[雙語(yǔ)翻譯]消費(fèi)者權(quán)利外文翻譯--約旦消費(fèi)者對(duì)消費(fèi)者權(quán)利的看法

1、6800 英文單詞， 英文單詞，3.7 萬(wàn)英文字符，中文 萬(wàn)英文字符，中文 11500 字文獻(xiàn)出處： 文獻(xiàn)出處：Alsmadi S, Khizindar T. Consumers’ perceptions of consumer rights in Jordan[J]. International Journal of Commerce and Management, 2015, 25(4): 512-530.Consumers’ pe

2、rceptions of consumer rights in JordanSami Alsmadi and Tariq KhizindarAbstractPurpose – This paper aims to examine consumers’ attitudes toward marketing practices and consumer rights in Jordan, based on an empirical inve

3、stigation of university students. The study refers to John Kennedy’s bill of four consumer rights: the Right to Safety, the Right to be Informed, the Right to Choose and the Right to be Heard.Design/methodology/approach

4、– This paper depends on a convenience sample of 381 students, using a drop-off method, with a structured, self-administered questionnaire to measure consumer attitudes regarding the four basic consumer rights, as listed

5、above, utilizing a five-point Likert scale measure.Findings – The overall findings show that the current consumers’ attitudes toward marketing practices related to protection of consumer rights is not highly favorable, i

6、ndicating that more work will be needed for improvement, with more attention to consumers’ Right to be Heard. The study urged marketers and public policymakers in Jordan to reconsider the way consumer rights were being a

7、pproached by marketing practitioners.Originality/value – The study is unique by virtue of its nature, scope and way of empirical investigation, as it explores the status of perceived consumer rights for the first time in

8、 Jordan, drawing on John Kennedy’ model. The study calls upon marketers and public policymakers to pay more attention to the current status of consumer rights, with implications for better business strategies and more us

9、eful legislations pertaining to consumer protection.Keywords：Consumerism, Consumer behaviour, Corporate social responsibility, Consumer rights, Marketing ethicsIntroductionToday, many consumers are abused in the market,

10、as their basic rights are seriously threatened by unethical marketing behavior. Often, competition for custom, coupled with unclear code of marketing conduct, in some cases, create opportunities that remove barriers to a

11、ct unethically, particularly when commitment to corporate social responsibility (CSR) is weak. In such a business environment, this could lead to serious abuse of consumer rights and a drift into a much dishonest marketi

12、ng behavior. Examples may include, but not restricted to, misleading prices, deceptive advertising, undisclosed product side effects, harmful products, poor services to disadvantaged consumers, unclear product labeling,

13、deceptive packaging, false promises, etc. For instance, many tobacco companies often appeal to smokers to continue smoking, using unclear phrases like “Light” and “Low tar” (Cataldo and Malone, 2008). Clearly, when marke

14、ting behavior drifts away from acceptable ethical standards in a society, consumers lose faith in the whole marketing system with hostility in their behavior. In the long run, this leads to an overall public discontent t

15、hat, in turn, provokes anger of consumer activists and several public interest groups. In modern economies, businesses are expected to relate to a society in a way that maintains an acceptable standard of business behavi

16、or. Davis et al. (1980) viewed businesses as subsystems in a larger open system in a society, in which every business activity affects, and is its scope and the diversity of business values in different cultural contexts

17、. For example, Alsmadi (2010) explained that a marketing action may be judged as ethical by some stakeholders and yet unethical by others. In that, even a clear unethical behavior may, sometimes, be viewed as ethical in

18、a different context. Alsmadi maintained that ethics can, sometimes, be defined by the situation, and a good judgment is therefore paramount, with a codified ethical integrity in marketing behavior being essential. In the

19、 societal context, Pride and Ferrell (2010) viewed CSR in four broad responsibilities as:(1) Economic responsibility: Contributing healthy profits for owners and investors and creating jobs for the economy.(2) Legal resp

20、onsibility: Operating according to rules and regulations.(3) Ethical responsibility: Showing a strong commitment to a well established code of ethics.(4) Philanthropic responsibility: Going beyond marketing ethics by lin

21、king revenues to a particular social cause, or the so-called cause-related marketing, such as linking a charitable contribution of a business to its revenues.Porter and Kramer (2006) offered four logical justifications f

22、or ethical marketing behavior as moral obligation, sustainability, license to operate and reputation. A study investigated the impact of three CSR initiatives – sponsorship, cause-related marketing and philanthropy – on

23、consumer citizenship behavior and concluded that all three CSR initiatives had a significant effect on consumer– company identification and positive brand attitude (Lii and Lee, 2012). Kotler and Keller (2006) substantia

24、ted this view by linking technology to social responsibility, as they argued that technology was able to drive businesses closer to socially responsible behavior. They maintained that companies that did not behave ethica

25、lly were at a great risk of being exposed. A disappointed customer, who used to spread a bad word of mouth about a company to few other people, can reach millions of people through social digital media today. A study by

26、Ingram et al. (2005), which examined the impact of corporate behavior of a company on consumer loyalty, showed that highly committed consumers were likely to forgive companies for behaviors when perceived harm was low, b

27、ut became progressively dissatisfied as the level of perceived harm increased.ConsumerismClearly, the subject of consumer protection has received increasing attention in the marketing literature over the past 50 years, f

28、ocusing on the Western perspective, though only little attention was given to developing countries. The concept of consumerism refers to all efforts made, at different levels, to protect consumer rights in the society. A

29、rmstrong and Kotler (2013, p. 517) viewed it as “an organized movement of citizens and government agencies to improve the rights and power of buyers in relation to sellers”. In the 1970s, a leading study by scholars from

30、 Utah University addressed the question of “what is consumerism?” The study reported that consumerism emerged as a complex cluster of issues, with the most salient being the concern for consumer protection (Granzin and G

31、rikscheit, 1975; Kotler, 1972). A study on consumerism in the European Union (EU) examined various policies and laws of consumer protection in various European countries and recommended to standardize legislations pertai

32、ning to consumer rights in all EU member states by the year 2013 (Boston et al., 2010). A document of commentary notes on consumer rights showed increased optimism about consumer protection in the first year of Barak Oba