土木工程外文翻譯----施工組織設(shè)計在工程管理中的重要作用

1、<p>　　The construction organization design in engineering management important role</p><p>　　This article on the construction of organizational design management process and the three control objectives

2、 were discussed from different angles, aimed at strengthening the construction of organizational design, optimization and management, stressed the important role of the construction organization design in the engineering

3、 and construction management, project implementation inunder market economy conditions, how the effective use of existing resources into the correct handling of the invest</p><p>　　Construction organization

4、design is used to guide the whole process of construction projects, the activities of technical, economic and organization of comprehensive document, construction technology and construction project management of the org

5、anic integration of product, it is after the project construction activities in an orderly, efficient, scientific and reasonable to carry out the guarantee. Its characteristics are: (1) includes both techniques, includin

6、g economic; more precisely, the co</p><p>　　Construction organization design as a whole, comprehensive technical and economic documents, is a communication bridge between engineering design and construction.

7、 It should not only show the proposed project design and use requirements, but also accord with the objective law of engineering construction, whole process of construction plays an important role in the planning and gui

8、dance. Mainly has the following several points.</p><p>　　(1) guide the engineering bidding and engineering contract signed, as a bid to the book's content and part of contract.</p><p>　　(2)

9、for guiding the construction before the disposable prep and the entire process of construction work.</p><p>　　(3) as a project management plan documents, proposed construction schedule control, quality contr

10、ol, cost control, safety control, field management, each factor of production management and technical measures of organization, enhance comprehensive benefits.</p><p>　　Construction organization design of c

11、lassification, according to the construction organization design stage can be divided into two categories: one category is prior to bidding construction organization plan, referred to as the standard design; another kind

12、 is the engineering contract signed after preparation of the construction organization design, referred to as the standard design.</p><p>　　A building or a group of building construction must be by a lot of

13、work to finish. Every project construction process can take different construction methods and different construction tools. While the building or building group of construction sequence, often can have different arrange

14、ment. Every member can be produced by different mode of production, every kind of transport operation can adopt different means of transport and transport operation. Work on the mechanical equipment, warehouse, ya</p&

15、gt;<p>　　Through the above analysis, the construction organization design quality, will directly affect the project investment and cost, so the need for construction organization design optimization.</p>&l

16、t;p>　　Control of the construction project progress, not only can ensure that the construction project according to the predetermined time delivery, timely investment benefit and construction method, also the timely re

17、covery of funds, reduce the loss due to time limit default and vested interest. However, according to how the construction unit construction organization design, make accord with the engineering characteristics of the in

18、dividual construction organization scheme in practical work are not e</p><p>　　According to the construction unit construction organization design, combined with the engineering characteristics affecting the

19、 progress of factor analysis, using network technique to find out the key circuit and the key factors. The second schedule control measures, in order to ensure the implementation of target of control of construction proj

20、ect. The progress control measures should include measures of organization, technical measures, economic measures and contract measure.</p><p>　　5construction organization design effect on quality</p>

21、<p>　　The influencing factor of project quality throughout all phases of the project construction, the project feasibility study until completion and acceptance are to some extent, to some extent, the project imple

22、mentation stage is the formation of physical quality of the decisive link. In this step, do well in construction organization design (quality plan ) review plays an important role in.</p><p>　　Construction o

23、rganization design ( review of the main principles of quality plan ).</p><p>　　(1) the construction organization design shall be in accordance with current technology policy, fully consider the conditions of

24、 contract, actual, highlight the " quality first, safety first " principle.</p><p>　　(2) the construction organization design in.</p><p>　　(3) the construction organization design oper

25、ation.</p><p>　　(4) the advanced technology program.</p><p>　　(5) quality management and technology management system, quality assurance measures are sound and feasible.</p><p>　　(6

26、) safety, environmental protection, fire protection and civilized construction measures are feasible and in accordance with the relevant provisions.</p><p>　　(7) to meet the contract and legal requirements,

27、should respect the parties involved in the independent decision and management decision.</p><p>　　Construction organization design review should pay attention to the following aspects.</p><p>　　

28、(1) the important segment, construction scheme.</p><p>　　(2) in the construction of order should be consistent with the first underground, ground after construction; first, main, equipment; main body, after

29、the first enclosure basic law.</p><p>　　(3) the construction scheme and construction schedule plan consistency.</p><p>　　(4) the construction scheme and construction plan layout coordination.<

30、;/p><p>　　The construction organization design, should consider the situation, seize the principal contradiction, foreknow weak point, seek truth from facts to do the whole process of the construction of the ov

31、erall arrangement. The actual work, most of the construction unit and management often focus on one aspect, or pay attention to before bidding construction organization design, can achieve the project wins the bid; or pa

32、y attention to contract phase of the construction organization design, acquisiti</p><p>　　In accordance with the project and rational construction program arrangement, construction sequence, according to the

33、 actual situation of each unit engineering construction period arrangement, so that the construction work in batches to, avoid excessive concentrations, effectively reduce the peak workload, reduce the temporary faciliti

34、es, avoid labor, machinery, materials enter big greatly, ensure the construction schedule, there is rhythm of.</p><p>　　Should the widespread implementation of flow-shop, such as the organization of professi

35、onal operations team or multiple types of mixed operations team, in accordance with the provisions of the order of uninterrupted in several working properties of the same work surface flow construction, because the profe

36、ssional group operation of specialization, to guarantee the quality of the work, improve the work efficiency and the utilization rate of mechanical equipment. At the same time can ensure workin</p><p>　　Main

37、 construction machinery utilization ratio, directly affects project cost, considered inappropriate may also affect the construction schedule. Therefore, without affecting the overall progress under the premise, make full

38、 use of existing machinery equipment, large machinery and small machinery combination, mechanization and semi-mechanization combined, and on schedule to make appropriate adjustments, in order to improve the main mechanic

39、al utilization rate, so as to achieve the purpose of red</p><p>　　On construction organization design and technical economy analysis is intended to demonstrate the preparation of construction organization de

40、sign technically feasible, in the economy is reasonable, so as to choose the satisfactory solution, and for managing way. Construction organization design and technical economic analysis steps as shown in figure1.</p&

41、gt;<p>　　Construction organization design and analysis and evaluation are generally divided into: general construction organization design evaluation is the individual project construction organization design eval

42、uation and unit construction organization design and evaluation. Before bidding should pay attention to individual project construction organization design analysis and evaluation; contract stage should pay attention to

43、unit construction organization design analysis and evaluation.</p><p>　　Unit construction organization design analysis and evaluation of quality, cost, time limit for a project should focus on three main asp

44、ects, taking into account the safety aspect, should from the following several aspects.</p><p>　　(1) basic engineering in earthwork, piling of cast-in-place concrete,, drainage and waterproof, transport sche

45、dule and time limit for a key.</p><p>　　(2) structural engineering should be based on the vertical transport machinery selection, flowing section, division of labor organization, cast-in-place reinforced con

46、crete formwork, scaffolding, watering and transport options, special construction programme, the partial technical organization measures for key.</p><p>　　(3) the decoration stage should be based on the sequ

47、ence of construction, quality assurance measures, labor organization, division of labor cooperation, saving material, technical and organizational measures for key.</p><p>　　As the building the market intern

48、ationalization, specialization division of labor, the construction market competition more and more intense, more and more cruel. As one of construction market main body construction, want to scale the heights, remain in

49、vincible, not only to strengthen enterprise management and economic accounting, but also in the construction organization design and construction scheme optimization and fulfil fluctuation kongfu. The party awarding the

50、contract for construction o</p><p>　　Therefore, building engineering contract both sides should treat cautiously the construction organization design optimization and implementation, to construction organiza

51、tion design as a means, looking for investment, time limit for a project, quality and the best combination.</p><p>　　施工組織設(shè)計在工程管理中的重要作用</p><p>　　本文就施工組織設(shè)計管理對工程項目實施過程及三大控制目標的影響從不同角度進行了論述,旨在加強施工組織設(shè)

52、計的優(yōu)化和管理,強調(diào)施工組織設(shè)計在工程施工管理中的重要作用,在市場經(jīng)濟條件下,如何有效利用既有的資源投入,正確處理好投資、工期、進度三大控制目標,應(yīng)當發(fā)揮施工組織設(shè)計在投標和簽訂承包合同中的作用,使工程施工組織設(shè)計不但在管理中發(fā)揮作用,也在經(jīng)營中發(fā)揮作用,均衡的資源投入,合理的工序安排,對加快施工工期和提高投資效益具有重要影響。</p><p>　　1用來指導施工項目全過程</p><p>

53、;　　各項活動的技術(shù)、經(jīng)濟和組織的綜合性文件,是施工技術(shù)與施工項目管理有機結(jié)合的產(chǎn)物,它是工程開工后施工活動能有序、高效、科學合理地進行的保證。其特點有:(1)既包括技術(shù)的,也包括經(jīng)濟的;更確切地說是技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟相結(jié)合的文件,既解決技術(shù)問題,又考慮經(jīng)濟效果。(2)是全局性的文件“,全局性”是指工程對象是整體的,文件內(nèi)容是全面的,發(fā)揮作用是全方位的。(3)是指導承包全過程的,從投標開始,到竣工結(jié)束。把施工前、中、后的各種問題通盤加以考慮,并

54、作出合理的分析后,編制出來的對施工的各項活動進行全面部署、指導施工準備和施工全過程的技術(shù)經(jīng)濟文件。它從施工的全局出發(fā),根據(jù)各種具體條件,擬定工程施工方案,確定施工程序、施工流向、施工順序、施工方法、勞動組織及技術(shù)組織措施,安排施工進度和勞動力、機具、材料、構(gòu)件與各種半成品的供應(yīng),對運輸?shù)缆贰龅氐睦?、水電能源保證等現(xiàn)場設(shè)施的布置和建設(shè)作出規(guī)劃,以便預計施工中的各種需要及其變化,做好事前準備,把設(shè)計和施工、技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟、前方和后方、企業(yè)的

55、全局活動和工程的施工組織,把施工中各單位、各部門、各階段以及各項目之間的關(guān)系等有機地協(xié)調(diào)起來,使整個施工過程有一個科學合理的管</p><p>　　2 施工組織設(shè)計的作用及分類</p><p>　　施工組織設(shè)計作為一全局性、綜合性的技術(shù)經(jīng)濟文件,是溝通工程設(shè)計和施工之間的橋梁。它既要體現(xiàn)擬建工程的設(shè)計和使用要求,又要符合工程施工的客觀規(guī)律,對施工的全過程起著重要的規(guī)劃和指導作用。主要有以下

56、幾點。</p><p>　　(1)指導工程投標與簽訂工程承包合同,作為投標書的內(nèi)容和合同的一部份。</p><p>　　(2)指導施工前的一次性準備和工程施工全過程的工作。</p><p>　　(3)作為項目管理的規(guī)劃性文件 ,提出工程施工中進度控制、質(zhì)量控制、成本控制、安全控制、現(xiàn)場管理、各項生產(chǎn)要素管理的目標及技術(shù)組織措施,提高綜合效益。</p>

57、<p>　　施工組織設(shè)計的分類,根據(jù)工程施工組織設(shè)計階段的不同可劃分為兩類:一類是投標前編制的施工組織設(shè)計,簡稱標前設(shè)計;另一類是簽訂工程承包合同后編制的施工組織設(shè)計,簡稱標后設(shè)計。</p><p>　　3 施工組織設(shè)計對工程投資的影響</p><p>　　一個建筑物或一個建筑群體的施工必須由很多工種來完成。每一個工種的施工過程都可以采取不同的施工方法和不同的施工工具。而建筑物或

58、建筑群體的施工順序,往往可以有不同的安排。每一種構(gòu) 件 都 可 以 采 用 不 同 的 方 式 生 產(chǎn) ,每 一種運輸工作都可以采用不同的運輸方式和運輸工具運行。工 地 上 所 有 的 機 械 設(shè)備、倉庫、預制場和辦公用房等往往可以有不同的布置方案?？傊?不論在技術(shù)方面 或 在 組 織 方 面 ,通 常 都 有 許 多 可 行 的方案供施工人員選擇,但不同的方案,其經(jīng)濟效果是不一樣的。為此,</p><p>　　

59、(1)承發(fā)包雙方在編審工程投資時,不僅需熟悉施工圖紙,選擇適用的定額費用標準,還要深入現(xiàn)場踏勘,仔細斟酌施工組織或施工方案。不同的施工組織或施工方案將直接影 響 到 定額子目的套用,從而影響工程造價的高低。作為發(fā)包方在編審工程造價時,應(yīng)從嚴、從細、從實,提高工程造價的準確性,消除高估冒算,排除不正當提高工程造價的現(xiàn)象;作為施工方為獲取工程的承包權(quán),必須優(yōu)化施工組織設(shè)計,使所編的工程造價更加準確。</p><p>

60、　　(2)施工圖預算工料統(tǒng)計表中列出的單位工程中各類人工和材料的需要量,是 施工單位編制施工計劃,降低工程成本的可靠依據(jù),準確與否將直接影響其施工準備工作。</p><p>　　(3)準確的施工圖預算能促使施工方實行經(jīng)濟核算,并力爭在保證質(zhì)量和工期的前提下,用較少的勞動消耗取得最大的經(jīng)濟效果。</p><p>　　通過以上分析,施工組織設(shè)計的優(yōu)劣,將直接影響著工程投資和成本,所以需對施工組

61、織設(shè)計進行優(yōu)化。</p><p>　　4 施工組織設(shè)計對進度的影響</p><p>　　控制建設(shè)工程進度,不僅能夠確保工程建設(shè)項目按預定的時間交付使用,及時發(fā)揮投資效益,而且施工方亦能及時收回投入的資金,減少因工期違約而損失既得利益。然而如何根據(jù)建設(shè)單位的施工組織總設(shè)計,制定符合工程特點的單項施工組織方案在實際工作中往往得不到有效貫徹,甚至達不到建設(shè)單位的進度要求造成違約事件。</p

62、><p>　　首先根據(jù)建設(shè)單位的施工組織設(shè)計,結(jié)合工程特點進行影響進度的因素分析,利用網(wǎng)絡(luò)計劃技術(shù)找出關(guān)健線路和關(guān)鍵因素。其次制定進度控制措施,以確保建設(shè)工程控制目標的實現(xiàn)。進度控制的措施應(yīng)包括組織措施、技術(shù)措施、 經(jīng)濟措施及合同措施。</p><p>　　5 施工組織設(shè)計對質(zhì)量的影響</p><p>　　工程質(zhì)量的影響因素貫穿于工程建設(shè)的各個階段,從項目可行性研究直至

63、竣工驗收均產(chǎn)生不同程度的影響,在一定程度上,工程實施階段是形成實體質(zhì)量的決定性環(huán)節(jié)。在此環(huán)節(jié)中,做好施工組織設(shè)計(質(zhì)量計劃)的審查起著重要作用。</p><p>　　施工組織設(shè)計(質(zhì)量計劃)審查的主要原則。</p><p>　　(1)施工組織設(shè)計應(yīng)符合現(xiàn)行的技術(shù)政策,充分考慮合同條件、現(xiàn)場實際,突出“質(zhì)量第一、安全第一”的原則。</p><p>　　(2)施工組織設(shè)

64、計的針對性。</p><p>　　(3)施工組織設(shè)計的可操作性。</p><p>　　(4)技術(shù)方案的先進性。</p><p>　　(5)質(zhì)量管理和技術(shù)管理體系 ,質(zhì)量保證措施是否健全且切實可行。</p><p>　　(6)安全、環(huán)保、消防和文明施工措施是否可行并符合有關(guān)規(guī)定。</p><p>　　(7)在滿足合同和法

65、規(guī)要求的前提下 ,應(yīng)尊重參與各方的自主決策和管理決策。</p><p>　　施工組織設(shè)計審查時應(yīng)注意以下幾個方面。</p><p>　　(1)重要的分部、分項工程施工方案。</p><p>　　(2)在施工順序上應(yīng)符合先地下、后地上;先土建、后主,后設(shè)備;先主體、后圍護的基本規(guī)律。</p><p>　　(3)施工方案與施工計劃進度計劃的一致性

66、。</p><p>　　(4)施工方案與施工平面圖布置的協(xié)調(diào)一致。</p><p>　　6 施工組織設(shè)計的優(yōu)化</p><p>　　施工組織設(shè)計,應(yīng)考慮全局,抓住主要矛盾,預見薄弱環(huán)節(jié),實事求是地做好施工全過程的統(tǒng)籌安排。實際工作,大多數(shù)的施工單位及管理方面往往只注重其中的一個方面,或是注重標前施 工組織設(shè)計,能夠取得工程項目的中標;或是注重合同階段的施工組織設(shè)計,

67、取得管理方的施 工許可,這兩種情形都沒有真正地把握施工組織設(shè)計的真締,即施工組織設(shè)計的全局性和全 過程的特點,沒有把施工組織設(shè)計的技術(shù)性與經(jīng)濟性真正統(tǒng)一。在編制施工組織設(shè)計過程中,應(yīng)注意從以下幾個方面對施工組織設(shè)計進行優(yōu)化。</p><p>　?。?） 重視施工準備工作, 不打無準備之仗</p><p>　　在收到圖紙或中標通知書后,承包方就應(yīng)該著手對施工現(xiàn)場環(huán)境進行勘察 ,編制詳盡的施工

68、組織設(shè)計。為此,施工人員應(yīng)該結(jié)合工程項目的性質(zhì)和規(guī)模、工期的長短、工人的數(shù)量、機械裝備程度、材料的供應(yīng)情況、構(gòu)件的生產(chǎn)情況,運輸條件、地質(zhì)條件、氣候條件等各項具體的技術(shù)經(jīng)濟條件,對施工組織設(shè)計、施工方案及施工進度計劃進行優(yōu)化,使所選擇的方案更趨合理。如在某水處理工程中,涉及多個標高不一的水處理構(gòu)筑物,施工方根據(jù)當?shù)氐匦魏蜌夂驐l件(9～12月份干旱少雨),先安排地勢低洼且標高較低的集水池及二沉池施工,再安排地 勢高一些的水力循環(huán)澄清池、無

69、閥濾池施工,有效地解決了雨季在低洼處施工的困難,避免了低洼處被雨水浸泡塌方、排水困難現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生,從而降低了工程成本。</p><p>　?。?） 建設(shè)進度安排上的均衡原則</p><p>　　按照工程項目合理的建設(shè)程序排列施工的先后順序,根據(jù)實際情況安排各單位工程的施工周期,使建設(shè)工作分期分批地進行,避免過分集中,有效地削減高峰工作量,減少臨時設(shè)施,避免勞力、機械、材料的大進大出,保證建設(shè)

70、按計劃,有節(jié)奏地進行。</p><p>　　（3） 作業(yè)的高效性</p><p>　　應(yīng)廣泛推行流水作業(yè),如組織專業(yè)作業(yè)隊或多工種的混合作業(yè)隊,按照規(guī)定順序不間斷地在若干個工作性質(zhì)相同的工作面上流動施工,由于專業(yè)組操作專業(yè)化,有利于保證工作質(zhì)量,提高工作效率及機械設(shè)備的利用率。同時可保證工作面不空閑,工序作業(yè)不間斷,實現(xiàn)均衡連續(xù)作業(yè),有利于縮短工期,降低工程成本。如某施工單位在編制某公路投

71、標施工組織設(shè)計時,由于該公路穿越丘陵地帶,橋涵設(shè)計的密度較大,且相互彼鄰的多為毛石砌體橋(涵)臺的板式橋涵,為提高工效,施工方將工人分成兩大組:石工組和鋼筋砼工組。石工組又分為兩小組,一組專砌基礎(chǔ),另一組專砌臺身;鋼筋砼工組又分為木工組、鋼筋工組和砼工組。各組各負其責,展開流水作業(yè),獲得了建設(shè)單位的好評,同時也極大降低了工程成本。</p><p>　　（4）充分利用現(xiàn)有機械設(shè)備, 內(nèi)部合理調(diào)度,力求提高主要機械的

72、利用率</p><p>　　主要施工機械利用率的高低,直接影響工程成本,考慮不當還可能影響施工進度。因此,在不影響總進度的前提下,充分利用現(xiàn)有的機械設(shè)備,使大型機械和中小機械結(jié)合起來、機械化和半機械化結(jié)合起來,并對進度計劃作出適當?shù)恼{(diào)整,以提高主要機械的利用率,從而達到降低成本的目的。如在污水處理廠二期工程中的污水站施工中,施工方利用清淤的挖掘機挖基坑,自卸汽車配合,好土填路基,淤泥運至棄土場,極大地提高了工效,

73、降低了成本。</p><p>　　（5） 施工技術(shù)以提高經(jīng)濟效益、簡化工序為原則</p><p>　　施工過程中要重視每一個細小環(huán)節(jié),從各方面采取措施,以獲取最佳經(jīng)濟效果。</p><p>　　“從技術(shù)入手,以經(jīng)濟結(jié)束”作為技術(shù)管理的核心內(nèi)容。</p><p>　　7 施工組織設(shè)計的評價</p><p>　　對施工組織

74、設(shè)計技術(shù)經(jīng)濟分析的目的是論證所編制的施工組織設(shè)計在技術(shù)上是否可行,在經(jīng)濟是否合理,從而選擇滿意的方案,并尋求節(jié)約的途徑。施工組織設(shè)計技術(shù)經(jīng)濟分析的步驟如圖1。</p><p>　　施工組織設(shè)計分析評價一般分為:施工組織總設(shè)計評價即單項工程施工組織設(shè)計評價和單位工程施工組織設(shè)計評價。標前應(yīng)注重單項工程施工組織設(shè)計的分析評價;合同階段應(yīng)注重單位工程施工組織設(shè)計的分析評價。</p><p>　　

75、單位工程施工組織設(shè)計分析評價應(yīng)圍繞質(zhì)量、工期、成本三個主要方面,同時要兼顧安全方面,應(yīng)從以下幾個方面進行。</p><p>　　(1)基礎(chǔ)工程應(yīng)以土方工程、現(xiàn)澆混凝土、打樁、排水和防水、運輸進度與工期為重點。</p><p>　　(2)結(jié)構(gòu)工程應(yīng)以垂直運輸機械選擇、流水段劃分、勞動組織、現(xiàn)澆鋼筋混凝土支模、澆灌及運輸、腳手架選擇、特殊分項工程施工方案、各分項技術(shù)組織措施為重點。</p

76、><p>　　(3)裝修階段應(yīng)以施工順序、質(zhì)量保證措施、勞動組織、分工協(xié)作配合、節(jié)約材料、技術(shù)組織措施為重點。</p><p>　　隨著建筑市場國際化進程的加快,專業(yè)化分工的細化,建筑市場的競爭越來越激烈,也越來越殘酷。作為建筑市場主體之一的施工方,要想勇攀高峰,立于不敗之地,不僅要加強企業(yè)管理和經(jīng)濟核算,同時還要在施工組織設(shè)計或施工方案的優(yōu)化和落實上下功夫。發(fā)包方對施工方施工圖預算(投標報價