[雙語(yǔ)翻譯]工程造價(jià)外文翻譯—影響巴基斯坦建設(shè)工程造價(jià)估算準(zhǔn)確性感知因素和實(shí)際因素（節(jié)選）

1、字?jǐn)?shù)：英文 字?jǐn)?shù)：英文 3023 3023 單詞， 單詞，17564 17564 字符；中文 字符；中文 5181 5181 漢字 漢字出處： 出處：F Arif Arif，SH SH Lodi Lodi，N Azhar.Factors Azhar.Factors influencing influencing accuracy accuracy of of construction construction project proje

2、ct cost cost estimates estimates in in Pakistan: Pakistan: Perception Perception and and reality[J]International reality[J]International Journal Journal of of Construction Construction Management.2015,15(1):59-70

3、 Management.2015,15(1):59-70外文文獻(xiàn)： 外文文獻(xiàn)： Factors influencing accuracy of construction project cost estimates in Pakistan: Perception and realityAbstract Construction projects are unique as they are priced before being c

4、onstructed. Therefore, accuracy of construction project cost estimates is pivotal in project success. Several studies have determined factors influencing the accuracy of cost estimates. Comparatively less information is

5、available for construction industries in developing countries. This study identified factors influencing the accuracy of cost estimates for construction projects in Pakistan. Cost data was collected for 46 completed cons

6、truction projects. Four dimensions 60 factors were considered. Dimensions included: project characteristics, project team, estimating procedures, and (costing related) information items. A rigorous analysis framework bas

7、ed on principal component analysis and regression analysis was used. Involvement of the contractor in the estimation procedure and labour rates were found to be the most significant factors. Early involvement of the cont

8、ractor can result in realistic estimates through timely input from subcontractors, materials suppliers and manufacturers among others. This also helps in controlling labour costs as most of the construction projects in P

9、akistan employ labour through subcontractors.Keywords: cost estimates; Pakistan; factors influencing accuracy; estimate bias; estimate consistency; principal component analysis; regression analysisin the construction ind

10、ustry of Pakistan which could be equally applicable for other developing construction industries.Prior studiesSeveral studies have been conducted related to accuracy of cost estimates for construction projects. On many o

11、cca sions, researchers have attempted to measure the impact of certain project characteristics on the accuracy of estimates (Skitmore 1988; Akintoye they found that the accuracy of estimates is influenced by project siz

12、e.On the other hand, certain other studies had not only accounted for project characteristics but also other aspects, such as project team-related factors, estimating procedures, and (costing related) information items.

13、Carr (1989) conducted a study to define the basic requirements for developing reliable estimates. He concluded that the accuracy of the estimate depends on the estimator’s ability to see the project from a macro perspect

14、ive, his experience and judgement skills. Ashwarth (1994) concluded that availability of information on the design, type and quality of cost data, type of project, project size, number of bidders on competitive projects,

15、 stability of market conditions, personal factors, proficiency in estimating, and sheer quantitative experience influence the accuracy of estimating the costs of construction work. Oberlender and Trost (2001) developed a