新編簡明英語語言學教程戴煒棟第13章課后練習題答案

1、1《新編簡明英語語言學教程新編簡明英語語言學教程》第二版第二版第13章練習題章練習題參考答案參考答案Chapter1IntroductionP131.Howdoyouinterpretthefollowingdefinitionoflinguistics:Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage？答：Linguisticsisbasedonthesystematicinvestigationof

2、linguisticdataconductedwithreferencetosomegeneraltheyoflanguagestructure.Indertodiscoverthenaturerulesoftheunderlyinglanguagesystemthelinguistshastocollectobservelanguagefactsfirstwhicharefoundtodisplaysomesimilaritiesge

3、neralizationsaremadeaboutthemthenhefmulatessomehypothesesaboutthelanguagestructure.Thehypothesesthusfmedhavetobecheckedrepeatedlyagainsttheobservedfactstofullyprovetheirvalidity.Inlinguisticsasinanyotherdisciplinedatathe

4、ystinadialecticalcomplementationthatisatheywithoutthesupptofdatacanhardlyclaimvaliditydatawithoutbeingexplainedbysometheyremainamuddledmassofthings.2.WhatarethemajbranchesoflinguisticsWhatdoeseachofthemstudy答：Themajbranc

5、hesoflinguisticsare:(1)phoics:itstudiesthesoundsusedinlinguisticcommunication(2)phonology:itstudieshowsoundsareputtogetherusedtoconveymeaningincommunication(3)mphology:itstudiesthewayinwhichlinguisticsymbolsrepresentings

6、oundsarearrangedcombinedtofmwds(4)syntax:itstudiestheruleswhichgovernhowwdsarecombinedtofmgrammaticallypermissiblesentencesinlanguages(5)semantics:itstudiesmeaningconveyedbylanguage(6)pragmatics:itstudiesthemeaninginthec

7、ontextoflanguageuse.3.Inwhatbasicwaysdoesmodernlinguisticsdifferfromtraditionalgrammar答：Thegeneralapproachthustraditionallyfmedtothestudyoflanguageovertheyearsisroughlyreferredtoas“traditionalgrammar.”Modernlinguisticsdi

8、ffersfromtraditionalgrammarinseveralbasicways.Firstlylinguisticsisdeivewhiletraditionalgrammarispreive.Secondmodemlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimarynotthewritten.Traditionalgrammariansontheotherhtendedtoemphasi

9、zemaybeoveremphasizetheimptanceofthewrittenwdpartlybecauseofitspermanence.ThenmodemlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammaralsointhatitdoesnotfcelanguagesintoaLatinbasedframewk.4.Ismodernlinguisticsmainlysynchronicdiachr

10、onicWhy答：Inmodemlinguisticsasynchronicapproachseemstoenjoypriityoveradiachronicone.Becausepeoplebelievedthatunlessthevariousstatesofalanguageindifferenthisticalperiodsaresuccessfullystudieditwouldbedifficulttodescribethe

11、changesthathavetakenplaceinitshisticaldevelopment.5.Fwhatreasonsdoesmodernlinguisticsgivepriitytospeechratherthantowriting答：Speechwritingarethetwomajmediaoflinguisticcommunication.Modemlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguage

12、asthenaturaltheprimarymediumofhumanlanguagefsomeobviousreasons.Fromthepointofviewoflinguisticevolutionspeechispritowriting.Thewritingsystemofanylanguageisalways“invented”byitsuserstorecdspeechwhentheneedarises.Evenintoda

13、yswldtherearestillmanylanguagesthatcanonlybespokenbutnotwritten.Thenineverydaycommunicationspeechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinfmationconveyed.alsospeechisalwaysthewayinwhicheverynativespeakeracquires

14、hismothertonguewritingislearnedtaughtlaterwhenhegoestoschool.Fmodernlinguistsspokenlanguagerevealsmanytruefeaturesofhumanspeechwhilewrittenlanguageisonlythe“revised”recdofspeech.Thustheirdatafinvestigationanalysisaremost

15、lydrawnfromeverydayspeechwhichtheyregardasauthentic.3Languagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentnotpresentrealimaginedmattersinthepastpresentfutureinfarawayplaces.Inotherwdslanguagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfr

16、omtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Thisiswhat“displacement”means.5)CulturaltransmissionWhilehumancapacityflanguagehasageicbasisi.e.wewereallbnwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguagethedetailsofanylanguagesystemarenotgeicallytr

17、ansmittedbutinsteadhavetobetaughtlearned.9.WhatarethemajfunctionsoflanguageThinkofyourownexamplesfillustration.答：Threemainfunctionsareoftenrecognizedoflanguage:thedeivefunctiontheexpressivefunctionthesocialfunction.Thede

18、ivefunctionisthefunctiontoconveyfactualinfmationwhichcanbeasserteddeniedinsomecasesevenverified.Fexample:“Chinaisalargecountrywithalonghisty.”Theexpressivefunctionsuppliesinfmationabouttheuser’sfeelingspreferencesprejudi

19、cesvalues.Fexample:“Iwillnevergowindowshoppingwithher.”Thesocialfunctionservestoestablishmaintainsocialrelationsbetweenpeople..Fexample:“Weareyourfirmsuppters.”Chapter2PhonologyP301.Whatarethetwomajmediaoflinguisticcommu

20、nicationOfthetwowhichoneisprimarywhy答：Speechwritingarethetwomajmediaoflinguisticcommunication.Ofthetwomediaoflanguagespeechismeprimarythanwritingfreasonspleaserefertotheanswertothefifthprobleminthelastchapter.2.Whatisvoi

21、cinghowisitcaused答：VoicingisaqualityofspeechsoundsafeatureofallvowelssomeconsonantsinEnglish.Itiscausedbythevibrationofthevocalcds.3.Explainwithexampleshowbroadtranionnarrowtraniondiffer答：Thetranionwithlettersymbolsonlyi

22、scalledbroadtranion.Thisisthetranionnmallyusedindictionariesteachingtextbooksfgeneralpurposes.Thelatteri.e.thetranionwithlettersymbolstogetherwiththediacriticsiscallednarrowtranion.Thisisthetranionneededusedbythephoician

23、sintheirstudyofspeechsounds.Withthehelpofthediacriticstheycanfaithfullyrepresentasmuchofthefinedetailsasitisnecessaryftheirpurpose.Inbroadtranionthesymbol[l]isusedfthesounds[l]inthefourwdsleaf[li:f]feel[fi:l]build[bild]h

24、ealth[helθ].Asamatteroffactthesound[l]inallthesefoursoundcombinationsdiffersslightly.The[l]in[li:f]occurringbefeavoweliscalledadear[l]nodiacriticisneededtoindicateitthe[1]in[fi:l][bild]occurringattheendofawdbefeanotherco

25、nsonantispronounceddifferentlyfromtheclear[1]asin“l(fā)eaf”.Itiscalleddark[?]innarrowtranionthediacritic[?]isusedtoindicateit.Theninthesoundcombination[helθ]thesound[l]isfollowedbytheEnglishdentalsound[θ]itspronunciationisso

26、mewhataffectedbythedentalsoundthatfollowsit.Itisthuscalledadental[l]innarrowtranionthediacritic[、]isusedtoindicateit.Itistranscribedas[helθ].Anotherexampleistheconsonant[p].Weallknowthat[p]ispronounceddifferentlyinthetwo

27、wdspitspit.Inthewdpitthesound[p]ispronouncedwithastrongpuffofairbutinspitthepuffofairiswithheldtosomeextent.Inthecaseofpitthe[p]soundissaidtobeaspiratedinthecaseofspitthe[p]soundisunaspirated.Thisdifferenceisnotshowninbr