橋梁外文翻譯--穆拉特磚石拱橋歷次加固后的結(jié)構(gòu)失效（原文）

1、Structural failures in refrofit historical murat masonry arch bridgeH. Gonen ?, M. Dogan, M. Karacasu, H. Ozbasaran, H. GokdemirEskisehir Osmangazi University, Turkeya r t i c l e i n f oArticle history:Available online

2、7 March 2013Keywords:Structural failureRetrofitMasonry arch bridgeFinite elementa b s t r a c tIn this study, after giving short information about historical bridges, finite element modelof Palu Bridge, which is located

3、near the Palu county of Elaz?g province, is generated withSAP2000. Deformations and stresses of the bridge are determined under dead loads andlinear elastic earthquake response of this bridge is investigated. In this stu

4、dy, failures resultfrom the materials used in repairing, structural system of the bridge and the effect of waterto structural elements are examined. Earthquake acceleration is used as load for the math-ematical model of

5、the bridge constructed for dynamic analysis and calculations are made.Finite element method, which is accepted as one of the most precise methods currently, isused in calculations. Finally, analysis of planned reinforced

6、 bridge is made.? 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.1. IntroductionBridges, which are planned as durable structures, made for pass over an obstacle. They must be protected against corro- sion-proof coats and they mu

7、st be built properly because of hard and abrasive environmental effects. The main bridge types can be classified as arch, simple or continuous beam, cable and suspension bridges. Truss systems can be used as a part of th

8、e structural system as seen in cantilever bridges or complete structural system of the bridge can be designed as truss system. Trusses, box sections and prestressed elements are generally used in buildings. The main fact

9、 for the arches is that they are not under a significant bending action. Arches are only under compression effect and for this reason; they can be built by structural materials which have low tensile strength such as sto

10、ne, cast steel and concrete. Also there are arch bridges which are built up by bricks, timber, aluminum and forged steel. Although some elements of arch bridges with truss systems are under tension, primary structural el

11、ements are always under compression. These primary element sections are greater if they are compared to diagonals. On the other hand, in rigid decked arches, section of the deck is thicker than the section of arch. Becau

12、se deck is under bending and buckling effects but arch is only under the effect of compression. In this type of bridges, deck thickness is lower than the depth of a simple beam which has a span equal to the span of the a

13、rch. Because, loads are transferred from deck to arch via structural elements placed with certain spacing. By considering this, it is obvious that arch spans can be greater than beam spans. Two arch bridges are seen in F

14、ig. 1 [1–3]. Earliest examples of the arch form are seen in the underground tombs of the Sumerians (3000 B.C.) in Mesopotamia. These samples belong to the Egyptians show that the civilization, had knowledge about the str

15、uctural potential of the arch form. However, although the Sumerians or the Egyptians discovered the arch form, those were the Romans who used the arch form in a more effective and eye-catching way. The Cender Water Bridg

16、e, Karamagara Bridge and the Bridge of Justinian are among the works of Roman civilization in Turkey [4].1350-6307/$ - see front matter ? 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.201

17、3.02.024? Corresponding author. Tel.: +90 5326666780.E-mail address: hgonen@ogu.edu.tr (H. Gonen).Engineering Failure Analysis 35 (2013) 334–342Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirectEngineering Failure Analys

18、isjournal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/engfailanalarchives, we find the records about ‘‘fixing the timber bridge over Murat River’’. In 1924, 1941, 1957 and 1969 timber parts of the bridge are fixed again. After col

19、lapsing of timber system again, two parts of the bridge is reconstructed as reinforced con- crete in 1986 but the other part of the bridge is completed in 1996. At the entrance of the bridge there is an explanation for t

20、ourists about its old history (Fig. 4). This paper describes the characteristics of the time when the bridge was built and the historic progress of the bridge. Embossing on stones prove the old age of the bridge (Fig. 4.

21、). There are significant number of arch structures which belongs to Selçuklu civilization in Elaz?g ? region (Fig. 5). Arch bridges which are built during 11. and 12. centuries are commonly seen. Examined structure

22、is damaged because of floods, earthquakes, fire and other disasters as a reason of its old history. After every destructive disaster, it is repaired by different methods and using different structural materials (Fig. 6).

23、3. Finite element model of the bridgeFor structures, which are built long time ago like historical bridges, determining properties of structural materials is very important. Due to difficulties in determining the directi

24、on of the material properties of these structures, similar studies in the literature were examined and material properties are determined [6,7] (Fig. 7). In this study, used materials are given in Ta- ble 1. A finite ele

25、ment model of the bridge is generated with SAP2000 computer program [8]. Model consists of 20861 three dimensional solid elements. Filling material has no effect on carrying capacity of the structural system. As boundary

26、 condi- tions; the bridge was considered to be restrained in all directions. The presented model is given in Fig. 8. The solutions were made separately for the cases given below;1. Dead loads. 2. Live loads (single-and t

27、wo-way vehicle existence). 3. Seismic loads.Values obtained from the solutions are analyzed separately and critical regions of the bridge are determined (Fig. 9) [9].4. Arch constructionAdhesive mortar placed between sto

28、nes in bridge construction loses its effectiveness by environmental effects because of relatively soft stones. For this reason, stones are connected to each other by bounding steels. By this process stones are bound to e

29、ach other from both top, bottom, left and right sides (Fig. 10). Effectiveness of the mortar between stones and friction capacity is both increased by making notches on faces of the stones.Fig. 4. Old embossing on stones