中小企業(yè)的國(guó)際化【外文翻譯】

1、<p><b>　　外文翻譯</b></p><p><b>　　原文</b></p><p>　　The Internationalization of Small and Medium-Sized Firms</p><p>　　Material Source: Small Business Economic

2、s Author: Dirk De Clercq </p><p>　　ABSTRACT: This paper contributes to the existing researchby integrating the notions of organizational learning and entrepreneurial orientation

3、 into the body of international entrepreneurship. Our primary framework combines learning theory and the new venture theory of internationalization to study the extent to which small and medium-sized companies engage in

4、international activities. We found that the firms' international learning effort and entrepreneurial orientation are positively associate</p><p>　　1 .Introduction</p><p>　　Previous research

5、ers have examined why firms internationalize and at what pace they engage in cross-border activities (Berra et al., 1994; Caloff and Viviers, 1995; Crick et al., 2001; Johanson and Vahlne, 1977; Johanson and Vahlne, 1990

6、). Also, prior research has examined the impact of learning--oriented factors in explaining a firm's commitment to international activities (Ogbuehi and Longfellow, 1994; Autio et al., 2000; Burpitt and Rondin

7、elli, 2000). For instance, Burpitt and Rondinel</p><p>　　The behavioral view of internationalization focuses on the impact of international experience on the pace and direction of subsequent internationaliz

8、ation (Johanson and Vahlne, 1977). An important theme in the behavioral view is the role of organizational knowledge in the internationalization process. In this study we use organizational learning theory for examining

9、a firm's propensity to invest in future cross-border activities (Cohen and Levinthal, 1990; Autio et al., 2000). Whereas prior res</p><p>　　Some researchers have criticized the behavioral view for over-e

10、mphasizing the impact of organizational experience on internationalization efforts (Aharoni, 1966). That is, it has been argued that Johanson and Vahlne's framework does not explain why some firms engage in cros

11、s-border activities early on or why they proceed rapidly once first internationalization has taken place. For instance, McDougall et al. (1994) argued that firms may internationalize early because a top management team

12、w</p><p>　　Our primary framework combines learning theory, with its roots in the behavioral theory of the firm, and the new venture theory of internationalization (Cyert and March, 1963; Cohen and Levinth

13、al, 1990; McDougall and Oviatt, 2000). First, we look explicitly at how knowledge development and renewal with regard to foreign and domestic activities may have an impact on perceptions about the opportunities offered b

14、y further internationalization. Second, we examine the effect of entrepreneurial</p><p>　　As mentioned earlier, the behavioral theory of internationalization assumes that international expansion can b

15、e described as a process in which the firm goes through incremental steps that reduce the uncertainty embedded in cross-border activity (Aharoni, 1966; Prasad, 1999). Basing their arguments on the experience of Swed

16、ish companies, Johanson and Vahlne (1977, 1990) explained both the pace and direction of subsequent international activities. For instance, they argued that a firm mig</p><p>　　We posit that organizational l

17、earning effort pertains to activities aimed at both building on existing knowledge and developing new knowledge (Cohen and Levinthal, 1990). This description of learning effort is consistent with prior resear

18、ch that argued that organizational learning includes two modes, that is, exploitation and exploration (Levinthal and March, 1993). Exploration involves the search for new knowledge, skills and processes, whereas exploi

19、tation involves the incrementa</p><p>　　The sample in our study was drawn from a database maintained by the Center of Entrepreneurship at the Vlerick Leuven Gent Management School in Belgium. The sam

20、ple includes firms that are independent (that is, they are not subunits of a large organization) and owner-managed. We considered only firms with fewer than 500 employees to be included in the study, a figure consistent

21、with Seringaus (1993) and Moini (1995) for the definition of small and medium-sized enterprises. In the Spring of</p><p>　　The positive relationship between international learning effort and internationaliza

22、tion intent indiGates that efforts aimed explicitly at knowledge renewal and exploitation with regard to specific foreign markets and the internationalization process in general increase the propensity to expand

23、 cross-border activities. As mentioned earlier, the rationale for this positive relationship may lie in the role of foreign knowledge in diminfishing the uncertainty embedded in international e</p><p>　　T

24、he results of this study may clarify the factors leading to or inhibiting additional international activity among small firms in an economy with limited domestic opportunities for growth. Our results suggest that intensi

25、ve knowledge renewal and exploitation regarding foreign markets and the internationalization process itself may increase internationalization by affecting the perceptions of opportunities offered by further internati

26、onal expansion. Also, firms that engage in radical innovati</p><p><b>　　譯文</b></p><p><b>　　中小企業(yè)的國(guó)際化</b></p><p>　　資料來(lái)源: Small Business Economics 作

27、者：Dirk De Clercq</p><p>　　摘要：本文通過(guò)整合組織學(xué)習(xí)的概念和企業(yè)進(jìn)入國(guó)際市場(chǎng)的創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向，有助于對(duì)現(xiàn)有研究的貢獻(xiàn)。我們的主要框架是結(jié)合學(xué)習(xí)理論和中小企業(yè)在國(guó)際活動(dòng)中的新的企業(yè)理論。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，公司努力學(xué)習(xí)國(guó)際化并且其創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向很積極與國(guó)際化的意圖有著很大的關(guān)系，而國(guó)內(nèi)相關(guān)的學(xué)習(xí)與國(guó)際化的意圖是負(fù)相關(guān)?？偟膩?lái)說(shuō)，本文的結(jié)論表明：（1）密集的知識(shí)更新和關(guān)于國(guó)外的市場(chǎng)開(kāi)發(fā)有可能通過(guò)增加國(guó)際影響進(jìn)一

28、步擴(kuò)大國(guó)際化。（2）那些有著積極創(chuàng)業(yè)心態(tài)的企業(yè)相比較那些敏感的或者說(shuō)保守的企業(yè)來(lái)說(shuō)，更有可能在國(guó)際舞臺(tái)上長(zhǎng)時(shí)間并且穩(wěn)定地存在。</p><p>　　早前的學(xué)者對(duì)于企業(yè)為什么進(jìn)行國(guó)際化和以什么樣的步調(diào)進(jìn)行企業(yè)的跨國(guó)境經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)進(jìn)行了研究(Berra et al., 1994; Caloff and Viviers, 1995; Crick et al., 2001; Johanson and Vahlne, 1977

29、; Johanson and Vahlne, 1990)。另外，先前的研究解釋了企業(yè)在致力于國(guó)際化經(jīng)營(yíng)過(guò)程中，學(xué)習(xí)型因素的影響作用(Ogbuehi and Longfellow, 1994; Autio et al., 2000; Burpitt and Rondinelli, 2000)。例如，在2000年，Burpitt and Rondinelli研究指出：當(dāng)一個(gè)企業(yè)認(rèn)為國(guó)際化經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)對(duì)于他們企業(yè)效益作用明顯時(shí)，就會(huì)增加企業(yè)的出口

30、活動(dòng)。在本文研究中，我們部分地依賴(lài)于企業(yè)國(guó)際化經(jīng)營(yíng)的意圖，以期進(jìn)一步研究企業(yè)國(guó)際化經(jīng)營(yíng)的現(xiàn)狀及策略(Cyert and March, 1963)。</p><p>　　企業(yè)國(guó)際化行為觀(guān)點(diǎn)的側(cè)重點(diǎn)在于：國(guó)際化經(jīng)驗(yàn)在整個(gè)國(guó)際化經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)中對(duì)于步調(diào)和方向上的影響(Johanson and Vahlne, 1977)。在行為觀(guān)點(diǎn)中，一個(gè)重要的主題是：在企業(yè)國(guó)際化經(jīng)營(yíng)過(guò)程中，組織知識(shí)的重要性。在本文研究中，我們利用組織知識(shí)理

31、論來(lái)研究企業(yè)在將來(lái)的跨國(guó)境經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)中投資的傾向性(Cohen and Levinthal, 1990; Autio et al., 2000)。然而，先前的研究已經(jīng)證實(shí)了可以用一個(gè)企業(yè)的出口水平來(lái)作為該企業(yè)國(guó)際化經(jīng)營(yíng)程度的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(比如, Campbell, 1996; Crick et al., 2001)。在本文中，我們定義以“國(guó)際化意圖”作為一個(gè)企業(yè)擴(kuò)大跨國(guó)境經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)強(qiáng)度的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。該強(qiáng)度包括出口水平以及出口的范圍。本文的重要貢獻(xiàn)在于我們

32、提出了企業(yè)在國(guó)際化經(jīng)營(yíng)意圖中，組織學(xué)習(xí)措施。我們將組織學(xué)習(xí)定義為：關(guān)于國(guó)內(nèi)和國(guó)外市場(chǎng)上探索現(xiàn)有知識(shí)和開(kāi)發(fā)新知識(shí)的活動(dòng)。</p><p>　　一些學(xué)者批判了過(guò)分強(qiáng)調(diào)組織經(jīng)驗(yàn)在企業(yè)國(guó)際化經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)中作用的影響這一觀(guān)點(diǎn)(Aharoni, 1966)。也就是說(shuō)，Johanson and Vahlne 的理論框架并沒(méi)有解釋為什么企業(yè)在早前會(huì)從事國(guó)際化經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)或者說(shuō)為什么第一個(gè)國(guó)際化經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)發(fā)生時(shí)他們會(huì)立刻跟著效仿。<

33、;/p><p>　　例如，McDougall在1994年指出，企業(yè)在早前進(jìn)行國(guó)際化經(jīng)營(yíng)可能跟企業(yè)的高層管理團(tuán)隊(duì)有關(guān)，他們往往富有充足的國(guó)際化經(jīng)驗(yàn)，愿意并且有能力通過(guò)關(guān)鍵資源的優(yōu)化組合，在企業(yè)的存在期間來(lái)進(jìn)行跨國(guó)境的經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)?？傊?，一些學(xué)者已經(jīng)更加明確地意識(shí)到，企業(yè)的戰(zhàn)略選擇和企業(yè)家精神在進(jìn)入國(guó)際化舞臺(tái)決定中的重要作用(Child, 1972; McDougall and Oviatt, 2000)。最新的研究趨勢(shì)

34、是，新的企業(yè)國(guó)際化經(jīng)營(yíng)理論解釋了在企業(yè)進(jìn)行跨國(guó)境經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)時(shí)，企業(yè)組織能力對(duì)于戰(zhàn)略選擇的影響(McDougall, 1989; McDougall and Oviatt, 2000)。本文的基本框架結(jié)合了學(xué)習(xí)理論、企業(yè)行為理論的根源和新的企業(yè)國(guó)際化經(jīng)營(yíng)理論(Cyert and March, 1963; Cohen and Levinthal, 1990; McDougall and Oviatt, 2000)。首先，我們清楚地看到，關(guān)于國(guó)

35、際和國(guó)內(nèi)貿(mào)易活動(dòng)知識(shí)的發(fā)展和更新對(duì)通過(guò)進(jìn)一步國(guó)際化經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)獲得機(jī)會(huì)的觀(guān)點(diǎn)有可能產(chǎn)生影響。第二，我們研究了創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向?qū)τ谄髽I(yè)國(guó)際化意圖的影響。主要通過(guò)一個(gè)小型的比利</p><p>　　我們的研究表明，密集的知識(shí)更新和關(guān)于國(guó)外市場(chǎng)、企業(yè)自身國(guó)際化進(jìn)程的開(kāi)發(fā)，從而不斷提升企業(yè)的國(guó)際化經(jīng)營(yíng)能力。其次，企業(yè)進(jìn)行大膽創(chuàng)新并且愿意承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，往往更容易穩(wěn)定長(zhǎng)期地活躍在國(guó)際舞臺(tái)上。最后，本文指出，關(guān)于國(guó)際和國(guó)內(nèi)的學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)是相輔相成