外文翻譯--操作混合型鐵水車運(yùn)輸鐵水和設(shè)備進(jìn)行的方法

1、<p>　　Method of operating a mixer type hot metal car for the transport of molten iron and a device for carrying out the method</p><p><b>　　Abstract</b></p><p>　　A hot metal car

2、is used for the transport of molten pig iron from a blast furnace to a steel making plant, the car having an opening through which it is filled and emptied. To restrict heat loss from the car, the opening is closed durin

3、g at least one of (a) the journey from the blast furnace station to the steel making plant and (b) the journey from the steel making plant back to the blast furnace by a disposable cover which is at least partly lost int

4、o the molten iron during the course of the e</p><p>　　Inventors:</p><p>　　Baas, Willem (Heemskerk, NL) Hof, Tette (Heemskerk, NL) Comes, Heinrich (Borken, DE) Jaunich, Helmut (Raesfeld, DE)

5、Krampe, Hubert (Reken, DE) </p><p>　　BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION </p><p>　　1. Field of the Invention </p><p>　　The invention relates to a method of operating a mixer type hot metal

6、car for the transport of molten iron, particularly in conveying pig iron from a blast furnace to a steel making plant, and to a device for carrying out this method. </p><p>　　2. Description of the Prior Art

7、</p><p>　　In the steel industry, pig iron manufactured in a blast furnace is usually conveyed in the liquid state to a steel making plant by means of transport vessel known as a mixer type hot metal car. Ano

8、ther name used for this vehicle is a torpedo car. This hot metal car is a rail vehicle having a torpedo-shaped transfer vessel which is lined on its inside with refractory bricks and is supported on a bogie at each end.

9、The transfer vessel is provided with an opening, known as the pouring mouth, which </p><p>　　In practice, the transfer vessel is filled at a blast furnace with molten pig iron at about 1500° C., and is

10、then conveyed to a steel making plant. The pig iron is transferred from the vessel into a receiver in the steel making plant and the empty vessel is returned to a blast furnace to be refilled with pig iron. </p>&

11、lt;p>　　Sometimes an intermediate stop is made on the outward journey with the full vessel, during which the pig iron in the vessel subjected to treatment, typically being desulphurised. For this purpose a lance is ins

12、erted into the vessel through the opening. </p><p>　　In a steel works a number of such cars are simultaneously in operation. The cycle time of a car is an average of 15 hours, comprising 3 hours for filling,

13、 6 hours for the outward journey and 6 hours for return of the empty vessel. In practice these average times regularly show considerable variations because stops are made for various reasons during the outward and return

14、 journey. An example of a stop made on the return journey is when a car is temporarily put out of operation. </p><p>　　One problem with the known method is that heat loss occurs whilst the car is in operatio

15、n. Some of this heat loss is the result of radiation and convection from the outside surface of the vessel; more heat loss is due mainly to heat radiation through the opening from the inside of the vessel to the atmosphe

16、re. Heat loss during the outward journey means that the pig iron is supplied to the steel making plant at a lower temperature than that at which it is filled into the vessel. If there is and e</p><p>　　SUMMA

17、RY OF THE INVENTION </p><p>　　The object of the invention is to provide a method of operating a mixer type hot metal car for molten iron in which the heat loss through the opening of the transfer vessel is r

18、educed. </p><p>　　A further object of the invention is to provide low cost, simple and safe device for reducing the heat loss through the opening of the transfer vessel for molten iron. </p><p>

19、　　According to the invention, a disposable cover is fitted to seal the opening of the vessel, after it is filled and/or after discharge of the iron from the vessel in order to reduce the heat loss from the vessel through

20、 the opening, and the cover is allowed to be carried away with the iron at the end of the subsequent journey when the pig iron is discharged from the vessel or the vessel is filled with a further charge respectively, so

21、that the cover is at least partly lost into the iron. </p><p>　　Preferably a disposable cover is employed in this manner in each of the journey from the filling location to the discharge station and the jour

22、ney from the discharge station to the next filling station. </p><p>　　One advantage of the method according to the invention is that greater use of scrap is possible in the steel making plant as a result of

23、the higher temperature at which the pig iron is supplied to the plant, thereby providing a crude steel cost price advantage. </p><p>　　Another advantage arises when the method is employed during the return o

24、f an empty transfer vessel. Due to the improved heat retention of the refractory brick in the transfer vessel savings can be achieved in the costs of additional heating of the brick because the number of occasions when t

25、he brick temperature is too low is reduced. Moreover, a longer brick life is achieved by greater heat retention because no cracks are formed. Moreover, cheaper types of refractory material may be used for the</p>

26、<p>　　Because a disposable cover is used in the method according to the invention, the above advantages may be obtained with only one extra operating step, namely fitting a cover at the beginning of the outward and/

27、or return journey. The method according to the invention is also safe because the cover need not be removed at the end of the journey. </p><p>　　If the pig iron is desulphurised in the transfer vessel, the l

28、ance used for this should preferably be inserted into the vessel through a hole in the cover in the region of the opening in the vessel. This hole is preferably made in the cover by perforating the cover by means of the

29、lance when introducing it into the vessel. Preferably also, before such a treatment of the pig iron, at least one further hole is made in the cover in the region of the opening in the vessel to allow the gases formed d&l

30、t;/p><p>　　When a cover is used on the empty transfer vessel according to the invention, the hole in the cover for subsequently filling the transfer vessel with pig iron is preferably made by pouring the pig ir

31、on onto the cover when starting to fill the vessel. </p><p>　　A device for carrying out the method of the invention comprises a disposable cover for closing the opening of the vessel and means for retaining

32、the cover on the vessel. The retaining means should be effective to hold the cover in place under all anticipated conditions, such as wind strength. </p><p>　　The cover should meet requirements for resis

33、tance to the radiation from the inside of the transfer vessel and for the desired insulation value. </p><p>　　The retaining means are all the more essential if the cover is light because of its disposable ch

34、aracter. In one preferred embodiment the retaining means consist of part of the cover which extends into the opening, at least over a certain distance, and is located close to the edge of the opening. The part projecting

35、 into the opening should preferably be a wall structure which is closed circumferentially. In order to protect the refractory lining at the opening during filling of the vessel, at le</p><p>　　For desulphuri

36、sation purposes the cover is preferably provided with at least one prefabricated weak point in the region of the opening, which can be mechanically perforated e.g. by pushing with a pointed body. </p><p>　　I

37、n an embodiment wich is preferred under certain conditions, the cover has a collar extending outside the area of the opening. This collar at least partially protects the refractory lining on the outside of the opening wh

38、en the transfer vessel is being filled with pig iron. </p><p>　　In selection of the material of the disposable cover, consideration must be given to the desideratum that the cover should not give rise to any

39、 undesirable additives in the pig iron and/or slag when it is lost into the vessel on filling or into the receiver on discharge.</p><p>　　In one preferred embodiment of the cover, in which a hole can be made

40、 for filling the vessel with pig iron, the cover, at least locally in the area of the vessel opening, is made so that it collapses (loses structural integrity) under the influence of liquid pig iron, forming a hole. To t

41、his end, the cover preferably has a cup-shaped part or depression extending into the opening, the bottom of which collapses into the hole formed when the liquid pig iron is poured into the depression. The hole i</p>

42、;<p>　　A preferred cover is manufactured at least partly from a material comprising at least 50% refractory filler material, 5-40% refractory fibrous material and 2-10% binding agent. </p><p>　　It is

43、worth mentioning that a mat of refractory fibres and binder has been proposed for use in contact with the surface of a molten metal bath to reduce heat loss, see e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 3,876,420, but there has apparently bee

44、n no suggestion of the use of a disposable cover for the filling opening of a transport vessel. </p><p>　　A hot metal car should be located carefully under the end of a pig iron runner before the vessel is f

45、illed with pig iron. In the case of a mixer without a cover, this positioning is usually achieved by use of the opening which is visible in sharp contrast due to the high temperature of the inside of the transfer vessel.

46、 If a cover is used, this method of positioning cannot be used; therefore the cover should preferably, have on the side facing away from the inside of the vessel, a contrasting ma</p><p>　　BRIEF DESCRIPTION

47、OF THE DRAWINGS </p><p>　　Preferred embodiments of the invention will be illustrated below by way of non-limitative example with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: </p><p>　　FIGS.

48、 1a to 1d are a diagrammatic representation of the method according to the invention. </p><p>　　FIGS. 2a and 2b show a longitudinal and transverse section respectively through a typical mixer type hot metal

49、car. </p><p>　　FIGS. 3a to 3h show various forms of disposable cover for use in the method according to the invention, in section. </p><p>　　FIGS. 4a to 4c show further details of various covers

50、 for use in the invention. </p><p>　　FIGS. 5a to 5c are a top view and sectional views of one embodiment of the disposable cover. </p><p>　　DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS </p>&

51、lt;p>　　In FIG. 1a the conveyance of liquid pig iron between a blast furnace 1 and a steel making plant 2 by means of a mixer type hot metal car 3 (torpedo car) is represented symbolically. </p><p>　　FIG.

52、1b show diagrammatically the method of conveyance according to the state of the art, in which the hot metal car 4 is shown in cross-section. The car is moved, after being filled with pig iron at the blast furnace (5) to

53、the steel making plant where the pig iron is transferred to a receiver, not shown by rotating the vessel (6). The empty car is then returned to the blast furnace and filled again with pig iron (7). </p><p>　

54、　As shown in FIG. 1c, according to the method of the invention, a disposable cover 10 is fitted on the vessel to close the opening thereof after the vessel is filled with pig iron (8) and/or after the pig iron has been t

55、ransferred to the receiver (9). In each case a cover is lost into the pig iron, at 9 when the vessel is discharged and at 11 when the vessel is recharged. </p><p>　　FIG. 1d shows diagrammatically the variati

56、on of the temperature of the pig iron and of the refractory brick of the vessel of the hot metal car during outward journeys 5-6, 8-9, and during return journeys 6-7, 9-11. The location at the blast furnace is at the lef

57、t, and the location at the steel making plant at the right. Temperature is plotted vertically. The lines 8-9-11 apply for the case where a disposable cover is fitted on the mixer car both during the outward and return jo

58、urneys and the lin</p><p>　　FIGS. 2a and 2b show a mixer type hot metal car in a conventional embodiment comprising a torpedo-shaped transfer vessel 12, which is provided on the inside with a refractory bric

59、k 13, and which may be rotated about the horizontal longitudinal axis at both ends 14 and 15, and is supported on bogies 16 and 17. The vessel has an opening 18, around which it is protected by a plate 19 on the outside

60、against the pig iron being poured into the vessel. This plate 19 is in most cases right up against th</p><p>　　In the preferred method of the invention a disposable cover is fitted for closing the opening, a

61、nd retaining means are used to keep the cover located at the opening, particularly during movement of the car. This movement usually takes place in the open air, and the cover, which should preferably be lightweight, may

62、 easily be lifted by wind from the car if no retaining means are used. However the use of the retaining means should preferably not involve any additional operations when removing any </p><p>　　In the embodi

63、ment shown in FIG. 3a, the retaining means consist of pins 20 which are connected to plate 19 and which extend into holes 21 in the flat disposable cover 36. Pins connected to the disposable cover, which drop into holes

64、in the plate, may alternatively be provided. In each of the embodiments of the disposable cover shown in FIGS. 3b to 3h the retaining means consist of a part or parts of the cover projecting into the opening and located

65、close to or abutting the edge wall 22 of the op</p><p>　　In the covers shown in FIGS. 3d to 3h the part extending into the opening has an external taper (tapering towards the inside of the vessel when fitted

66、) dimensioned so that the cover fits into the opening when located on the vessel. Whether or not combined with elastic deformability of the tapered section, this feature causes the cover to wedge in the opening when loca

67、ted on the vessel, and also provides the opening with the excellent sealing against heat loss to convection. FIG. 3d shows an embo</p><p>　　In FIGS. 3a to 3d inclusive, the cover is shown provided with an ex

68、ternal collar 26 extending past the edge of the opening 18, which collar at least temporarily protects the refractory lining 27 outside of the opening during the filling with pig iron. </p><p>　　In the embod

69、iments of FIGS. 3f to 3h the upper portion 29 of the cover which closes the opening 18 has a cup-shaped section 28 or depression which reduces the splashing of pig iron when commencing filling. In the covers of FIGS. 3g

70、and 3h, the vertical side wall 30 of this cup portion coincides with the tapered circumferentially closed wall structure 24. </p><p>　　The material from which the cover is manufactured must meet essentially

71、contradictory requirements. On the one hand the cover should have a good insulation value to limit heat transmission through it. The cover should also be at least sufficiently refractory to resist the thermal loading fro

72、m the liquid pig iron or the refractory brick during the outward or return journey. On the other hand, the part or parts of the cover which are carried away with the pig iron when the car is filled, or when t</p>

73、<p>　　As shown in FIG. 3h, the cover can be reinforced with stiffener 36, e.g. a gauze to obtain a low weight, good elasticity and sufficient strength. Eyes (lugs) 37 or the like can be connected to it for use when

74、handling the cover. However, these eyes or lugs may be anchored in the cover material even when no stiffener or reinforcement is used. </p><p>　　In a further embodiment of the invention the cover is divided

75、into several parts, in which case part of the cover, e.g. collar 26 and or the circumferentially closed wall structure 24 is retained when the mixer is filled and can be re-used. </p><p>　　A hole is made in

76、the wall portion 28 which closes opening 18 for the purpose of filling the vessel, preferably by the effect of the pig iron on the cover when filling starts. This hole comprises at least part of the wall portion 28. This

77、 effect of the pig iron is the mechanical action of the impulse of the jet of pig iron from the blast furnace runner, which breaks a hole through or the thermal action of the heat of the liquid pig iron on the material o

78、f the cover which burns or melts a hole or</p><p>　　The cover of FIGS. 4a to 4c has for this purpose an at least local weakening. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4a, this consists of a wall thinning 30, in F

79、IG. 4b it is a shear plate 31, and in FIG. 4c it consists of a cap 32. The embodiments of FIGS. 4b and 4c are well suited for the making of a hole by pushing with a pointed body. This happens when the pig iron is subject

80、ed to desulphurisation treatment in the vessel on the outward journey. The hole is thus made with the lance when the lance is</p><p>　　Covers of different designs may be used for the outward and return journ

81、ey, respectively, e.g. depending on whether or not weak points 30,31,32 are provided, and on whether or not a collar 26 is provided. The covers for the outward and/or return journey may also vary in design according to t

82、he expected duration of these journeys. </p><p>　　操作混合型鐵水車運(yùn)輸鐵水和設(shè)備進(jìn)行的方法</p><p><b>　　摘要</b></p><p>　　A hot metal car is used for the transport of molten pig iron from a bl

83、ast furnace to a steel making plant, the car having an opening through which it is filled and emptied.鐵水車是用于從高爐到鋼鐵廠運(yùn)輸熔融鐵水的。這種車右一個(gè)盛裝鐵水的鐵罐，這種鐵罐是開(kāi)口式的。為了減少運(yùn)行過(guò)程中鐵水的熱量損失，從高爐到鋼鐵廠和從鋼鐵廠到高爐的這段行程中罐口試封閉的，以減少鐵水向空氣中散發(fā)熱量。</p>&l

84、t;p>　　發(fā)明者：巴斯.威廉（荷蘭）</p><p><b>　　霍夫.特特（荷蘭）</b></p><p>　　康姆斯.海因里希（德國(guó)）</p><p>　　賈里奇.科爾（德國(guó)）</p><p>　　卡帕.休伯特（德國(guó)）</p><p>　　出版日期：1985年6月25日</p&g

85、t;<p><b>　　發(fā)明背景：</b></p><p><b>　　（1）發(fā)明的領(lǐng)域</b></p><p>　　該發(fā)明涉及一種混合型鐵水車，特別是在從高爐向鋼鐵廠運(yùn)輸鐵水這段過(guò)程中的設(shè)備實(shí)施這一方法。</p><p><b>　　（2）發(fā)明的說(shuō)明</b></p>&l

86、t;p>　　在鋼鐵行業(yè)中，生鐵從高爐轉(zhuǎn)達(dá)通常是在液態(tài)狀態(tài)下，實(shí)現(xiàn)從高爐到鋼鐵廠運(yùn)輸鐵水的車稱為混合型鐵水車，另一種車輛時(shí)魚(yú)雷罐車，這種鐵水車是鐵路車輛，主要有一個(gè)內(nèi)部有耐火磚的魚(yú)雷罐，并且支持轉(zhuǎn)向架的兩端。鐵水車只有一個(gè)開(kāi)放的口，稱為澆注口，在高爐注入鐵水，運(yùn)輸?shù)戒撹F廠時(shí)倒出鐵水。這種運(yùn)輸容器通過(guò)繞其縱軸旋轉(zhuǎn)倒出鐵水，使鐵水通過(guò)澆注口轉(zhuǎn)移到另一個(gè)容器。舉一個(gè)例子，在荷蘭申請(qǐng)專利號(hào)為68.14343的鐵水車（美國(guó)為3661374號(hào)）

87、。</p><p>　　在生產(chǎn)中，這種鐵水車從高爐注入的鐵水溫度為100℃，然后運(yùn)送到鋼鐵廠。鐵水被運(yùn)送到鋼鐵廠后，再返回高爐繼續(xù)注入鐵水。</p><p>　　有時(shí)，在運(yùn)輸?shù)揭粋€(gè)中間站的時(shí)候，鐵水車中的鐵水通常進(jìn)行脫硫處理，然后再運(yùn)輸?shù)戒撹F廠。</p><p>　　在鋼鐵生產(chǎn)時(shí)，多輛鐵水車同時(shí)工作，每輛鐵水車的工作時(shí)間大約在15個(gè)小時(shí)左右，其中包括3個(gè)小時(shí)的裝罐時(shí)

88、間，6個(gè)小時(shí)的運(yùn)輸時(shí)間以及6個(gè)小時(shí)的空車返回時(shí)間。在實(shí)際生產(chǎn)中，經(jīng)常會(huì)出現(xiàn)鐵水車平均工作時(shí)間有很大的差距，這是因?yàn)樵谶\(yùn)輸過(guò)程中因?yàn)楦鞣N原因而出現(xiàn)停車現(xiàn)象。例如，在空車返回過(guò)程中停車。</p><p>　　其中有一個(gè)共所周知的問(wèn)題是，在運(yùn)輸過(guò)程中鐵水的熱量損失。損失的熱量部分是由于輻射和對(duì)流從車的外部散發(fā)出去，大部分是散發(fā)到大氣中去了。有熱量損失就意味著鐵水運(yùn)輸?shù)戒撹F廠時(shí)的溫度比剛注入時(shí)鐵水的溫度低。如果在運(yùn)輸過(guò)程

89、中發(fā)生停車現(xiàn)象，鐵水運(yùn)輸?shù)戒撹F廠時(shí)已經(jīng)無(wú)法使用。由于熱量損失，在空車返回時(shí)耐火磚冷卻，這也就導(dǎo)致了提供給鋼鐵廠的鐵水溫度過(guò)低，當(dāng)把鐵水倒入收取的車輛時(shí)，耐火磚損失部分熱量。此外，由于返回時(shí)間比較長(zhǎng)，耐火磚冷卻下來(lái)，就有可能在耐火磚上出現(xiàn)裂縫。</p><p><b>　　發(fā)明的概述</b></p><p>　　發(fā)明的對(duì)象是一種方法，減少混合型鐵水車在運(yùn)輸過(guò)程中鐵水的熱

90、量損失。</p><p>　　發(fā)明的另一個(gè)對(duì)象是提供成本低，簡(jiǎn)便，安全的裝置，減少在運(yùn)輸過(guò)程中鐵水的熱量損失。</p><p>　　根據(jù)發(fā)明，在裝滿鐵水和空車的鐵水車上裝上一次性的封閉層，以減少鐵水的熱量損失。并且在倒出鐵水時(shí)帶走的一部分封閉層時(shí)，進(jìn)一步加封閉層，以便覆蓋部分至少是倒出鐵水的那部分。</p><p>　　在鐵水運(yùn)輸?shù)母鱾€(gè)階段，即從注入鐵水到倒出鐵水的

91、各個(gè)階段，最好是采用一次性封閉層的方式。</p><p>　　該發(fā)明的一個(gè)優(yōu)勢(shì)是，在保持較高溫度的鐵水運(yùn)輸?shù)戒撹F廠時(shí)，盡量利用廢料，從而降低了粗鋼成本，提高價(jià)格優(yōu)勢(shì)。</p><p>　　另一個(gè)優(yōu)勢(shì)是，這種方法在空車返回時(shí)也可以應(yīng)用，改進(jìn)的保溫耐火磚可以節(jié)省鐵水車中更多的保溫磚，因?yàn)樵谀承┣闆r下，磚的溫度過(guò)低，磚就減少了。此外，壽命較長(zhǎng)的耐火磚，保溫性更好，因?yàn)槟突鸫u沒(méi)有裂縫產(chǎn)生。另外，各

92、種便宜的耐火磚也可以用于鐵水車的耐火磚。</p><p>　　根據(jù)發(fā)明，使用一次性保溫層的方法有上述的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，但是，在開(kāi)車和回程的時(shí)候，多了一個(gè)額外的步驟。該發(fā)明的使用也很安全，因?yàn)樵阼F水運(yùn)輸過(guò)程結(jié)束時(shí)沒(méi)有去除封閉層的需要，如果在鐵水運(yùn)行的過(guò)程進(jìn)行脫硫處理，用于脫硫的長(zhǎng)管最好通過(guò)一個(gè)孔插入到鐵水車?yán)?，包括敞口式的鐵水車。當(dāng)脫硫的長(zhǎng)管插入時(shí)，最好用封面覆蓋射孔。并且，在這種鐵水處理之前，至少有一個(gè)深孔在開(kāi)口式鐵水車的

93、覆蓋區(qū)域內(nèi)，使氣體在脫硫過(guò)程中放出。鐵水脫硫過(guò)程中使用的另一種方法，攪拌機(jī)可以再更大程度上填補(bǔ)沒(méi)有使用覆蓋的區(qū)域。沒(méi)有使用覆蓋層，鐵水的安全有限，因?yàn)樵诿摿蜻^(guò)程中，有濺出鐵水的危險(xiǎn)。由于鐵水車允許裝載的鐵水量較多，沒(méi)噸鐵水的成本就可以減少。</p><p>　　根據(jù)發(fā)明，當(dāng)空鐵水車使用覆蓋層時(shí)，當(dāng)開(kāi)始注入鐵水時(shí)，覆蓋層上的孔在隨后注入鐵水最好在覆蓋層上。</p><p>　　本發(fā)明的方法，

94、用一次性封閉層的鐵水車，封閉層保留在車上，這種方法應(yīng)充分考慮到預(yù)期的情況，如風(fēng)力強(qiáng)度等。</p><p>　　封閉層應(yīng)該符合抵抗鐵水散熱所需隔熱值的要求。</p><p>　　這種保留封閉層的手段，最重要的是封閉層很輕，因?yàn)橛泻芎玫目芍湫浴１Ａ舴忾]層的手段最好使封閉層延伸到開(kāi)口處，至少保留一定的距離，并靠近開(kāi)口處的邊緣。開(kāi)口處的噴射部分，最好是封閉環(huán)的內(nèi)壁結(jié)構(gòu)。</p>&

95、lt;p>　　為了至少暫時(shí)的保護(hù)好在裝入鐵水時(shí)的開(kāi)口處的耐火磚內(nèi)襯，延伸到開(kāi)口處的部分最好在錐形的外表面。這樣，鐵水車的封閉層在開(kāi)口處往往是楔形的，這部分最好能靈活變形，使之在合適的形狀時(shí)打開(kāi)安裝</p><p>　　封閉層最好要體現(xiàn)，上面有一個(gè)孔，可以往鐵水車中注入鐵水，這個(gè)封閉層最好要在鐵水罐的開(kāi)口附近區(qū)域，是由在其倒塌（失去結(jié)構(gòu)完整性）下影響液態(tài)鐵水，形成一個(gè)孔。為此，封閉層最好有一個(gè)杯形或者降低延伸

96、到開(kāi)口處，它的底部在注入鐵水時(shí)形成孔。這個(gè)是由鐵水的噴射沖力形成的孔，它在從高爐注入鐵水的時(shí)候掉進(jìn)鐵罐內(nèi)，或高溫的鐵水影響形成封閉層。封閉層最好是合適的，以便杯狀的側(cè)壁垂直高度至少到上述封閉墻的高度。</p><p>　　對(duì)于脫硫時(shí)，最好在封閉層上選擇一個(gè)薄弱的地方，用推尖機(jī)構(gòu)等機(jī)械法穿孔。</p><p>　　有一個(gè)體現(xiàn)，在首選的某些條件下，封閉層的面積已經(jīng)擴(kuò)大到開(kāi)口處的外部區(qū)域。當(dāng)往鐵

97、水車中注入鐵水時(shí)，這個(gè)封閉環(huán)至少要部分延伸到開(kāi)口處的外面的耐火磚內(nèi)襯。</p><p>　　在選擇一次性封閉層的材料時(shí)，必須考慮到當(dāng)它融入鐵水車中的鐵水時(shí)，封閉層的材料不會(huì)成為鐵水或礦渣的不良添加劑。</p><p>　　封閉層最好組成部分是至少50％的難冶性填充材料，5~40％的耐火纖維，2~10％的結(jié)合劑。</p><p>　　值得一提的是，一張封閉層的耐火纖維

98、和粘合劑已提議用于接觸表面的熔融金屬，以減少熱損失。例如美國(guó)標(biāo)號(hào)為3876420號(hào)的封閉層，但顯然還沒(méi)有被提議用于一次性的鐵水車封閉層。</p><p>　　在鐵水車裝滿鐵水之前，鐵水車必須謹(jǐn)慎的定位。如果沒(méi)有封閉層的鐵水車，高溫鐵水車的這個(gè)位置通常是使開(kāi)口處形成鮮明的對(duì)比。如果使用封閉層，就不能使用這個(gè)定位方法；因此，封閉層最好有一面遠(yuǎn)離鐵水罐的底部，對(duì)于一個(gè)有明確價(jià)值的鐵水車，上面都要有封閉層。</p&

99、gt;<p><b>　　圖的簡(jiǎn)要說(shuō)明</b></p><p><b>　　圖1a</b></p><p><b>　　圖1b</b></p><p><b>　　圖1c</b></p><p><b>　　圖1d</b>