外文翻譯--地球觀測在環(huán)境影響評價應(yīng)用中的前景和趨勢（英文）

1、Environmental Science Earth observation; Satelliteswww.elsevier.nl/locate/envsci1. IntroductionEnvironmental impact assessments (EIAs) are con- sidered as important tools for the assessment of the impacts induced by hum

2、an activities. EIAs support the definition of the state of the environment, the estima- tion of the severity of the impacts, which may result due to a construction work, and the planning of the necessary measures for red

3、ucing the impacts as well as for monitoring environmental impacts. EIAs were instituted in USA in 1970 with the Na- tional Law of National Environmental Policy Act. Canada and France followed in 1973 and 1975, respec- ti

4、vely. In the framework of the policy of the European Union for pollution prevention, Directive 85/337 and its amendment 99/11 defined the terms and conditions for the execution of EIAs. The structure of an EIA is as foll

5、ows,? Name and kind of construction or activity? Summary? Geographical position — Extent — administrative subordination? Description of the current state of the environment? Description of the construction or activity? A

6、ppraisal and assessment of environmental impacts? Suggestions for the rectification of environmental impacts? Plan for environmental monitoring. The description of the current state of the environ- ment is accompanied by

7、 general maps (wide area maps) as well as by detailed maps of the area of interest. Following, an extensive description should be given on,? the natural environment (ecosystems, terrain, meteo- rological and hydrological

8、 data, flora and fauna);? the anthropogenic environment of the area (settle- ments, productive sectors — natural resources, exis- tent substructure);? the prevailing state of pollution;? the interaction between the natur

9、al and anthropo- genic environment. The description of the construction or activity should also refer to alternative solutions, to the phases of the construction, to the water and energy use and to the wastes produced.*

10、Corresponding author. Tel.: +30-1-7276843; fax: +30-1- 7295281. E-mail address: ckartali@atlas.cc.uoa.gr (C. Cartalis).1462-9011/00/$ - see front matter © 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. PII: S1462-9

11、011(00)00096-4C. Cartalis et al. / En?ironmental Science however, only high spatial resolution sensorsare mentioned in Table 1. The applications described in Table 1 depend on the technical characteristics of the sensor

12、s carried on board the satellites. Table 2 describes analytically the technical characteristics and the appli- cations of the sensors potentially to be supportive of an EIA (Cambel, 1996). The technical characteristics o

13、f a satellite sensor are described by means of spatial, spec- tral and temporal resolution. The spatial resolution expresses the ability of a remotely sensing system to render a sharply defined image (Jensen, 1986). It i

14、s also a measure of the smallest separation between two ob- jects that can be resolved by the sensor. Spectral resolu- tion expresses the number of specific wavelength intervals (spectral bands) in the electromagnetic sp

15、ec- trum to which a sensor is sensitive (Jensen, 1986). Finally, temporal resolution gives information on theTable 2 Application and technical characteristics of selected EO instrumentsApplications/technical characterist

16、ics InstrumentSpectral channel 0.4–12 ?m, spatial resolution?100 m. These can Imaging multi-spectral (visible, IR) radiometers in low Earth orbits provide cloud amount and cloud top temperature, cloud particle properties

17、, troposheric aerosols, sea and land surface temperature, snow and sea ice cover, Earth surface albedo, vegetation type and large scale structure Imaging multi-spectral (visible, IR) radiometers in geostationary orbit Th

18、ese can provide similar measurements to instruments in low Earth orbit with lesser spatial resolution (?2 km). They also provide an important source of wind measurements based on cloud track measurements These are design

19、ed primarily for atmospheric temperature and Atmospheric (IR) sounders humidity measurements in clear sky conditions, but can also make contributions to measurements of trace gas distributions, surface emissivity, snow a

20、nd ice cover etc. Atmospheric (microwave) sounders These are designed primarily for atmospheric temperature and humidity measurements and complement the IR sounders in being able to give sounding in cloudy conditions. Ot

21、her applications are the detection of cloud water content, rain etc. High resolution multi-spectral and panchromatic mappers (VIS, IR) Spatial resolution ?100 m. Instruments in this category provide information on vegeta

22、tion type, fine scale landscape structure, extent of lakes and inland bodies of water Ocean colour radiometers Ocean colour measurements are used to infer marine productivity, marine pollution, coastal zone water dynamic

23、s etc. Imaging multi-spectral (microwave) radiometers These instruments have a resolution of order 1–30 km depending on operating frequency. Instruments measure the microwave emission of the ocean and land surface modifi

24、ed by atmospheric absorption. Instruments measure water vapour and rainfall (particularly over the oceans) and snow cover These can provide altitude of the mean ocean, surface wave height, Radar altimeters wind speed ove

25、r the oceans, topography of land, ocean currents etc. Mapping radars This category consists mainly of SARs (Synthetic aperture radar). Mapping radars provide information on vegetation type and cover, topography, sea ice

26、texture. An important advantage is their all weather, day/night capability Lidar (laser) A variety laser based instruments are being developed e.g. for measurement of aerosols, cloud particle properties, altimetry and wi

27、nd profiles Atmospheric chemistry spectrometers and radiometers (UV, VIS, IR, These examine the chemistry and dynamics of atmospheric trace gas MW) species Rain radar Active microwave instruments are being developed to p