水泥專業(yè)外文翻譯---波特蘭水泥

1、<p>　　Portland cement</p><p>　　Portland cement (often referred to as OPC, from Ordinary Portland Cement) is the most common type of cement in general use around the world because it is a basic ingredien

2、t of concrete, mortar, stucco and most non-specialty grout. It is a fine powder produced by grinding Portland cement clinker (more than 90%), a limited amount of calcium sulfate (which controls the set time) and up to 5%

3、 minor constituents as allowed by various standards such as the European Standard EN197.1</p><p>　　ASTM C 150 defines portland cement as "hydraulic cement (cement that not only hardens by reacting with

4、water but also forms a water-resistant product) produced by pulverizing clinkers consisting essentially of hydraulic calcium silicates, usually containing one or more of the forms of calcium sulfate as an inter ground ad

5、dition." Clinkers are nodules (diameters： 0.2-1.0 inch [5–25 mm]) of a sintered material that is produced when a raw mixture of predetermined composition is heated to high tempe</p><p>　　Portl

6、and cement clinker is made by heating, in a kiln, a homogeneous mixture of raw materials to a sintering temperature, which is about 1450 °C for modern cements. The aluminium oxide and iron oxide are present as a flu

7、x and contribute little to the strength. For special cements, such as Low Heat (LH) and Sulfate Resistant (SR) types, it is necessary to limit the amount of tricalcium aluminate (3CaO.Al2O3) formed. The major raw materia

8、l for the clinker-making is usually limestone (CaCO3) mixed </p><p><b>　　History</b></p><p>　　Portland cement was developed from natural cements made in Britain in the early part of

9、the nineteenth century, and its name is derived from its similarity to Portland stone, a type of building stone that was quarried on the Isle of Portland in Dorset, England. </p><p>　　The Portland cement is

10、considered to originate from Joseph Aspdin, a British bricklayer from Leeds. It was one of his employees (Isaac Johnson), however, who developed the production technique, which resulted in a more fast-hardening cement wi

11、th a higher compressive strength. This process was patented in 1824. His cement was an artificial cement similar in properties to the material known as "Roman cement" (patented in 1796 by James Parker) and his

12、process was similar to that patented in 1822 an</p><p>　　Aspdin's son William, in 1843, made an improved version of this cement and he initially called it "Patent Portland cement" although he h

13、ad no patent. In 1848 William Aspdin further improved his cement and in 1853 he moved to Germany where he was involved in cement making. Many people have claimed to have made the first Portland cement in the modern sense

14、, but it is generally accepted that it was first manufactured by William Aspdin at Northfleet, England in about 1842. The German Government issu</p><p>　　Production</p><p>　　There are three fund

15、amental stages in the production of Portland cement:</p><p>　　Preparation of the raw mixture </p><p>　　Production of the clinker </p><p>　　Preparation of the cement </p><

16、p>　　To simplify the complex chemical formulae which describe the compounds present in cement, a cement chemist notation was invented. This notation reflects the fact that most of the elements are present in their high

17、est oxidation state, and chemical analyses of cement are expressed as mass percent of these notional oxides</p><p>　　Rawmix preparation</p><p>　　The raw materials for Portland cement production

18、are a mixture of minerals containing calcium oxide, silicon oxide, aluminium oxide, ferric oxide, and magnesium oxide, as fine powder in the 'Dry process' or in the form of a slurry in the 'Wet process'.

19、The raw materials are usually quarried from local rock, which in some places is already practically the desired composition and in other places requires the addition of clay and limestone, as well as iron ore, bauxite or

20、 recycled materials. The in</p><p>　　Formation of clinker</p><p>　　The raw mixture is heated in a cement kiln, a slowly rotating and sloped cylinder, with temperatures increasing over the length

21、 of the cylinder up to a peak temperature of 1400-1450 °C. A complex succession of chemical reactions takes place (see cement kiln) as the temperature rises. The peak temperature is regulated so that the product con

22、tains sintered but not fused lumps. Sintering consists of the melting of 25-30% of the mass of the material. The resulting liquid draws the remaining solid pa</p><p>　　The enthalpy of formation of clinker fr

23、om calcium carbonate and clay minerals is about 1500 to 1700 kJ/kg. However, because of heat loss during production, actual values can be much higher. The high energy requirements and the release of significant amounts o

24、f carbon dioxide makes cement production a concern for global warming.</p><p>　　Cement grinding</p><p>　　In order to achieve the desired setting qualities in the finished product, a quantity (2-

25、8%, but typically 5%) of calcium sulfate (usually gypsum or anhydrite) is added to the clinker and the mixture is finely ground to form the finished cement powder. This is achieved in a cement mill. The grinding process

26、is controlled to obtain a powder with a broad particle size range, in which typically 15% by mass consists of particles below 5 μm diameter, and 5% of particles above 45 μm. The measure of fi</p><p><b>

27、;　　Use</b></p><p>　　The most common use for Portland cement is in the production of concrete. Concrete is a composite material consisting of aggregate (gravel and sand), cement, and water. As a constru

28、ction material, concrete can be cast in almost any shape desired, and once hardened, can become a structural (load bearing) element. Users may be involved in the factory production of pre-cast units, such as panels, beam

29、s, road furniture, or may make cast-in-situ concrete such as building superstructures, roads, dams.</p><p>　　When water is mixed with Portland Cement, the product sets in a few hours and hardens over a perio

30、d of weeks. These processes can vary widely depending upon the mix used and the conditions of curing of the product, but a typical concrete sets in about 6 hours and develops a compressive strength of 8 MPa in

31、24 hours. The strength rises to 15 MPa at 3 days, 23 MPa at 1 week, 35 MPa at 4 weeks and 41 MPa at 3 months. In principle, the strength continues to rise slowly as long as wa

32、ter is available </p><p>　　Cement plants used for waste disposal or processing</p><p>　　Due to the high temperatures inside cement kilns, combined with the oxidizing (oxygen-rich) atmosphere and

33、 long residence times, cement kilns are used as a processing option for various types of waste streams: indeed, they efficiently destroy many hazardous organic compounds. The waste streams also often contain combustible

34、materials which allow the substitution of part of the fossil fuel normally used in the process.</p><p>　　Waste materials used in cement kilns as a fuel supplement</p><p>　　Paint sludge from auto

35、mobile industries </p><p>　　Waste solvents and lubricants </p><p>　　Meat and bone meal - slaughterhouse waste due to bovine spongiform encephalopathy contamination concerns </p><p>

36、　　Waste plastics </p><p>　　Sewage sludge </p><p>　　Rice hulls </p><p>　　Sugarcane waste </p><p>　　Used wooden railroad ties (railway sleepers) </p><p>　　Po

37、rtland cement manufacture also has the potential to remove industrial by-products from the waste-stream, effectively sequestering some environmentally damaging wastes</p><p><b>　　Slag </b></p&

38、gt;<p>　　Fly ash (from power plants) </p><p>　　Silica fume (from steel mills) </p><p>　　Synthetic gypsum </p><p><b>　　波特蘭水泥</b></p><p>　　硅酸鹽水泥(OPC),通

39、常是指從普通硅酸鹽水泥)是最常見的一種水泥在世界各地的一般用途,因為它是一種基本成分的混凝土、砂漿、粉刷、最非專業(yè)漿液。它是一種細粉磨硅酸鹽水泥熟料生產(chǎn)的(90%以上),限定的硫酸鈣(可控制設(shè)定的時間)和5%,小成分作為所允許的各種標準如歐洲標準</p><p>　　波特蘭水泥ASTM(美國材料試驗協(xié)會)C 150定義為“液壓水泥(水泥,不僅與水反應(yīng),產(chǎn)生變硬,但也形成了一個防水的產(chǎn)品)所產(chǎn)生的制粉熟料包含基本液

40、壓鈣硅酸鹽,通常含有一個或更多的形式的硫酸鈣作為國米地面加法。”熟料是結(jié)節(jié)(直徑：0.2-1.0英寸【5 - 25 mm】)的燒結(jié)材料,原料混合后,會產(chǎn)生對未知成分是高溫加熱。低成本和普遍的可用性的石灰石、頁巖,和其他自然形成的物質(zhì)使硅酸鹽水泥材料的廣泛使用成本上個世紀世界各地。在這個世界混凝土成為最多才多藝的建筑材料。</p><p>　　波特蘭水泥熟料是通過加熱,在一個窯、均勻混合的原料,燒結(jié)溫度,這是一個關(guān)

41、于標準稠度用水量1450°C對現(xiàn)代。氧化鋁和氧化鐵的存在作為磁鏈和起太大作用的力量。為特別的水泥,如低熱量(LH)和硫酸鹽抗性(SR)類型,有必要限制在一定數(shù)量的鋁酸三鈣(3CaO.Al2O3)形成。主要原料為熟料決策通常是石灰?guī)r(碳酸鈣)混有第二種材料硅鋁硅酸鹽含粘土作為源的。通常,一種不穩(wěn)定的石灰石含有黏土或二氧化矽使用。碳酸鈣含量的這些石灰?guī)r可以低至80%。第二原料(材料以外的rawmix石灰?guī)r)取決于純凈的石灰石。一些

42、第二所用原材料是:粘土、頁巖、沙子、鐵礦石、鋁礬土、粉煤灰及礦渣。當水泥窯是燃煤電廠，對煤炭灰作為輔助原料</p><p><b>　　歷史</b></p><p>　　普通硅酸鹽水泥,是發(fā)展自英國制造的自然水泥早期的19世紀,公司的名字卻來自其相似度到開拓者的石頭,是建筑物的形式被開采出來的石頭在曼島在多塞特郡波特蘭的英格蘭</p><p>

43、　　水泥被認為是源于Joseph Aspdin,一個英國泥瓦匠。這是他的一個員工(艾薩克·約翰遜),但是,產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)工藝,開發(fā)了一個更加fast-hardening水泥具有更高的抗壓強度。這一過程在1824年獲得發(fā)明專利。他是一個人工水泥水泥在性質(zhì)上的相似的物質(zhì)被稱為“羅馬水泥”(專利1796年詹姆斯·帕克)和他的過程相似,使用專利1822年以來由詹姆士·弗羅斯特1811人給他水泥”英國水泥”。 命名為“波

44、特蘭水泥“也記錄在1823年出版的目錄正在與一個威廉洛克伍德，戴夫史都華，可能還有其他相關(guān)的。</p><p>　　Aspdin的兒子威廉,于1843年,當時提出了一種改進的版本,這使他當初水泥和普通硅酸鹽水泥,稱之為“專利”,雖然他沒有專利。1848年, William Aspdin進一步改進了他的水泥和1853年他移居德國。在那里他參與了水泥制造。許多人都聲稱取得了在現(xiàn)代意義上的第一個硅酸鹽水泥，但普遍認為它

45、最初是由威廉諾斯夫利特，英國阿斯平丁在大約1842年制造的。德國政府發(fā)行的1878年對波特蘭水泥標準。</p><p><b>　　生產(chǎn)</b></p><p>　　有三個基本階段生產(chǎn)硅酸鹽水泥。</p><p>　　1。制備原料的混合物</p><p><b>　　2。熟料生產(chǎn)</b></p

46、><p><b>　　3。制備水泥</b></p><p>　　為了簡化復(fù)雜的化學(xué)公式，描述了該化合物在水泥目前，??水泥化學(xué)家符號被發(fā)明出來。這種符號反映了事實，即大多數(shù)元素都是目前的最高氧化狀態(tài)，和水泥化學(xué)分析，因為這些名義氧化物質(zhì)量百分比表示</p><p><b>　　Rawmix制備</b></p>&

47、lt;p>　　硅酸鹽水泥的生產(chǎn)原料是一種含有氧化鈣，氧化硅，氧化鋁，氧化鐵，氧化鎂和礦物質(zhì)的混合物，如'干進程的細粉或在泥漿中的'濕進程的形式'。原材料通常是從當?shù)亻_采石頭，這在一些地方已幾乎想要的組成和在其他地方需要粘土和石灰石此外，還有鐵礦石，鋁土礦或再生材料。個體首先是原料粉碎，通常低于50毫米。</p><p><b>　　熟料形成</b></p&

48、gt;<p>　　原料的混合料加熱,一個慢速轉(zhuǎn)動水泥窯筒體,與溫度及斜的長度增加到鋼瓶的峰值溫度的1400-1450°C。一個復(fù)雜的化學(xué)反應(yīng)，連續(xù)發(fā)生（見水泥窯）隨著溫度的升高。峰值溫度的調(diào)節(jié)，使產(chǎn)品含有燒結(jié)硬塊但不融合。燒結(jié)包括了25-30％的熔融材料的質(zhì)量。由此產(chǎn)生的液體提請剩下的固體顆粒在一起的表面張力，并作為最終的化學(xué)反應(yīng)中alite組成溶劑的行為。溫度過低會導(dǎo)致不完整的反應(yīng)燒結(jié)和不足，但過高的熔融體中的

49、一個或玻璃，窯襯的破壞，浪費燃料溫度的結(jié)果。當一切都按計劃進行，由此產(chǎn)生的材料是熟料。對冷卻，它傳達給存儲。一些努力通常是由融合的熟料，因為雖然rawmix的化學(xué)物質(zhì)可能已被嚴密控制，窯過程的化學(xué)變化可能引入新的資金來源。熟料可以保存的數(shù)年內(nèi)后再使用。長時間暴露于水中可以降低水泥生產(chǎn)的反應(yīng)性風(fēng)化反映。</p><p>　　熟料形成了從碳酸鈣和粘土礦物焓約1500至1700千焦耳/公斤。但是，由于在生產(chǎn)過程中的熱損

50、失，實際值可能要高得多。高能源需求和二氧化碳的大量釋放，使水泥生產(chǎn)為全球變暖的關(guān)注。</p><p><b>　　水泥膠砂</b></p><p>　　為了實現(xiàn)在成品所需的設(shè)置素質(zhì)，是硫酸鈣（通常石膏或硬石膏）數(shù)量（2-8％，但一般為5％）被添加到熟料和磨細的混合物形成的成品水泥粉。這是實現(xiàn)水泥磨機。研磨過程控制，以獲得具有廣泛的粒度范圍的粉末，通常15％的質(zhì)量直徑小

51、于5微米，5微米以上的顆粒45uM的顆粒組成。細度測量通常采用的是“比表面積“，這是總的水泥顆粒表面單位質(zhì)量面積。初始反應(yīng)關(guān)于加水水泥（最多24小時）的速度是成正比的比表面積。典型值是一般用途的水泥320-380平方米?公斤- 1，和450-650平方米?kg的“快速硬化“水泥- 1。水泥是由皮帶或粉末輸送泵到一個儲存筒倉。水泥廠一般有1-20周筒倉生產(chǎn)足夠的空間，根據(jù)本地需求周期而定。水泥是交付給最終無論是在包裝袋或散裝粉狀從一到客戶

52、的筒倉壓力車輛被炸用戶。在工業(yè)化國家，80％以上的水泥散裝交付</p><p><b>　　使用 </b></p><p>　　波特蘭水泥的最常見用途是在混凝土的生產(chǎn)?；炷潦且环N復(fù)合材料，集料（砂石），水泥和水組成。作為結(jié)構(gòu)材料，混凝土可轉(zhuǎn)換幾乎任何形狀所需，一旦硬化，可以成為一個結(jié)構(gòu)性的（承載）元素。用戶可能參與了預(yù)制廠生產(chǎn)的單位，如板，梁，道路設(shè)施，或作出現(xiàn)澆混

53、凝土現(xiàn)澆上層建筑，如建設(shè)，道路，水壩。這些可能隨現(xiàn)場攪拌混凝土的，也可能與“預(yù)拌“在永久性混合用地作出具體規(guī)定。波特蘭水泥也用在抹灰和找平砂漿（只用沙和水）和水泥漿（水泥/水混合成的差距壓縮到鞏固基礎(chǔ)，路床等）。</p><p>　　當水相混合,產(chǎn)品集硅酸鹽水泥在幾小時內(nèi)和變硬經(jīng)過幾周。這些過程都可能有很大的依賴混合使用和養(yǎng)護條件下的產(chǎn)品,而且是典型的混凝土集在大約6個小時和開發(fā)出一種抗壓強度在24小時內(nèi)8MPa

54、。上升到15MPa的力量在3天,23 MPa在1周、4周后35兆帕,41%的MPa在3個月。原則上，實力繼續(xù)緩慢上漲，只要繼續(xù)水化水可用，而是具體的，通常讓其干燥后幾個星期，導(dǎo)致強度增長停止朗讀字典 - 查看字典詳細內(nèi)容</p><p>　　水泥工廠用于處理廢棄物或加工</p><p>　　由于在水泥窯的高溫，與氧化劑（氧氣豐富）的氣氛和長停留時間相結(jié)合，水泥窯是用來作為各類廢物處理選項流

55、：的確，他們有效地摧毀許多有害的有機化合物。廢物流也常常包含允許的通常在使用過程中部分替代化石燃料的燃燒材料。</p><p>　　應(yīng)用于水泥窯廢料作為燃料的補充</p><p>　　?油漆污泥汽車產(chǎn)業(yè)?廢溶劑和潤滑油?肉類和骨粉-屠宰場的下腳料，由于牛海綿狀腦病污染問題?廢塑料?污水污泥?稻殼?甘蔗廢物?用于木制鐵路枕木（鐵路枕木）</p><p>