the future of Asia. As has been noted elsewhere, population aging is after all the result of human development and public health success. Indeed, there are many testaments to the successful development of the Asia

25、-Pacific region, as Mason has noted. These include the rising school enrollment and literacy among both men and women, raising the productivity of workers. These have important implications for the futur</p><p

26、>　　New institutional arrangements would also have to be developed to cater for the growing number of healthy aged who is likely to live longer in retirement. The ICT revolution could also be exploited to assist the el

27、derly to remain socially engaged.</p><p>　　Conclusion</p><p>　　Asia is aging rapidly, and this poses challenges of providing for the growing number who are likely to require support. Population

28、aging is taking place in a context where the traditional support base is being eroded, by demographic processes as well as forces induced by globalization. However, there are also new opportunities to be exploited. Futur

29、e developments would depend on the speed at which institutions can be adjusted to meet the challenge. However, some Asian countries will have more ti</p><p>　　Source: springer link/ Mui Teng Yap & Leng L

30、eng Thang & John W. Traphagan/ Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 2005, Volume 20, Number 4, Pages 257-267</p><p><b>　　譯文：</b></p><p>　　亞洲正在老齡化——時(shí)刻關(guān)注老年人的贍養(yǎng)和照顧</p><

31、p><b>　　摘要：</b></p><p>　　這篇導(dǎo)言為認(rèn)識(shí)“亞洲老齡化”提供了一個(gè)背景，以亞洲的人口老齡化結(jié)構(gòu)為重點(diǎn)。討論了在亞洲不同地區(qū)的老年人口規(guī)模的差異，并強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)刻關(guān)注和支持老年人以及他們的家庭，努力克服亞洲社會(huì)的人口老齡化。全球化作為一個(gè)重要的因素為亞洲老齡化帶來新的挑戰(zhàn)和機(jī)遇。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：亞洲；老齡化；全球化；養(yǎng)老</p

32、><p>　　東亞和東南亞老齡化速度最快</p><p>　　在1970——1996年這短短的四分之一個(gè)世紀(jì)里，日本65歲及以上人口的比例從百分之七增長到了百分之十四。同樣快速的增加可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)在中國,19世紀(jì)末20世紀(jì)初, 東亞和東南亞其他亞洲地區(qū)（韓國，臺(tái)灣和泰國）生育水平急劇下降加劇了人口老齡化...</p><p><b>　　簡介</b>&

33、lt;/p><p>　　亞洲，包含了世界上人口最多的一些國家，在20世紀(jì)下半葉，已經(jīng)開始迅速老齡化。從最發(fā)達(dá)的亞洲國家日本開始，亞洲的人口老齡化進(jìn)程在欠發(fā)達(dá)國家之間迅速發(fā)展，而后者的人口老齡化速度很可能超過前者。同一個(gè)地區(qū)的發(fā)展之間存在的巨大差異，不僅在其社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展方面，也在其文化，語言和宗教方面。因此，雖然東亞國家，如日本，中國和韓國有著共同的儒家傳統(tǒng)，但在不同的經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展階段也不相同。另一方面，雖然新加坡

34、在地理位置上位于東南亞地區(qū)，但由于其主要人口是華裔，因此通常把它劃歸為東亞文化圈。它也是東南亞國家中最發(fā)達(dá)，在人均收入方面僅次于日本的亞洲第二的國家。在新加坡，有大量的馬來文化更接近于其他東南亞國家。印度還有一個(gè)少數(shù)民族，是南亞移民的移民和后裔。其他少數(shù)民族，包括部落群，大多數(shù)在其他亞洲國家可以發(fā)現(xiàn)。雖然不是所有的老齡化速度都一樣（由于不同的發(fā)展水平和人口轉(zhuǎn)變的時(shí)間），但是朝著老齡化轉(zhuǎn)變卻是很清楚的。</p><p&

35、gt;　　無論站在自身文化或經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的立場，東亞和東南亞各地的人民也都受到了全球化和變革的力量。雖然全球化不是一個(gè)新現(xiàn)象，但是在20世紀(jì)90年代隨著信息與通訊技術(shù)的發(fā)展，全球化進(jìn)程加快了。在此影響下，不僅可以把基本的醫(yī)療技術(shù)帶到最偏遠(yuǎn)的村莊使得生育率和死亡率迅速下降，而且信息和通信技術(shù)革命也縮小了文化和社會(huì)之間的差異，更不用說經(jīng)濟(jì)的一體化。這個(gè)發(fā)展可能會(huì)影響到家庭之中對(duì)婚姻，家庭規(guī)模，角色和關(guān)系這些價(jià)值觀的改變。在新的全球分工下更大的靈

36、活性和新的經(jīng)濟(jì)生產(chǎn)模式表現(xiàn)出了影響個(gè)人，家庭和社區(qū)生活方式的其他因素。雖然有些人可能樂意接受這些新的現(xiàn)實(shí)，但是仍有一些人是被迫去改變的。老年人也無法避免。全球化對(duì)老人，他們的家庭和社會(huì)提出了新的挑戰(zhàn)和機(jī)遇。</p><p>　　老齡化問題是亞洲國家主要關(guān)心的問題。老齡化按時(shí)間順序來排列呈現(xiàn)出一定的生命周期的變化，其中有些是從身體上施加的，而另一些是由文化定義或法規(guī)設(shè)置的。這些生命周期的變化包括健康狀況的下降，退休

37、，家庭和社會(huì)的作用和地位的衰退。因此，年老頻繁。隨之而來的，是人民和政府提供對(duì)照顧日益增多的老齡人口比重的依賴和脫離，無論在哪里，包括亞洲。接下來主要強(qiáng)調(diào)家庭在老人照顧中的角色。在亞洲，家庭成員經(jīng)常被個(gè)人和政府定義為贍養(yǎng)者，但是不得不問在家庭的各種需求和家庭規(guī)模下降的情況下家庭照顧是否是一個(gè)長久的選擇。不確定和復(fù)雜的自然代溝關(guān)系分散了家庭關(guān)系，影響家庭養(yǎng)老。</p><p>　　由于醫(yī)療保健的發(fā)展，隨著在一個(gè)相對(duì)

38、健康的狀況下提前幾年退休的人的增加，老年人可能會(huì)增加的更快。他們可能會(huì)有較少的傳統(tǒng)角色如祖輩，無論是選擇或是默認(rèn)。健康的老人越來越多，將有助于增加休閑活動(dòng)和方案的需求，保持自己的身體和心靈的充實(shí)。</p><p>　　Mason指出：老年人一直是亞洲增長最快的人群，面對(duì)養(yǎng)老制度的發(fā)展和進(jìn)程要制定一個(gè)可持續(xù)的方法需要時(shí)間。有的評(píng)論者還提出，大多數(shù)先進(jìn)的國家在老齡化之前就制定了制度，而亞洲國家的老齡化在發(fā)展之前。因此

39、，問題上升到他亞洲國家能否為不斷增長老年人口提供需要。另一方面，亞洲也被作為一個(gè)由文化和傳統(tǒng)促進(jìn)對(duì)家庭和社會(huì)養(yǎng)老的尊敬和力量的典型地區(qū)。然而，這些文化道具的影響也正在被內(nèi)外部的力量侵蝕，如全球化。</p><p><b>　　問題和挑戰(zhàn)</b></p><p>　　公平地說，一些亞洲國家到目前為止，為老年人提供了完善的必要設(shè)施和制度。事實(shí)上，并非所有國家都有一個(gè)明確的

40、養(yǎng)老制度。只要正式制度存在，其覆蓋面就可能會(huì)受到特定群體的限制，例如公務(wù)員，國有企業(yè)職工，和武裝部隊(duì)成員。像Jackson所指出的，對(duì)于養(yǎng)老大多數(shù)的亞洲國家仍然嚴(yán)重地依賴于不正規(guī)的家庭網(wǎng)絡(luò)。事實(shí)上，家庭被認(rèn)為是“預(yù)期”和養(yǎng)老最適當(dāng)?shù)奶峁┱?。然而，許多問題已引起了人們對(duì)這種照顧模式的可持續(xù)性。例如在中國，政府制定獨(dú)生子女政策，特別是在城市，這造成很多領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人擔(dān)心，在未來的許多孩子最終要支持兩個(gè)年邁的父母和四個(gè)祖父母，也就是俗稱被稱為“1-2

41、-4問題”。在其他包括了傳統(tǒng)儒家社會(huì)的地方，如韓國和臺(tái)灣，大多數(shù)老人是自己生活。在中國臺(tái)北，和成年子女共同居住的60歲以上的老人的比例大幅下降，隨著年齡的增長，老年人比以往要少搬去同子女共同居住。韓國和日本的調(diào)查顯示不希望甚至不想和他們的孩子共同居住的中年人的比重增加。單身的老人，形成的增長比例越來越大，可能沒有任何子女去依靠。 </p><p>　　全球化可能會(huì)對(duì)家庭的許多方面產(chǎn)生影響。新的全球分工和流動(dòng)的容易

42、性增加了年輕一代遷移到能夠找到更好的工作機(jī)會(huì)的其他地方的可能性。失業(yè)和不確定性與更短暫的，更激烈的商業(yè)周期有關(guān)，這可能影響到生育的決定和意愿以及年輕一代提供養(yǎng)老的能力。在一些亞洲國家，流行病如艾滋病也對(duì)中年人來了慘重的代價(jià)。</p><p><b>　　機(jī)會(huì)</b></p><p>　　我的意圖不是危言聳聽或是描繪對(duì)亞洲未來的悲觀和失望的圖片。其他地方我也注意到，人口

43、老齡化畢竟是人類的發(fā)展和公共健康成功的結(jié)果。事實(shí)上，有許多亞太地區(qū)成功發(fā)展的證明，這些包括增加學(xué)校招生和提高男女素質(zhì)，提高工人生產(chǎn)率。這些都為造福亞洲未來的老人福利具有重要意義。有了更好的教育，將來老年人可能有更好的高薪就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)，為自己退休后做了更好的資金準(zhǔn)備。他們可能會(huì)更健康，成為更好的教育和醫(yī)療照顧的受益者。更重要的是，他們很可能能夠更好地利用新的機(jī)遇和利用全球化和信息通信技術(shù)革命所帶來的工作新模式。Kumagai對(duì)“信息時(shí)代的日本

44、老人”的社會(huì)計(jì)劃的研究表明互聯(lián)網(wǎng)將是一個(gè)重要基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，幫助老年人實(shí)現(xiàn)獨(dú)立的生活方式?，F(xiàn)存的制度如強(qiáng)制性退休，不得不進(jìn)行一系列的改進(jìn)。</p><p>　　新的體制的安排也必須得到發(fā)展，以滿足在退休后生活得比較久的健康老人的人數(shù)的增長。信息和通信技術(shù)革命也可以被利用來幫助老年人維持社會(huì)參與。</p><p><b>　　結(jié)論</b></p><p&g