[雙語翻譯]工程造價(jià)外文翻譯—影響巴基斯坦建設(shè)工程造價(jià)估算準(zhǔn)確性感知因素和實(shí)際因素（原文）

1、Full Terms Akintoye they found that the accuracy of estimates is influenced by project size. On the other hand, certain other studies had not only accounted for project characteristics but also other aspects, such as p

2、roject team-related factors, estimating procedures, and (costing related) information items. Carr (1989) con- ducted a study to define the basic requirements for developing reliable estimates. He concluded that the accur

3、acy of the estimate depends on the estimator’s ability to see the project from a macro perspective, his experience and judgement skills. Ashwarth (1994) concluded that availability of information on the design, type and

4、quality of cost data, type of project, project size, number of bidders on competitive projects, stability of market conditions, personal factors, profi- ciency in estimating, and sheer quantitative experience influence t

5、he accuracy of estimating the costs of construction work. Oberlender and Trost (2001) developed an estimate scoring system and consequently software to measure the accuracy of estimates. They found that the accuracy of a

6、n early estimate has four determinants: ‘(1) who was involved in preparing the estimate; (2) how the estimate was prepared; (3) what was known about the project; and (4) other fac- tors considered while preparing the est

7、imate’. Trost and Oberlender (2003) conducted factor analysis and multivariate regression analysis to determine a suitable model for predicting the accuracy of estimates. They identified five factors that were significan

8、t in predicting accuracy. These factors included: basic process design, team experience and cost information, time allowed to prepare the estimate, site requirements, and bidding and labour climate. Enshassi et al. (2010

9、) identified factors such as supply of raw materials and equipment, and fluctuations in the cost of building materi- als as influencing cost overruns. The study presented in this paper considered all four dimensions of t

10、he factors influencing the accuracy of cost estimates: i.e. factors related to project characteristics, the project team, estimating procedures, and information on the project.Research objectives and scopeThe prime objec

11、tive of this research was to identify the factors that influence the accuracy of construction project cost esti- mates in Pakistan. For this purpose it was deemed necessary to approach the study from two major perspectiv

12、es: (1) the factors that are perceived to be influencing the accuracy and (2) the factors that did in reality influence the accuracy of cost estimates when analysed using the actual cost bias in the project data.Research

13、 methodology and data collectionA thorough literature review was performed to identify the key elements that may provide a good means of judging the accuracy of cost estimates. The literature review was done through book

14、s, conference proceedings, the internet, and lead- ing construction management and engineering journals. Following the identification of the key elements of the survey, some unstructured expert interviews (2?3) were cond

15、ucted to verify the key elements as well as identify any further ele- ments relevant to the practices and issues for estimating costs in the local construction industry. A structured questionnaire consisting of two parts

16、 was designed ? parts A and B. Part A requested the respondent’s personal information (e.g. work experience, experience as cost estimator, etc.) and company information (e.g. type of orga- nization, types of construction

17、 work performed, years in business, annual volume of work, number of permanent employ- ees, cities of operation, etc.). Part B requested information on project costs (e.g. project name, type, client, estimated project co

18、st, total project cost, estimated profit margin, etc.). Furthermore, a list of 60 factors categorized under four dimensions was provided to the respondents. The respondents were asked to rate the influence of each factor

19、 on the accuracy of the cost estimate of the project for which cost information was provided on a Likert scale of 1 (least influential) to 5 (most influential). These dimensions included Project Team (PT) having 16 facto

20、rs, Project Characteristics (PC) having 19 factors, Estimating Procedures (EP) having 14 factors and (costing related) Information Items (Info) having 11 factors. The dimensions and factors are listed in Table 1. In the

21、next stage, 2?3 pilot surveys were conducted through face-to-face interviews. However, the purpose of this exercise was not to collect data, but rather to refine the questionnaire. Thus, for this reason, industry profess