外文翻譯---建筑生命周期

1、<p><b>　　外文文獻(xiàn)：　</b></p><p>　　THE LIFE CYCLE OF BUILDING</p><p><b>　　ABSTRACT</b></p><p>　　Sustainable Building is a global issue. The life cycle of buil

2、ding influences the life cycles of </p><p>　　the whole planet dramatically. </p><p>　　Some of the methods concerning Environmentally-Sound and Healthy Building, developed and used in The Netherl

3、ands will be presented and discussed in the perspective of world wide effects. Awareness about and development of those methods and approaches are actually yet not at their end. </p><p>　　The scientific and

4、technical complexity of the theme and the fact that the objectives are items of commercial and political interests make Sustainable Building a delicate problem. </p><p>　　However, after having seen how compl

5、icated it is to contribute to a Sustainable Development substantially, we will conclude with some Rules of Thumb and Innovative proposals, in order to stimulate more significant contributions in the future.</p>&l

6、t;p>　　INTRODUCTION</p><p>　　Knowledge on Sustainable Building was an item of highest importance already in the begin of human culture and civilisation. Looking back, in history, we find that Sustainable B

7、uilding was a question of survival. Protection against weather circumstances, dangerous animals and hostile fellow men belong(ed) to the main functions of a building. In order to fulfil these demands it was necessary to

8、find an equilibrium between the environmentally or ecologically based possibilities of resources and the</p><p>　　When humankind started to exploit or produce ('hard) energy on a large scale - at least a

9、 part, in the so called West - by steam, electricity from fuels like coal, mineral oil, gas, hydropower and finally nuclear power, the scene of building changed dramatically, certainly in the rich countries, which used a

10、nd still use to exploit others. </p><p>　　In spite of pollution, deterioration and exploitation - these phenomena even mostly fully ignored - the socalled industrial revolution started. Independent from a vi

11、tal need, mass production firstly of all kinds of goods and later of more and more building products started. With the economical interest and power it was possible to create markets and to sell the mass products, even t

12、o far away located consumers, while the relative easy new transportation lines of train and ship and later of truck</p><p>　　In the last decades we slowly recognized the terrible effects of this way to build

13、 in our environment as well as on ourselves. The mondial disaster might be, for approximately a third, the effect of the building activities, while the Sick Building Syndrome is fully created by the recent and nowadays w

14、ay to build and to dwell. At the same time we should be aware that the rich appearing, technological advanced countries, which are approximately 20% of the whole humankind, can effort this 'style' o</p>&l

15、t;p>　　It seems extraordinary difficult to increase the awareness of the first World concerning these relations within our mondial society. But even more difficult it is to transform our behaviour towards more balanced

16、 circumstances in the world. This contribution aims to help, modestly, to support a strategy together with the necessary 'know how' towards Sustainable Building as an essential part of Sustainable Development. &l

17、t;/p><p>　　The entire building process – from cradle to grave or even from cradle to cradle – in its </p><p>　　relation to the environment in terms of energy use and emission between digging (in pu

18、t) </p><p>　　out of the environment and bringing back (out put) into the environment. </p><p>　　On the way of this life cycle we face exploitation, pollution and deterioration of the </p>

19、<p>　　environment. Partial reuse is always good, but it is only a very low compensation for the </p><p>　　damages, which the whole process causes.</p><p>　　LIFE CYCLE </p><p>

20、　　Looking more carefully (than usual) to the Life Cycle of materials and products (and similarly also to the flow of energy), applied for all kinds of purposes, including building, it is useful to distinguish in the rela

21、tionship of the changes a material (or an energy) undergoes with space and time. Doing so, we systematically can focus on the various impacts which the chain of causes and effects of the life cycle of a material has, in

22、different scales and on short, middle, and long term. </p><p>　　Before and after the final application and destination of a material, as a component in a building, while it is used - the actual goal of a bui

23、lding material - we can distinguish a number of characteristic activities. There are roughly the following activities: Before the phase of using a material it firstly has to be digged or 'harvested' out of the en

24、vironment. </p><p>　　Secondly the building material has to be made out or produced from the raw material. </p><p>　　Thirdly and mostly there is a certain assemblage needed in order to get a usef

25、ul building component. In between these main activities, transport and storage is needed very often. </p><p>　　All of these acts need energy and there is hardly one of them which does not create emissions. &

26、lt;/p><p>　　To make a building useful, it needs the finishing touch together with the integration of all equipment and furniture, which will go on during the use of the building together with cleaning, care tak

27、ing and exploiting the building. Heating and/or cooling and lighting are conditional in this period as well. Again, all of these handlings need energy and there is hardly one of them, which does not pollute the environme

28、nt. </p><p>　　After and partially already during the phase of use, it will appear, that changes, or, at least strong, maintenance is needed. Partial demolition will be one of the consequences, than partial o

29、r full renewal or refurbishment can take place. Although there is a resource - saving possibility of reuse of various gradations with more or less manipulations, needed for a final proper reuse - again 'we can sing t

30、he refrain of the need of energy and emission'. </p><p>　　Finally, everything, including the energy flow, ends up in the environment. But on the way, unfortunately, the handling mostly was executed witho

31、ut consideration for the availability of resources on long term, in other words exploitation, without consideration for pollution either of the environment and/or concerned and committed persons and people. Already nowad

32、ays we got the proof, that many of the negative effects will last for a long and very long time. </p><p>　　We recognize the whole life cycle as an extraordinary plot on the environment, and, paradoxical enou

33、gh, very often also as a plot against our own health and safety, certainly on a long term. </p><p>　　If we would like to reach a Sustainable Development we have to reduce the consumption generally, we have t

34、o reduce the consumption of energy, directly and indirectly used, and we have to minimize or even to exclude the pollution. Concerning deterioration of the landscape and exploitation of resources we earnestly have to sea

35、rch for renewable sources, whichs applications lead only to a short lasting deterioration. </p><p><b>　　EFFECTS </b></p><p>　　The effects of building activities are manifold. In the

36、former chapter we spent attention to the life cycle of a (building) material, mainly in terms of phases or periods, shortly in terms of time. Concerning space it is possible to distinguish a number of dimensions or scale

37、s, in order to be able to specify effects in this field(s). There is a practical order with the dimension of: </p><p>　　-Local -Regional - Fluvial - Continental - Mondial, and even- Cosmic - with reference t

38、o the fact, that the production and traffic processes, shipping and space exploration. </p><p>　　Thus six dimensions. </p><p>　　The areas which (can) undergo an impact and influence can be disti

39、nguished into: </p><p>　　-Earth (the ground, including the Mineral Kingdom) - Water (all kinds of rivers, lakes, seas, ..) - Air (the atmosphere) - Energy (mainly the energy sources), furthermore the Plants

40、Kingdom - the Animal Kingdom - Humans (to be understood also as a part of nature) with their (valuable) Cultural Artefacts and possibly miscellaneous, Nine areas in total. </p><p>　　These areas, just explain

41、ed, can be found on local, regional, fluvial, continental and mondial scale. This means, that an impact or influence, caused by a production process or the use of building can affect or effect these areas locally, fluvia

42、lly, continentally, mondially or even cosmically. Thus six dimension. </p><p>　　Beside this, it is necessary to realise, that the effects can come from the various activities, connected to the whole life cyc

43、le of a building material or product and the concerned processes. We distinguished nine of those activities. Three before, three during and three after the use of a building, nine together. </p><p>　　The pos

44、sible effects are innumerable. Sick Building Syndrome on the one hand, pollution, deterioration and exploitation on the other hand, are only rather summarizing effects. </p><p>　　The reports on base of measu

45、rements and enquiries concerning building related illnesses, human- and ecotoxicological problems, amongst others in the food chains of animals and men, changes of landscapes and ending resources, beside the elianated an

46、d decreasing cultural values, goes already in the tens, hundreds, thousands, perhaps tenthousands . Worldwide. </p><p>　　If we would like to measure, to rank, to weight in order to judge the impact or influe

47、nce of a building material in its life cycle in terms of concerned quantities - with some completeness - we have to deal with more than thousand data - for each. </p><p>　　In addition to this it has to be co

48、nsidered, that the data will change dependent from a changed choice of the used source of more or less renewable energy or farer or nearer places of to be found raw materials, or harder or softer production processes, et

49、c. etc. </p><p>　　It seems it will be an unsolvable task to get a correct result of the environmental and health impact assessment this means to calculate it, as it should. However it also seems that all att

50、empts have to be made to convince us how to make our future choices.</p><p>　　DUTCH CONTRIBUTIONS</p><p>　　Here it will be not possible to give an unbroken historical report on all attempts towa

51、rds Sustainable Development and Sustainable Building made in the Netherlands since the energy crisis in the begin of the seventies. However two lines will be sketched - a governmental and a non-governmental one, which ev

52、en started before the energy crisis, around the time of the first signs given by the Club of Rome. </p><p>　　Both of these lines developed consciousness as well as later regulations on Sustainable Building.

53、And, of course, the practical realisations always take longer and they are much weaker than the formulation and postulation of aims. </p><p>　　The energy crisis led to a socalled 'Brede Maatschappelijke

54、Discussie' - BMD, a Broad Social Debate in order to choose or approach new scenarios for gaining and using energy. </p><p>　　At the end of the seventies there appeared a governmental report 'Zorgen v

55、oor Morgen' (Care for Tomorrow) and after this the first NMP - National Environmental Policy Plan, A Clean Environment - Choose it or Loose it. The Building Sector was addressed there with issues as </p><p

56、>　　A NMP+, and, after four years at times, a NMP1, a NMP2 and a NMP3 followed. </p><p>　　Nowadays the NMP4 is in preparation. </p><p>　　Side by side there came a semi-governmental institution

57、 into existence: NOVEM, which unified quite a lot of former particular and private initiatives in the field of mainly (alternative) energy use like e.g. 'Energie Anders' (A different Energy). </p><p>

58、;　　Together with SEV, the Group dealing with Experiments in Housing and SBR, Foundation </p><p>　　Building Research started with the governmental supported institute Duurzaam Bouwen - </p><p>　　

59、DuBo Sustainable Building. </p><p>　　Along this development, important to mention, there appeared five times (yearly) a </p><p>　　Paasbrief - an Eastermessage of Rgd - Rijksgebouwendienst the go

60、vernmental section, </p><p>　　which takes care for all governmental buildings. </p><p>　　Regulations like 'Bouwbesluit' (Decision to build) and the 'Plan van aanpak' (How to <

61、/p><p>　　Grasp) and Nationaal Pakket (National Package) voor Woningbouw (Housing) and later </p><p>　　Utiliteitsbouw (Utility Building) were further steps in the development. </p><p>　

62、　Nowadays we see a state of a relative awareness about the necessity of Sustainable Building also in its complexity, but it seems at the same time, that the relatively easy possible, 'small steps' give already a

63、satisfaction, with which the majority of the planners and builders remain.</p><p>　　The number of model projects of Sustainable Building is growing, but their consequence in following the main aims of a Sust

64、ainable Development is far from the desirable, far from a substantial contribution to the world problems.</p><p>　　COMPLEXITY</p><p>　　The Life Cycle of Building has – as we already have seen a

65、high complexity concerning its technical structure in time and space. Beside this it also has a complicated and even delicate place and meaning concerning its social and economical importance. Being a main part of eachs

66、country’s national economy and being in the hands of profit-orientated industries in relation with employment or unemployment of large numbers of workers in the building and construction industry it is not easy to change

67、 </p><p>　　In the Metamodel for an Integral Bio-Logical Architecture we see the complexity – visualised, and this mandala like diagram with its pictograms is made as a kind of checklist, but also as a(n) (de

68、sign) aid and to support a fundamental contemplative and reflective view on architecture, building and planning and the manifold processes within and around. </p><p>　　It might be helpful also to look to the

69、 cost consequences of the Life Cycle of Building </p><p>　　integrally and on long term. </p><p>　　In the Iceberg Theory it is stated, that the real costs of building are approximately ten times

70、higher than the prices we pay usually for a building or also for the most other more or less high advanced industrial products. </p><p>　　The reasons for these hidden costs are to find in mainly three circum

71、stances: </p><p><b>　　Firstly </b></p><p>　　Sooner or later we will have to compensate and to repair the damages in the natural environment as a consequence of the (life) cycles of m

72、any building materials and the use of energy, as already described previously. The (costly) sometimes repeated attempts we make and will make will not be successful in all cases. </p><p><b>　　Secondly

73、</b></p><p>　　Sooner or later we will have to cure the damages of the health of coming generations as a consequence of toxic, and otherwise harmful materials, processes and products, as already mention

74、ed previously. Also these (costly sometimes repeated) attempt will not always be successful. </p><p><b>　　Thirdly</b></p><p>　　We also have to take into account , that the usual pric

75、es we pay for energy and raw materials, but labour as well – often from the Third World countries – are, compared with what in the advanced countries would be asked for, extraordinary low. </p><p>　　It might

76、 be – beside the loss of priceless values in nature, and – culture – that the hidden </p><p>　　costs will even be more than ten times the usual prices in some cases.</p><p>　　RULES OF THUMB</

77、p><p>　　In this key note paper about the Life Cycle of Building we only will give two rules of thumb, which – in case of application – can help to bring us (significally) nearer towards Sustainable Building and

78、 a Sustainable Development. </p><p>　　The first rule of thumb is the rule for co-operation, collaboration, teamwork. A mondial and disciplines crossing synthesis and a symbiosis of even opposing ideas, appro

79、aches strategies and expectations are needed in order to survive as humankind at least with a minimum of health. </p><p>　　The Method Holistic Participation – MHP is such an instrument, which can help to bri

80、ng the factors of a complex problem together in order to find or create an optimal solution. By means of the rotating and ‘weaving structure’ in the sequence of exploration, developing, design but also consultation and d

81、ecision phases it is possible that the opposing participants of experts, users and clients can come to a common solution which will respect the minority and which will be better for the whole than</p><p>　　W

82、e could compare our (humankinds) situation with the situation of Crew of a boat or a space ship in danger. Everybody has to cooperate positively in order to make the chance for success high as possible. </p><p

83、>　　The second rule of thumb is a rule for a proper choice of a building material. A matrix </p><p>　　helps to orientate on the possible choices: </p><p>　　On the left side we distinguish the

84、various origins of a material: </p><p>　　growing plants – growing animal – minerals (metals included) – mixtures. </p><p>　　On the right side we see the gradations of the impact on the raw mater

85、ial in order to make </p><p>　　it suitable for the application: </p><p>　　without treatment – (s)lightly treated – heavy treated – transformed. </p><p>　　In both groups of categorie

86、s we can see the lower we look the more risks we will face because of the facts that the material is not renewable or difficult to reuse and the fact ….. more energy and transport will be needed. </p><p>　　T

87、he risks for health hazards as well as damages of the environment are the bigger the </p><p>　　lower in the diagram a choice will be made for a building material.</p><p>　　INNOVATIONS</p>

88、<p>　　In the last years, more and more customers asked for healthy and/or environmentally - sound dwellings and working places. They seem to be still in the minority. Even much less experts strive towards buildings

89、 with the described qualities in spite of so many attempts by some NGOs and a growing number of governments. </p><p>　　Looking to conferences and various publications one could get the impression, that some

90、progress is made: lots of conferences are dedicated to sustainability and Building and Construction, often also in relation to Health. Ten years ago it was only the name, which carried Sustainability. Nowadays we get alr

91、eady contributions, which contents have a serious relation to sustainability. </p><p>　　Still we see an enormous gap between the possibilities, the taken opportunities and especially the willingness towards

92、sustainable building. </p><p>　　The models and realised model projects, currently propagated by various professional and governmental institutions reflect a kind of more or less usual sustainable building: &

93、lt;/p><p>　　Replacing of highly poisoned materials or materials with a lot of embedded energy, be less poisoned or clean materials or materials which less embedded energy; more efficient installation and equipm

94、ent than the standard describes; some energy saving during the exploitation by the implementation of passive and active solar technologies, whereby the question remains whether active solar power with all necessary equip

95、ment is really more environment friendly than the traditional solutions; waste man</p><p>　　Excursions to objects, which fulfils these criteria, exhibitions of those projects and buildings and some competiti

96、ons, held in order to gain ideas and plans for sustainable buildings and settlements brought the whole development clearly further. </p><p>　　Surprisingly enough - the results of the competitions went hardly

97、 beyond the relatively easy reachable possibilities. And the usual way of sustainable building is still far away from a substantial contribution towards significant minimised use of resources and energies. </p>&l

98、t;p>　　After a period (starting 1965) of designing and realising a few (early historical examples of) healthy and environmental conscious buildings - specifically under the term - Integral Bio-Logical Architecture (IBA

99、) - the author started also to develop building principles and systems Gaia-Building-Systems (GBS) which answer the demands of higher than usual sustainability for building Redundant to mention that sustainability do not