新編簡明英語語言學教程第二版課后參考答案

1、《新編簡明英語語言學教程》第二版練習題參考答案Chapter1Introduction1.Howdoyouinterpretthefollowingdefinitionoflinguistics:Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.答：Linguisticsisbasedonthesystematicinvestigationoflinguisticdataconductedwithref

2、erencetosomegeneraltheyoflanguagestructure.Indertodiscoverthenaturerulesoftheunderlyinglanguagesystemthelinguistshastocollectobservelanguagefactsfirstwhicharefoundtodisplaysomesimilaritiesgeneralizationsaremadeaboutthemt

3、henhefmulatessomehypothesesaboutthelanguagestructure.Thehypothesesthusfmedhavetobecheckedrepeatedlyagainsttheobservedfactstofullyprovetheirvalidity.Inlinguisticsasinanyotherdisciplinedatatheystinadialecticalcomplementati

4、onthatisatheywithoutthesupptofdatacanhardlyclaimvaliditydatawithoutbeingexplainedbysometheyremainamuddledmassofthings.2.WhatarethemajbranchesoflinguisticsWhatdoeseachofthemstudy答：Themajbranchesoflinguisticsare:(1)phoics:

5、itstudiesthesoundsusedinlinguisticcommunication(2)phonology:itstudieshowsoundsareputtogetherusedtoconveymeaningincommunication(3)mphology:itstudiesthewayinwhichlinguisticsymbolsrepresentingsoundsarearrangedcombinedtofmwd

6、s(4)syntax:itstudiestheruleswhichgovernhowwdsarecombinedtofmgrammaticallypermissiblesentencesinlanguages(5)semantics:itstudiesmeaningconveyedbylanguage(6)pragmatics:itstudiesthemeaninginthecontextoflanguageuse.3.Inwhatba

7、sicwaysdoesmodernlinguisticsdifferfromtraditionalgrammar答：Thegeneralapproachthustraditionallyfmedtothestudyoflanguageovertheyearsisroughlyreferredtoas“traditionalgrammar.”Modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammarins

8、everalbasicways.Firstlylinguisticsisdeivewhiletraditionalgrammarispreive.Secondmodemlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimarynotthewritten.Traditionalgrammariansontheotherhtendedtoemphasizemaybeoveremphasizetheimptanc

9、eofthewrittenwdpartlybecauseofitspermanence.ThenmodemlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammaralsointhatitdoesnotfcelanguagesintoaLatinbasedframewk.4.IsmodernlinguisticsmainlysynchronicdiachronicWhy答：Inmodemlinguisticsasy

10、nchronicapproachseemstoenjoypriityoveradiachronicone.Becausepeoplebelievedthatunlessthevariousstatesofalanguageindifferenthisticalperiodsaresuccessfullystudieditwouldbedifficulttodescribethechangesthathavetakenplaceinits

11、histicaldevelopment.5.Fwhatreasonsdoesmodernlinguisticsgivepriitytospeechratherthantowriting答：Speechwritingarethetwomajmediaoflinguisticcommunication.Modemlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasthenaturaltheprimarymediumof

12、humanlanguagefsomeobviousreasons.Fromthepointofviewoflinguisticevolutionspeechispritowriting.Thewritingsystemofanylanguageisalways“invented”byitsuserstorecdspeech5)CulturaltransmissionWhilehumancapacityflanguagehasageicb

13、asisi.e.wewereallbnwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguagethedetailsofanylanguagesystemarenotgeicallytransmittedbutinsteadhavetobetaughtlearned.9.WhatarethemajfunctionsoflanguageThinkofyourownexamplesfillustration.答：Threemainfun

14、ctionsareoftenrecognizedoflanguage:thedeivefunctiontheexpressivefunctionthesocialfunction.Thedeivefunctionisthefunctiontoconveyfactualinfmationwhichcanbeasserteddeniedinsomecasesevenverified.Fexample:“Chinaisalargecountr

15、ywithalonghisty.”Theexpressivefunctionsuppliesinfmationabouttheuser’sfeelingspreferencesprejudicesvalues.Fexample:“Iwillnevergowindowshoppingwithher.”Thesocialfunctionservestoestablishmaintainsocialrelationsbetweenpeople

16、..Fexample:“Weareyourfirmsuppters.”Chapter2SpeechSounds1.WhatarethetwomajmediaoflinguisticcommunicationOfthetwowhichoneisprimarywhy答：Speechwritingarethetwomajmediaoflinguisticcommunication.Ofthetwomediaoflanguagespeechis

17、meprimarythanwritingfreasonspleaserefertotheanswertothefifthprobleminthelastchapter.2.Whatisvoicinghowisitcaused答：VoicingisaqualityofspeechsoundsafeatureofallvowelssomeconsonantsinEnglish.Itiscausedbythevibrationofthevoc

18、alcds.3.Explainwithexampleshowbroadtranionnarrowtraniondiffer答：Thetranionwithlettersymbolsonlyiscalledbroadtranion.Thisisthetranionnmallyusedindictionariesteachingtextbooksfgeneralpurposes.Thelatteri.e.thetranionwithlett

19、ersymbolstogetherwiththediacriticsiscallednarrowtranion.Thisisthetranionneededusedbythephoiciansintheirstudyofspeechsounds.Withthehelpofthediacriticstheycanfaithfullyrepresentasmuchofthefinedetailsasitisnecessaryftheirpu

20、rpose.Inbroadtranionthesymbol[l]isusedfthesounds[l]inthefourwdsleaf[li:f]feel[fi:l]build[bild]health[helθ].Asamatteroffactthesound[l]inallthesefoursoundcombinationsdiffersslightly.The[l]in[li:f]occurringbefeavoweliscalle

21、dadear[l]nodiacriticisneededtoindicateitthe[1]in[fi:l][bild]occurringattheendofawdbefeanotherconsonantispronounceddifferentlyfromtheclear[1]asin“l(fā)eaf”.Itiscalleddark[]innarrowtranionthediacritic[]isusedtoindicateit.Theni

22、nthesoundcombination[helθ]thesound[l]isfollowedbytheEnglishdentalsound[θ]itspronunciationissomewhataffectedbythedentalsoundthatfollowsit.Itisthuscalledadental[l]innarrowtranionthediacritic[、]isusedtoindicateit.Itistransc

23、ribedas[helθ].Anotherexampleistheconsonant[p].Weallknowthat[p]ispronounceddifferentlyinthetwowdspitspit.Inthewdpitthesound[p]ispronouncedwithastrongpuffofairbutinspitthepuffofairiswithheldtosomeextent.Inthecaseofpitthe[p