機(jī)械外文翻譯---起重機(jī)的工作需要更多的科學(xué)技術(shù)

1、<p>　　畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文資料翻譯</p><p>　　學(xué)院 (系)： 國(guó)際學(xué)院 </p><p>　　專 業(yè)： 機(jī)械工程及自動(dòng)化 </p><p>　　姓 名： 郭寧 </p><p>　　學(xué) 號(hào)： 097

2、6117419 </p><p>　　外文出處： Manufacturing Engineering and </p><p>　　Technology—Machining </p><p>　　附件1：外文資料翻譯譯文</p><p>　　起重機(jī)

3、的工作需要更多的科學(xué)技術(shù)</p><p>　　起重機(jī)的出現(xiàn)大大提高了人們的勞動(dòng)效率，以前需要許多人花長(zhǎng)時(shí)間才能搬動(dòng)的大型物件現(xiàn)在用起重機(jī)就能輕易達(dá)到效果，尤其是在小范圍的搬動(dòng)過(guò)程中起重機(jī)的作用是相當(dāng)明顯的。</p><p>　　戰(zhàn)后的前幾年，世界性的工業(yè)誕生了，起重機(jī)行業(yè)幾乎完全停止。然而到這個(gè)年代末，起重機(jī)的建造變得多元化并傳播到世界各地，它的前所未有的蓬勃發(fā)展似乎整個(gè)工業(yè)注入了新能源。

4、輕型起重機(jī)投入到工作地點(diǎn)并準(zhǔn)備作為主要機(jī)械，因?yàn)槿藗円庾R(shí)到了在工作間不用拆除他們的的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。這些新的設(shè)計(jì)也不再需要其他起重設(shè)備協(xié)助操縱——相比以前在安裝前要進(jìn)行繁瑣的設(shè)計(jì)。但是，在這一切之前發(fā)生了恐怖的第二次世界大戰(zhàn)。到1940年，歐洲完全陷入了戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中。到戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束后的幾十年來(lái)，歐洲和世界其他地區(qū)發(fā)生了巨大的政治，經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)變化，將影響整個(gè)社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)，包括建造業(yè)和起重機(jī)行業(yè)。在美國(guó)，蒸汽機(jī)已開始改為柴油機(jī)——到1953年超過(guò)百分之五十的機(jī)車將

5、使用柴油機(jī)。戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間，挖掘機(jī)，鏟運(yùn)機(jī)和起重機(jī)的大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)在繼續(xù)。例如1940年，看到Thew推出新的'Lorain Motocrane'系列。這其中包括三種起重機(jī)，是歷史上首次自身安裝了底盤的起重機(jī)。最小的MC - 2 ，起重量達(dá)7.6噸， MC – 2起重量為9.9噸，MC – 3起重量為13.5噸。這些起重機(jī)許多被用于軍隊(duì)，有的還安裝在港口用作港灣式起重機(jī)（在MC - 4型） 。當(dāng)然，這場(chǎng)</p>&l

6、t;p>　　當(dāng)日本國(guó)家鐵路公司致力于采購(gòu)一種旨在搬動(dòng)鋼軌扣板的原型機(jī)，潮流逆轉(zhuǎn)。該設(shè)備工作極為出色。iVlasuo Tadano環(huán)游日本，用35毫米的電影展示該設(shè)備的強(qiáng)大用途。沿路上，他獲取了大量訂單。同時(shí)，他好像成為當(dāng)今市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷專家所寵愛的公司影像傳播的先驅(qū)！ </p><p>　　其他國(guó)家也在大力發(fā)展起重機(jī)。特別是意大利，逐漸發(fā)展成為該行業(yè)的創(chuàng)新基地。1948年Carlo Raimodi在米蘭附近的Le

7、gnano，首次建造了回轉(zhuǎn)塔式起重機(jī)，一種經(jīng)典的頂端回轉(zhuǎn)起重機(jī)。公司最初成立于1863年，在生產(chǎn)起重機(jī)之前，是一間鑄造廠并為技工和其他行業(yè)生產(chǎn)機(jī)械設(shè)備。當(dāng)時(shí)全球建筑業(yè)空前繁榮，吸引了專業(yè)設(shè)備制造商的注意。其中許多公司在推廣起重機(jī)后，推出了混凝土攪拌設(shè)備。提供了多種不同組合，例如，Reich， Ibag和Liebherr設(shè)計(jì)開發(fā)了起重機(jī)與混凝土攪拌設(shè)備一起使用的組合。</p><p>　　橋式起重機(jī)小車運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)

8、主要包括起升機(jī)構(gòu)、小車架、小車運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)、吊具等部分。其中的小車運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)主要由減速器、主動(dòng)輪組、從動(dòng)輪組、傳動(dòng)軸和一些連接件組成。橋式起重機(jī)是水電站橋式起重機(jī)，安裝于豐滿水電站擴(kuò)建工程廠房?jī)?nèi)，用于水輪發(fā)電機(jī)組及其附屬設(shè)備的安裝和檢修工作。水電站內(nèi)設(shè)備一般都是大中型設(shè)備，對(duì)橋式起重機(jī)的載荷要求較高，所以對(duì)減速器性能要求較高。</p><p>　　橋式抓斗起重機(jī)是橋架在高架軌道上運(yùn)行，由起重小車帶動(dòng)抓斗抓取物料的一種橋

9、架型起重機(jī)。橋架沿鋪設(shè)在兩側(cè)高架上的軌道縱向運(yùn)行，起重小車沿鋪設(shè)在橋架上的軌道橫向運(yùn)行，構(gòu)成矩形的工作范圍，就可以充分利用橋架下面的空間吊運(yùn)物料，不受地面設(shè)備的阻礙。橋式抓斗起重機(jī)廣泛應(yīng)用于電廠、煤廠等需要散料裝卸的場(chǎng)合，由于該設(shè)備笨重，運(yùn)輸安裝困難，對(duì)其產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量檢測(cè)一般需要在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)進(jìn)行。所以要求控制設(shè)備接線方便，體積小便于攜帶。又由于使用現(xiàn)場(chǎng)條件不動(dòng)，還要求檢測(cè)設(shè)備有隨機(jī)手動(dòng)控制功能，以保證運(yùn)行時(shí)的安全。隨著對(duì)起重運(yùn)輸機(jī)械控制要求的不斷

10、提高,控制手段也越來(lái)越先進(jìn)。目前國(guó)內(nèi)的橋式起重機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)都需要人在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)進(jìn)行控制，控制方式都比較落后。在中小型起重機(jī)中, 大都采用控制器直接控制大、小車運(yùn)行, 主、副鉤提升、下降重物及調(diào)速。</p><p>　　塔式起重機(jī)是建筑施工垂直運(yùn)輸?shù)闹饕O(shè)備，也是衡量一個(gè)建筑施工企業(yè)裝備實(shí)力的重要標(biāo)識(shí)，在當(dāng)今競(jìng)爭(zhēng)日益激烈的建筑市場(chǎng)，為滿足施工需要，很多施工企業(yè)都購(gòu)置了塔式起重機(jī)。隨著塔式起重機(jī)在施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的廣泛使用，由塔式起

11、重機(jī)引發(fā)的傷亡事故也越來(lái)越多，給人民的生命財(cái)產(chǎn)帶來(lái)重大損失。據(jù)國(guó)內(nèi)有關(guān)部門統(tǒng)計(jì)資料表明，塔式起重機(jī)的事故率已達(dá)2.77%。其安全問(wèn)題仍然是建筑施工中的憂患。</p><p>　　松散的培訓(xùn)，測(cè)試和監(jiān)督的要求, 周圍的建筑起重機(jī)給這些工作的人樹立了一種虛假的安全感，在我們的行業(yè)。最近塔式起重機(jī)倒塌在一個(gè)繁忙的紐約市建筑地盤應(yīng)敲響警鐘，提醒我們問(wèn)題的存在，并加強(qiáng)我們目前安全的做法。</p><p&

12、gt;　　當(dāng)談到安全問(wèn)題時(shí)，訓(xùn)練和測(cè)試是關(guān)鍵。不過(guò)，建造業(yè)是把不合格人員放在建筑起重機(jī)的駕駛位上，甚至沒(méi)有通過(guò)今天的測(cè)試。在許多地方，沒(méi)有任何經(jīng)驗(yàn)必須合格的通過(guò)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的測(cè)試。一周的學(xué)習(xí)將給予一些人足夠的知識(shí)足以通過(guò)認(rèn)證考試，然后他們可以跳轉(zhuǎn)到的起重機(jī)的駕駛室。</p><p>　　想象一下一個(gè)商業(yè)航空公司飛行員和一個(gè)認(rèn)證的起重機(jī)操作員有相同的訓(xùn)練。你會(huì)如何感覺(jué)，下一次你決定要坐飛機(jī)？在加利福尼亞州，掌握一對(duì)剪刀在

13、頭發(fā)沙龍比操作有潛在危險(xiǎn)的起重機(jī)械需要更多的時(shí)間訓(xùn)練。如何，這是否合理？</p><p>　　裝配工人和發(fā)信號(hào)的人也需要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的培訓(xùn)和測(cè)試，以確保安全下鉤。雇主通常允許任何工人發(fā)信號(hào)指揮起重機(jī)上工地 ，盡管最佳做法是需要合格的人這樣做。怎么能允許那么無(wú)證和未受過(guò)訓(xùn)練的人來(lái)代替有工作證或經(jīng)核證的操作者呢？</p><p>　　塔式起重機(jī)是特別危險(xiǎn)的，尤其是在市區(qū)用地變得更加擁擠時(shí)。攀登行動(dòng)更是

14、一個(gè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的行動(dòng)，其災(zāi)難性非常高。然而，大多數(shù)塔式起重機(jī)攀登員的訓(xùn)練，在一個(gè)非傳統(tǒng)的方式，通過(guò)二手知識(shí)已流傳一段時(shí)間。問(wèn)題與這種類型的現(xiàn)成的知識(shí)是，多年來(lái)，留下來(lái)的非常少，但最重要的細(xì)節(jié)卻丟失了。這種“滲透”的知識(shí)，導(dǎo)致操作者只能發(fā)展自己的技巧攀登起重機(jī)，往往放棄基本的安全，企圖以節(jié)省時(shí)間和能源.</p><p>　　在許多情況下沒(méi)有安全裝置或警報(bào)來(lái)提醒嚴(yán)重的問(wèn)題的存在。攀登人員容易遭受到影響安全性至關(guān)重要的決策所

15、帶來(lái)的壓力。攀登時(shí)，使用損壞或泄漏的液壓系統(tǒng)，沒(méi)有任何的調(diào)整，這并不鮮見。在黑暗中工作和延長(zhǎng)工作時(shí)間是時(shí)有發(fā)生的。這種攀登方法，其中的每一次攀登都會(huì)成為新的冒險(xiǎn)，不應(yīng)該作為規(guī)范被采納。</p><p>　　攀爬架的設(shè)計(jì)，在制造商之間存在不同，但設(shè)計(jì)的步驟在原則上是相似的。攀登過(guò)程中是相對(duì)比較明了的，配合著的體力勞動(dòng)和技術(shù)程序。這是并不復(fù)雜，它是更多地了解知道正確的序列需要做什么，然后按照下列步驟，一個(gè)又一個(gè)，確保

16、每一步在做下一步前成功完成。這是十分重要，每個(gè)人都清楚的知道事情進(jìn)展的怎么樣，在每一個(gè)階段存在什么樣的危險(xiǎn)。</p><p>　　當(dāng)這些需要得到滿足，起重機(jī)作業(yè)應(yīng)進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格按照有關(guān)制造商的指示，工程原則和政府的法律。但業(yè)內(nèi)人士和國(guó)會(huì)議員，要加強(qiáng)他們的寬松標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，以保障公眾利益?？吹阶约旱募覉@變成了塵埃和碎片的紐約市居民，會(huì)對(duì)處理這些問(wèn)題的方式感到震驚。</p><p>　　這就是為什么業(yè)界需要

17、規(guī)范的培訓(xùn)，測(cè)試和監(jiān)督，其中包括一個(gè)實(shí)際的評(píng)估能力。技術(shù)人員應(yīng)該隨著實(shí)際經(jīng)驗(yàn)的提升，直接從制造商哪里獲得標(biāo)準(zhǔn)訓(xùn)練。視察員同樣也也須有具體的技術(shù)培訓(xùn)。他們應(yīng)獨(dú)立于安裝和維修的各方面，這由客觀決定。架設(shè)的關(guān)鍵人員應(yīng)該有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的訓(xùn)練和測(cè)試.</p><p><b>　　附件2：外文原文</b></p><p>　　Crane Work Needs More Technique

18、</p><p>　　The invention of crane has greatly increased people’s work efficiency .People can use crane to handle with huge articles which used to be taken a long time to do, especially in a small are The brid

19、ge type hoist crane is required to handle with huge accessory  or huge device. </p><p>　　The birth worldwide industry early post-war years, the crane industry came to an aImost complete stand

20、still. By the end of the decade, however, crane construction had diversified and spread around the world and the industry seemed infused with newfound energy that left it flourishing as never before. Lightweight cranes t

21、hat arrived on site ready for use came to dominate construction sites as people realised the advantages of not having to dismantle them between jobs. These new designs did away w</p><p>　　When the Japanese N

22、ational Railways committed itself to buying the prototype of a machine designed to remove railway clips, the tide turned. The machine worked splendidly and iVlasuo Tadano toured Japan showing on 35 millimetre film just w

23、hat it could do. He collected numerous orders for the machine along the way and at the same time seems to have been an early pioneer of the company videos so beloved by today's marketing professionals!</p><

24、;p>　　Other countries were also building noteworthy cranes. Italy, in particular, was developing into a source of innovative ideas for the industry.In1948 in Legnano,near Milan,Carlo Raimodi built his first slewing tow

25、er crane,a classic top slewer The company was originally established in 1863 as a foundry and had, until making its crane debut, built machines and components for the millwright and other industries. There was now a worl

26、dwide boom in construction and this attracted the attention of speci</p><p>　　The bridge type hoist crane car consists of protmoted organization，the car frame，the car movement organization，hoisting mechanism

27、s and so on. Its operation structure is composed of reducer，the driving wheel group，the driven wheel group，the transmission shaft and some connect fitting. The core of this structure is the design of the reducer. This b

28、ridge type hoist crane is be used to the hydroelectric power station. It is installed in the expanded workshop of Fengman water and electricity station</p><p>　　Grab bridge bridge crane is running on the ele

29、vated track, the car driven by the lifting of materials crawl grab a bridge-crane. Bridge laying on both sides along the elevated track on the vertical run, lifting trolley along the bridge in laying the track on the hor

30、izontal run, a rectangular scope of work, you can make full use of space below the bridge lifting material from Ground equipment hindered. Grab bridge cranes widely used in power plants, Mei Chang, and other needs of bul

31、k material han</p><p>　　Crane work needs more technology. Construction of tower cranes are the main vertical transportation equipment and also a measure of construction companies and equipment strength of th

32、e important logo, in today's increasingly competitive construction market, to meet the construction needs of many construction companies have bought the tower crane. With the tower crane at the construction site of t

33、he widely used by the tower crane accident also caused more and more to people's lives and property b</p><p>　　Loose training, testing and oversight requirements for the people who work around constructi

34、on cranes have fostered a false sense of security in our industry. The recent deadly tower-crane collapse at a congested New York</p><p>　　City building site should be a wake-up call for us to question and s

35、tep up our current safety practices.</p><p>　　Training and testing is king when it comes to safety. But the construction industry is putting unqualified personnel in the seats of construction cranes, even wi

36、th today's testing. In many places, no experience is necessary after passing a standardized test. One week of study will give some people enough knowledge to pass a certification examination, and then they can jump i

37、nto the cab of a crane.</p><p>　　Imagine that a commercial airline pilot had the same training as a certified crane operator. How would you feel the next time you decided to fly? In California, it takes more

38、 hours of training to wield a pair of scissors in a hair salon than to operate potentially dangerous lifting machinery. How does this make sense?</p><p>　　Riggers and signal persons also need standard traini

39、ng and testing to ensure safety under the hook. Employers usually allow any craft to signal a crane on a jobsite, despite best practices that require only qualified people do so. How is it then that uncertified and untra

40、ined people are allowed to signal and rig under the hook of a licensed or certified operator?</p><p>　　Tower cranes are particularly risky as urban sites become more congested, and the risk of a catastrophic

41、 event is very high during climbing operations. Yet most tower-crane climbing crews are trained in a non-traditional manner, via secondhand knowledge that has been passed down over time. The problem with this type of han

42、d-me-down knowledge is that it changes over the years, leaving out small-but-important details along the way. This "osmosis" of knowledge leads crews to develop their own trick</p><p>　　In many cas

43、es, there are no safety devices or alarms to warn of a serious problem. Climbing crews are subjected to pressures that affect safety-critical decision-making. It is not uncommon for climbs to continue with damaged or lea

44、king hydraulic systems, out-of-adjustment or jammed guide rollers, often working in the dark and for extended hours. This "MacGyver" method of climbing, where every jump becomes a new adventure, should not be

45、 the norm.</p><p>　　Climbing-frame designs vary among manufacturers, but the operational steps are similar in principle. The climbing process is relatively straightforward, with a mixture of physical work

46、and technical procedure. It is not complex; it is more about knowing the proper sequence of what needs to be done and then following the steps, one by one, making sure each step has been successfully completed before mov

47、ing onto the next. It is essential that everyone know exactly what is going on and what the dan</p><p>　　When these needs are satisfied, crane operations should be carried out in strict accordance with the m

48、anufacturers' instructions, engineering principals and governmental laws. But industry stakeholders and lawmakers need to step up their lax standards to protect the public. New York City residents, who have seen thei

49、r homes turned into dust and debris, would be shocked at the way the industry deals with these issues.</p><p>　　That's why the industry needs standardized training, testing and oversight for this work, i

50、ncluding a practical assessment of competence. Technicians should have model-specific training directly from the manufacturer, along with a level of practical experience. Inspectors, too, should be required to have speci