車輛工程外文翻譯---汽車懸架如何工作

1、<p>　　附錄A外文翻譯-原文部分</p><p>　　How Car Suspensions Work</p><p>　　Table of Contents:</p><p>　　? Introduction to How Car Suspensions Work </p><p>　　? Vehicle Dynami

2、cs </p><p>　　? The Chassis </p><p>　　? Springs </p><p>　　? Springs: Sprung and Unsprung Mass </p><p>　　? Dampers: Shock Absorbers </p><p>　　? Da

3、mpers: Struts and Anti-sway Bars </p><p>　　? Suspension Types: Front </p><p>　　? Suspension Types: Rear </p><p>　　? Specialized Suspensions: T </p><p>　　? Speci

4、alized Suspensions: Formula One Racers </p><p>　　? Specialized Suspensions: Hot Rods</p><p>　　? The Future of Car Suspensions </p><p>　　? Lots More Information </p><

5、;p>　　? Compare Prices for Car Suspensions</p><p>　　When people think of automobile performance, they normally think of horsepower, torque and zero-to-60 acceleration. But all of the power generated by a

6、 piston engine is useless if the driver can't control the car. That's why automobile engineers turned their attention to the suspension system almost as soon as they had mastered the four-stroke internal combusti

7、on engine. </p><p>　　The job of a car suspension is to maximize the friction between the tires and the road surface, to provide steering stability with good handling and to ensure the comfort of the passenge

8、rs. In this article, we'll explore how car suspensions work, how they've evolved over the years and where the design of suspensions is headed in the future. </p><p>　　Without an intervening structure

9、, all of wheel's vertical energy is transferred to the frame, which moves in the same direction. In such a situation, the wheels can lose contact with the road completely. Then, under the downward force of gravity, t

10、he wheels can slam back into the road surface. What you need is a system that will absorb the energy of the vertically accelerated wheel, allowing the frame and body to ride undisturbed while the wheels follow bumps in t

11、he road. </p><p>　　The study of the forces at work on a moving car is called vehicle dynamics, and you need to understand some of these concepts in order to appreciate why a suspension is necessary in the fi

12、rst place. Most automobile engineers consider the dynamics of a moving car from two perspectives: </p><p>　　Ride - a car's ability to smooth out a bumpy road </p><p>　　Handling - a car's

13、 ability to safely accelerate, brake and corner </p><p>　　These two characteristics can be further described in three important principles - road isolation, road holding and cornering. The table below descri

14、bes these principles and how engineers attempt to solve the challenges unique to each. </p><p>　　A car's suspension, with its various components, provides all of the solutions described. </p><

15、p>　　Let's look at the parts of a typical suspension, working from the bigger picture of the chassis down to the individual components that make up the suspension proper. </p><p>　　The ChassisThe susp

16、ension of a car is actually part of the chassis, which comprises all of the important systems located beneath the car's body. </p><p>　　These systems include: </p><p>　　The frame - structura

17、l, load-carrying component that supports the car's engine and body, which are in turn supported by the suspension </p><p>　　The suspension system - setup that supports weight, absorbs and dampens shock a

18、nd helps maintain tire contact </p><p>　　The steering system - mechanism that enables the driver to guide and direct the vehicle </p><p>　　The tires and wheels - components that make vehicle mot

19、ion possible by way of grip and/or friction with the road </p><p>　　So the suspension is just one of the major systems in any vehicle. </p><p>　　With this big-picture overview in mind, it's

20、time to look at the three fundamental components of any suspension: springs, dampers and anti-sway bars. </p><p>　　SpringsToday's springing systems are based on one of four basic designs: </p>&l

21、t;p>　　Coil springs - This is the most common type of spring and is, in essence, a heavy-duty torsion bar coiled around an axis. Coil springs compress and expand to absorb the motion of the wheels. </p><p>

22、;　　Leaf springs - This type of spring consists of several layers of metal (called "leaves") bound together to act as a single unit. Leaf springs were first used on horse-drawn carriages and were found on most A

23、merican automobiles until 1985. They are still used today on most trucks and heavy-duty vehicles. </p><p>　　Torsion bars - Torsion bars use the twisting properties of a steel bar to provide coil-spring-like

24、performance. This is how they work: One end of a bar is anchored to the vehicle frame. The other end is attached to a wishbone, which acts like a lever that moves perpendicular to the torsion bar. When the wheel hits a b

25、ump, vertical motion is transferred to the wishbone and then, through the levering action, to the torsion bar. The torsion bar then twists along its axis to provide the spring force</p><p>　　Air springs - Ai

26、r springs, which consist of a cylindrical chamber of air positioned between the wheel and the car's body, use the compressive qualities of air to absorb wheel vibrations. The concept is actually more than a century o

27、ld and could be found on horse-drawn buggies. Air springs from this era were made from air-filled, leather diaphragms, much like a bellows; they were replaced with molded-rubber air springs in the 1930s. </p><

28、p>　　Based on where springs are located on a car -- i.e., between the wheels and the frame -- engineers often find it convenient to talk about the sprung mass and the unsprung mass. </p><p>　　Springs: Spru

29、ng and Unsprung MassThe sprung mass is the mass of the vehicle supported on the springs, while the unsprung mass is loosely defined as the mass between the road and the suspension springs. The stiffness of the springs a

30、ffects how the sprung mass responds while the car is being driven. Loosely sprung cars, such as luxury cars (think Lincoln Town Car), can swallow bumps and provide a super-smooth ride; however, such a car is prone to div

31、e and squat during braking and acceleration and</p><p>　　So, while springs by themselves seem like simple devices, designing and implementing them on a car to balance passenger comfort with handling is a com

32、plex task. And to make matters more complex, springs alone can't provide a perfectly smooth ride. Why? Because springs are great at absorbing energy, but not so good at dissipating it. Other structures, known as damp

33、ers, are required to do this.</p><p>　　Dampers: Shock AbsorbersUnless a dampening structure is present, a car spring will extend and release the energy it absorbs from a bump at an uncontrolled rate. The sp

34、ring will continue to bounce at its natural frequency until all of the energy originally put into it is used up. A suspension built on springs alone would make for an extremely bouncy ride and, depending on the terrain,

35、an uncontrollable car. </p><p>　　Enter the shock absorber, or snubber, a device that controls unwanted spring motion through a process known as dampening. Shock absorbers slow down and reduce the magnitude o

36、f vibratory motions by turning the kinetic energy of suspension movement into heat energy that can be dissipated through hydraulic fluid. To understand how this works, it's best to look inside a shock absorber to see

37、 its structure and function. </p><p>　　A shock absorber is basically an oil pump placed between the frame of the car and the wheels. The upper mount of the shock connects to the frame (i.e., the sprung weigh

38、t), while the lower mount connects to the axle, near the wheel (i.e., the unsprung weight). In a twin-tube design, one of the most common types of shock absorbers, the upper mount is connected to a piston rod, which in t

39、urn is connected to a piston, which in turn sits in a tube filled with hydraulic fluid. The inner tube is known </p><p>　　When the car wheel encounters a bump in the road and causes the spring to coil and un

40、coil, the energy of the spring is transferred to the shock absorber through the upper mount, down through the piston rod and into the piston. Orifices perforate the piston and allow fluid to leak through as the piston mo

41、ves up and down in the pressure tube. Because the orifices are relatively tiny, only a small amount of fluid, under great pressure, passes through. This slows down the piston, which in turn slows</p><p>　　Sh

42、ock absorbers work in two cycles -- the compression cycle and the extension cycle. The compression cycle occurs as the piston moves downward, compressing the hydraulic fluid in the chamber below the piston. The extension

43、 cycle occurs as the piston moves toward the top of the pressure tube, compressing the fluid in the chamber above the piston. A typical car or light truck will have more resistance during its extension cycle than its com

44、pression cycle. With that in mind, the compression cycle c</p><p>　　All modern shock absorbers are velocity-sensitive -- the faster the suspension moves, the more resistance the shock absorber provides. This

45、 enables shocks to adjust to road conditions and to control all of the unwanted motions that can occur in a moving vehicle, including bounce, sway, brake dive and acceleration squat. </p><p>　　Dampers: Strut

46、s and Anti-sway BarsAnother common dampening structure is the strut -- basically a shock absorber mounted inside a coil spring. Struts perform two jobs: They provide a dampening function like shock absorbers, and they p

47、rovide structural support for the vehicle suspension. That means struts deliver a bit more than shock absorbers, which don't support vehicle weight -- they only control the speed at which weight is transferred in a c

48、ar, not the weight itself. Because shocks and stru</p><p>　　When the suspension at one wheel moves up and down, the anti-sway bar transfers movement to the other wheel. This creates a more level ride and red

49、uces vehicle sway. In particular, it combats the roll of a car on its suspension as it corners. For this reason, almost all cars today are fitted with anti-sway bars as standard equipment, although if they're not, ki

50、ts make it easy to install the bars at any time. </p><p>　　Suspension Types: FrontSo far, our discussions have focused on how springs and dampers function on any given wheel. But the four wheels of a car wo

51、rk together in two independent systems -- the two wheels connected by the front axle and the two wheels connected by the rear axle. That means that a car can and usually does have a different type of suspension on the fr

52、ont and back. Much is determined by whether a rigid axle binds the wheels or if the wheels are permitted to move independently. The </p><p>　　Front Suspension - Dependent SystemsDependent front suspensions

53、have a rigid front axle that connects the front wheels. Basically, this looks like a solid bar under the front of the car, kept in place by leaf springs and shock absorbers. Common on trucks, dependent front suspensions

54、haven't been used in mainstream cars for years. </p><p>　　Front Suspension - Independent SystemsIn this setup, the front wheels are allowed to move independently. The MacPherson strut, developed by Earl

55、e S. MacPherson of General Motors in 1947, is the most widely used front suspension system, especially in cars of European origin. </p><p>　　The MacPherson strut combines a shock absorber and a coil spring i

56、nto a single unit. This provides a more compact and lighter suspension system that can be used for front-wheel drive vehicles. </p><p>　　The double-wishbone suspension, also known as an A-arm suspension, is

57、another common type of front independent suspension. </p><p>　　While there are several different possible configurations, this design typically uses two wishbone-shaped arms to locate the wheel. Each wishbon

58、e, which has two mounting positions to the frame and one at the wheel, bears a shock absorber and a coil spring to absorb vibrations. Double-wishbone suspensions allow for more control over the camber angle of the wheel,

59、 which describes the degree to which the wheels tilt in and out. They also help minimize roll or sway and provide for a more consistent </p><p>　　Now let's look at some common rear suspensions. </p>

60、;<p>　　Suspension Types: Rear</p><p>　　Rear Suspension - Dependent Systems</p><p>　　If a solid axle connects the rear wheels of a car, then the suspension is usually quite simple -- based

61、 either on a leaf spring or a coil spring. In the former design, the leaf springs clamp directly to the drive axle. The ends of the leaf springs attach directly to the frame, and the shock absorber is attached at the cla

62、mp that holds the spring to the axle. For many years, American car manufacturers preferred this design because of its simplicity. </p><p>　　The same basic design can be achieved with coil springs replacing t

63、he leaves. In this case, the spring and shock absorber can be mounted as a single unit or as separate components. When they're separate, the springs can be much smaller, which reduces the amount of space the suspensi

64、on takes up. </p><p>　　Rear Suspension - Independent SuspensionsIf both the front and back suspensions are independent, then all of the wheels are mounted and sprung individually, resulting in what car adve

65、rtisements tout as "four-wheel independent suspension." Any suspension that can be used on the front of the car can be used on the rear, and versions of the front independent systems described in the previous s

66、ection can be found on the rear axles. Of course, in the rear of the car, the steering rack -- the assembl</p><p>　　Specialized Suspensions: The Baja BugFor the most part, this article has focused on the su

67、spensions of mainstream front- and rear-wheel-drive cars -- cars that drive on normal roads in normal driving conditions. But what about the suspensions of specialty cars, such as hot rods, racers or extreme off-road veh

68、icles? Although the suspensions of specialty autos obey the same basic principles, they do provide additional benefits unique to the driving conditions they must navigate. What follows is a</p><p>　　Baja Bug

69、sThe Volkswagen Beetle or Bug was destined to become a favorite among off-road enthusiasts. With a low center of gravity and engine placement over the rear axle, the two-wheel-drive Bug handles off-road conditions as we

70、ll as some four-wheel-drive vehicles. Of course, the VW Bug isn't ready for off-road conditions with its factory equipment. Most Bugs require some modifications, or conversions, to get them ready for racing in harsh

71、conditions like the deserts of Baja California. </p><p>　　One of the most important modifications takes place in the suspension. The torsion-bar suspension, standard equipment on the front and back of most B

72、ugs between 1936 and 1977, can be raised to make room for heavy-duty, off-road wheels and tires. Longer shock absorbers replace the standard shocks to lift the body higher and to provide for maximum wheel travel. In some

73、 cases, Baja Bug converters remove the torsion bars entirely and replace them with multiple coil-over systems, an aftermarket item </p><p>　　Specialized Suspensions: Formula One RacersThe Formula One racing

74、 car represents the pinnacle of automobile innovation and evolution. Lightweight, composite bodies, powerful V10 engines and advanced aerodynamics have led to faster, safer and more reliable cars. </p><p>　　

75、To elevate driver skill as the key differentiating factor in a race, stringent rules and requirements govern Formula One racecar design. For example, the rules regulating suspension design say that all Formula One racers

76、 must be conventionally sprung, but they don't allow computer-controlled, active suspensions. To accommodate this, the cars feature multi-link suspensions, which use a multi-rod mechanism equivalent to a double-wishb

77、one system. </p><p>　　Recall that a double-wishbone design uses two wishbone-shaped control arms to guide each wheel's up-and-down motion. Each arm has three mounting positions -- two at the frame and on

78、e at the wheel hub -- and each joint is hinged to guide the wheel's motion. In all cars, the primary benefit of a double-wishbone suspension is control. The geometry of the arms and the elasticity of the joints give

79、engineers ultimate control over the angle of the wheel and other vehicle dynamics, such as lift, squat </p><p>　　Specialized Suspensions: Hot RodsThe classic American hot rod era lasted from 1945 to about 1

80、965. Like Baja Bugs, classic hot rods required significant modification by their owners. Unlike Bugs, however, which are built on Volkswagen chassis, hot rods were built on a variety of old, often historical, car models:

81、 Cars manufactured before 1945 were considered ideal fodder for hot rod transformations because their bodies and frames were often in good shape, while their engines and transmissions ne</p><p>　　The Future

82、of Car SuspensionsWhile there have been enhancements and improvements to both springs and shock absorbers, the basic design of car suspensions has not undergone a significant evolution over the years. But all of that

83、9;s about to change with the introduction of a brand-new suspension design conceived by Bose -- the same Bose known for its innovations in acoustic technologies. Some experts are going so far as to say that the Bose susp

84、ension is the biggest advance in automobile suspensio</p><p>　　How does it work? The Bose system uses a linear electromagnetic motor (LEM) at each wheel in lieu of a conventional shock-and-spring setup. Ampl

85、ifiers provide electricity to the motors in such a way that their power is regenerated with each compression of the system. The main benefit of the motors is that they are not limited by the inertia inherent in conventio

86、nal fluid-based dampers. As a result, an LEM can extend and compress at a much greater speed, virtually eliminating all vibrations in th</p><p>　　Unfortunately, this paradigm-shifting suspension won't be

87、 available until 2009, when it will be offered on one or more high-end luxury cars. Until then, drivers will have to rely on the tried-and-true suspension methods that have smoothed out bumpy rides for centuries. </p&

88、gt;<p>　　For more information on car suspensions and related topics, check out the links on the next page.</p><p>　　附錄B 外文翻譯-譯文部分</p><p><b>　　汽車懸架如何工作</b></p><p>

89、<b>　　目錄列表：</b></p><p>　　對汽車懸架如何工作的介紹</p><p><b>　　車輛動力學</b></p><p><b>　　底盤</b></p><p><b>　　彈簧</b></p><p>　　彈

90、簧：簧載質(zhì)量和非簧載質(zhì)量</p><p>　　減震器：震動吸收裝置</p><p>　　減震器：減震器支柱和橫向穩(wěn)定桿</p><p><b>　　懸架形式：前懸架</b></p><p><b>　　懸架形式：后懸架</b></p><p><b>　　特種懸架：

91、T型懸架</b></p><p>　　特種懸架：一級方程式賽車懸架</p><p>　　特種懸架：改裝車懸架</p><p><b>　　未來汽車懸架</b></p><p><b>　　更多信息</b></p><p><b>　　汽車懸架的價格比較&

92、lt;/b></p><p>　　當人們提到汽車的性能時，人們通常會想到功率、扭矩和0到60的加速時間。但是若駕駛員不能控制汽車時，活塞發(fā)動機所發(fā)出的所有的功率就毫無用處。這就是為什么在幾乎汽車工程師剛剛掌握了四沖程內(nèi)燃機后，他們就把注意力轉(zhuǎn)向了懸架系統(tǒng)。</p><p>　　Honda Accord 2005 Couple 上的雙叉臂懸架</p><p>

93、　　汽車懸架的功用是最大化輪胎與路面間的摩擦，提供良好的操控穩(wěn)定性和乘坐舒適性。本文中我們將探討汽車懸架如何工作，在這些年間是如何演變的以及未來懸架的設(shè)計方向在哪里。</p><p><b>　　車輛動力性</b></p><p>　　如果道路是絕對平坦的，那么懸架就是不必要的。但路面遠遠不是絕對平坦的，即使是剛鋪的高速公路也會有微小的路面不平，這些路面不平會與車輪相

94、互作用。正是這些路面不平將力傳給車輪，根據(jù)牛頓的力學定律，任何力都具有大小和方向路面的沖擊導致車輪垂直于路面做上下運動。力的大小當然取決于車輪所撞到障礙物的大小。不論如何，當車輪經(jīng)過路面不平時，就會產(chǎn)生垂向加速度。</p><p>　　如果沒有一種結(jié)構(gòu)介于車輪與車架之間，車輪的全部垂直方向的能量將傳遞給車架，且車架與車輪是在同一個方向運動。在這種情況下，車輪可能會徹底的與路面失去接觸。然后，由于向下的重力的作用，

95、車輪會陷入到地面以下。這樣就需要一種系統(tǒng)來吸收車輪垂直加速的能量，使車輪在遇到路面不平時，車架和車身不受干擾的運行。</p><p>　　用來研究行駛中的汽車受力的學科被稱為車輛動力學，你需要了解這些概念來認識為什么懸架是首要的。大多數(shù)的汽車工程師都從以下兩個方面來考慮行駛車輛的動力學。</p><p>　　·行駛性——汽車平穩(wěn)通過不平路面的能力</p><p

96、>　　·操控性——汽車安全加速、制動和轉(zhuǎn)彎的能力</p><p>　　這兩個特點還可以從三個重要方面來進一步描述——道路隔離性能、著地性能和轉(zhuǎn)向性能。下面的表格描述了這三項性能和工程師是如何根據(jù)某一目標提出特定解決方案的。</p><p>　　汽車懸架的各種各樣的部件，提供了上面所描述的所有解決方案。</p><p>　　下面我們看一種典型懸架的部件

97、，從底盤的大圖到組成懸架的各單獨部件。</p><p><b>　　底盤</b></p><p>　　汽車懸架事實上是汽車底盤的一部分，底盤包含了汽車車身底部所有重要的系統(tǒng)。</p><p><b>　　底盤</b></p><p><b>　　這些系統(tǒng)包括：</b></

98、p><p>　　· 車架——用于支撐汽車發(fā)動機和車身的架構(gòu)性、承載性部件，它是由懸架來支撐的。</p><p>　　· 懸架系統(tǒng)——用于承受車重、吸收并減弱震動、保持輪胎與路面接觸的裝置。</p><p>　　· 轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)——駕駛員用于引導和操縱車輛的機制。</p><p>　　· 車輪和輪胎——通過與路面

99、抓牢或摩擦使車輛的運動成為可能的部件。</p><p>　　因此，懸架僅僅是汽車上一個主要的部件而已。</p><p>　　看完了底盤的總圖，是時候來看一下懸架最基本的三個部件了：彈簧，減震器和橫向穩(wěn)定桿。</p><p><b>　　彈簧</b></p><p>　　現(xiàn)在的彈簧系統(tǒng)主要是基于一下四種基本的設(shè)計：<

100、/p><p>　　· 螺旋彈簧——最常見的彈簧形式，在本質(zhì)上是一個受重載的扭桿彈簧繞一軸線的螺旋纏繞。螺旋彈簧通過被壓縮和伸長來吸收車輪的運動。</p><p>　　· 鋼板彈簧——這種彈簧由許多層金屬(被稱作“葉片”)連接在一起成為一個單獨的單元。鋼板彈簧最先被用在馬車車廂上，美國1985年以前的汽車上都使用了這種彈簧，現(xiàn)在它依舊被用在大多數(shù)的卡車和重載車輛上。</

101、p><p>　　· 扭桿彈簧——扭桿彈簧利用鋼桿的扭轉(zhuǎn)特性來獲得像螺旋彈簧一樣的性能。他們是這樣工作的：扭桿的一段連接在車架上，另一端連接在一個橫臂上，就像一個杠桿一樣在扭桿彈簧上做垂直運動。當車輪遇到路面不平，垂直的運動被轉(zhuǎn)移到橫臂上并進一步通過杠桿的作用被傳遞到扭桿彈簧上，扭桿彈簧就繞軸線產(chǎn)生扭曲來提供彈性力。歐洲的汽車制造商廣泛地應用這種系統(tǒng)，就像美國的帕卡德和克萊斯勒在十九世紀五六十年代一樣。<