外文翻譯--汽車懸架是如何工作的

1、<p><b>　　附錄：</b></p><p><b>　　英文原材料</b></p><p>　　How Car Suspensions Work</p><p>　　Without an intervening structure, all of wheel's vertical energy i

2、s transferred to the frame, which moves in the same direction. In such a situation, the wheels can lose contact with the road completely. Then, under the downward force of gravity, the wheels can slam back into the road

3、surface. What you need is a system that will absorb the energy of the vertically accelerated wheel, allowing the frame and body to ride undisturbed while the wheels follow bumps in the road.</p><p>　　The stu

4、dy of the forces at work on a moving car is called vehicle dynamics, and you need to understand some of these concepts in order to appreciate why a suspension is necessary in the first place. Most automobile engineers co

5、nsider the dynamics of a moving car from two perspectives: </p><p>　　Ride - a car's ability to smooth out a bumpy road </p><p>　　Handling - a car's ability to safely accelerate, brake an

6、d corner </p><p>　　These two characteristics can be further described in three important principles - road isolation, road holding and cornering. The table below describes these principles and how engineers

7、attempt to solve the challenges unique to each. </p><p>　　A car's suspension, with its various components, provides all of the solutions described. </p><p>　　Let's look at the parts of a

8、 typical suspension, working from the bigger picture of the chassis down to the individual components that make up the suspension proper. </p><p>　　Car Suspension Parts</p><p>　　The suspension o

9、f a car is actually part of the chassis, which comprises all of the important systems located beneath the car's body. </p><p>　　Suspension Types: Rear</p><p>　　Dependent Rear Suspensions<

10、/p><p>　　If a solid axle connects the rear wheels of a car, then the suspension is usually quite simple -- based either on a leaf spring or a coil spring. In the former design, the leaf springs clamp directly t

11、o the drive axle. The ends of the leaf springs attach directly to the frame, and the shock absorber is attached at the clamp that holds the spring to the axle. For many years, American car manufacturers preferred this de

12、sign because of its simplicity. </p><p>　　The same basic design can be achieved with coil springs replacing the leaves. In this case, the spring and shock absorber can be mounted as a single unit or as separ

13、ate components. When they're separate, the springs can be much smaller, which reduces the amount of space the suspension takes up. </p><p>　　Independent Rear SuspensionsIf both the front and back suspen

14、sions are independent, then all of the wheels are mounted and sprung individually, resulting in what car advertisements tout as "four-wheel independent suspension." Any suspension that can be used on the front

15、of the car can be used on the rear, and versions of the front independent systems described in the previous section can be found on the rear axles. Of course, in the rear of the car, the steering rack -- the assembly tha

16、t includ</p><p>　　Next, we'll look at the suspensions of specialty cars. </p><p>　　Dampers: Shock Absorbers</p><p>　　Unless a dampening structure is present, a car spring will e

17、xtend and release the energy it absorbs from a bump at an uncontrolled rate. The spring will continue to bounce at its natural frequency until all of the energy originally put into it is used up. A suspension built on sp

18、rings alone would make for an extremely bouncy ride and, depending on the terrain, an uncontrollable car. </p><p>　　Enter the shock absorber, or snubber, a device that controls unwanted spring motion through

19、 a process known as dampening. Shock absorbers slow down and reduce the magnitude of vibratory motions by turning the kinetic energy of suspension movement into heat energy that can be dissipated through hydraulic fluid.

20、 To understand how this works, it's best to look inside a shock absorber to see its structure and function. </p><p>　　A shock absorber is basically an oil pump placed between the frame of the car and the

21、 wheels. The upper mount of the shock connects to the frame (i.e., the sprung weight), while the lower mount connects to the axle, near the wheel (i.e., the unsprung weight). In a twin-tube design, one of the most common

22、 types of shock absorbers, the upper mount is connected to a piston rod, which in turn is connected to a piston, which in turn sits in a tube filled with hydraulic fluid. The inner tube is known </p><p>　　Wh

23、en the car wheel encounters a bump in the road and causes the spring to coil and uncoil, the energy of the spring is transferred to the shock absorber through the upper mount, down through the piston rod and into the pis

24、ton. Orifices perforate the piston and allow fluid to leak through as the piston moves up and down in the pressure tube. Because the orifices are relatively tiny, only a small amount of fluid, under great pressure, passe

25、s through. This slows down the piston, which in turn slows</p><p>　　Shock absorbers work in two cycles -- the compression cycle and the extension cycle. The compression cycle occurs as the piston moves downw

26、ard, compressing the hydraulic fluid in the chamber below the piston. The extension cycle occurs as the piston moves toward the top of the pressure tube, compressing the fluid in the chamber above the piston. A typical c

27、ar or light truck will have more resistance during its extension cycle than its compression cycle. With that in mind, the compression cycle c</p><p>　　All modern shock absorbers are velocity-sensitive -- the

28、 faster the suspension moves, the more resistance the shock absorber provides. This enables shocks to adjust to road conditions and to control all of the unwanted motions that can occur in a moving vehicle, including bou

29、nce, sway, brake dive and acceleration squat. </p><p><b>　　翻譯</b></p><p>　　汽車懸架是如何工作的</p><p>　　如果車身與車輪之間沒有中間結(jié)構(gòu)的話，汽車在行駛時所有車輪的垂直震動都將被傳遞到車身，并且都沿著相同的方向傳遞。在這種情況下，車輪可能會與道路完全分離

30、。然后，在地心引力的作用下，車輪又回到路面。我們所需要的是一種系統(tǒng)，能吸收車輪垂直加速能量，使車架和車身在顛簸道路上行駛時，能不受干擾。</p><p>　　研究車在移動時受力情況的學(xué)科叫做車輛動力學(xué)，您需要了解一些概念,以明白為什么懸架擺在首位是必要的。大部分汽車工程師考慮動態(tài)行駛汽車從兩個角度進(jìn)行：</p><p>　　行駛—汽車在不平坦的道路上行駛的能力。</p>&l

31、t;p>　　操控性—具有安全加速，剎車和轉(zhuǎn)彎的能力。</p><p>　　這兩個特點，可以進(jìn)一步被體現(xiàn)在以下三種情況中—減震能力、抓地力、轉(zhuǎn)彎性能。下面的表格描述了這些原則，以及工程師如何嘗試解決每一個方面的問題。</p><p>　　一輛車的懸架，其各組成部分，以及提供所有的解決方案的描述。 </p><p>　　讓我們看看，一個典型的懸架的工作狀況，從大的

32、底盤環(huán)境到組成懸架的每個零件。</p><p>　　汽車懸架，其實是底盤的一部分，位于汽車下方，其中包括了很多重要的系統(tǒng)。獨立后懸架</p><p><b>　　懸架類型: 后懸架</b></p><p>　　如果是一個后橋與后輪直接相連的汽車，那么它的懸架系統(tǒng)一般來說都比較簡單—基于鋼板彈簧或者是螺旋彈簧之上。在賽車的懸架設(shè)計中，鋼板彈簧直接

33、與車軸相連。鋼板彈簧的末端與車架相連，減震器與鋼板彈簧相連。多年來，美國汽車制造商的首選這種設(shè)計就是因為它簡單。</p><p>　　基本設(shè)計相同的情況下，才能實現(xiàn)螺旋彈簧取代鋼板。在這種情況下，彈簧和減振器可以安裝成一個單一的單位或作為單獨的組件。當(dāng)他們分開，彈簧體積可以制造的小得多，從而降低了懸架占用的空間。</p><p><b>　　非獨立后懸架</b><

34、;/p><p>　　如果前橋懸架和后橋懸架都是獨立懸架的話，那么所有的車輪都可以單獨的安裝，不干涉的振動，這便是廣告中所說的四輪獨立懸架。任何懸架，可用于汽車前橋的便可以用在后橋，以上描述的獨立懸架的類型能在后橋上找到。在汽車尾部，汽車轉(zhuǎn)向裝置——其中包括小齒輪，使車輪從一側(cè)轉(zhuǎn)向另一側(cè)。這意味著，雖然基本原理保持不變，后獨立懸可以比前獨立懸架簡單。 </p><p>　　接下來，我們將看看專業(yè)

35、車的懸架系統(tǒng)。</p><p><b>　　阻尼器：減震器</b></p><p>　　除非受到干擾，汽車懸架彈簧會延續(xù)和吸收來自路面的沖擊，但比例是無法控制的。懸架的彈簧將繼續(xù)振動，在其固有頻率上，直到吸收的所有能量衰減到零為止。彈簧上獨立懸架的彈性很大，它的振動取決于路面情況，不能被控制。</p><p>　　安裝減振器，或緩沖器，是控制有

36、害彈簧振動的裝置，通過一個被稱為衰減的過程實現(xiàn)。減震器減緩、減慢的振動幅度，原理是通過把振動的動能轉(zhuǎn)化為熱能然后被液壓油吸收掉。要了解減振器是如何工作的，最好看看它的內(nèi)部，看看它的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能。</p><p>　　減震器基本上可以看做是一個液壓油管，安裝在車架和輪子之間。上部的沖擊傳到車架（即，簧上重量），而下部的傳到軸。其中最常見減震器上掛載是連接到活塞桿，另一面是連接在一個活塞上，最后又裝在充滿液壓油的管上。

37、該管被稱為工作缸，而在它外面的管，被稱為儲油缸。儲油缸儲存多余的液壓油。</p><p>　　HOW CAR SUSPENSIONS WORK——汽車懸架是如何工作的</p><p>　　Twin-tube Shock Absorber——雙筒減振器</p><p>　　EXTENSION CYCLE——伸張周期</p><p>　　COMP

38、RESSION CYCLE——壓縮周期</p><p>　　Upper Mount——上掛載（吊環(huán)）</p><p>　　Piston Rod——活塞桿</p><p><b>　　Oil——油液</b></p><p>　　Reserve Cylinder——儲油缸</p><p>　　Pres

39、sure Tube——工作缸</p><p>　　Base Valve——底閥</p><p>　　Lower Mount——下掛載（吊環(huán)）</p><p>　　當(dāng)車輪在道路遇到顛簸導(dǎo)致彈簧壓緊和收縮，彈簧上的能量通過上掛載轉(zhuǎn)移到減振器，向下通過活塞桿和活塞進(jìn)入。并當(dāng)活塞向上和向下運動的時候允許液壓油流過工作缸。因為油孔的開口相對較小，只有少量的液體在強(qiáng)大壓力作用下

40、通過。這使活塞減慢，這反過來又放緩的彈簧。 </p><p>　　減振器的工作有兩個周期-壓縮周期和伸張周期。壓縮周期出現(xiàn)，活塞向下的動作，壓縮液壓油進(jìn)入活塞的油道。伸張周期出現(xiàn)，活塞頂部的壓力管，壓縮液體進(jìn)入活塞以上的油道。一個典型的汽車或輕型卡車其伸張周期比其壓縮周期將會有更多的阻力存在。要明白一點，壓縮周期控制了汽車的非簧載重量的運動，而伸張周期控制了較重的簧載質(zhì)量的運動。</p><p