外文翻譯--步進電機的工作原理

1、<p>　　畢業(yè)設計(論文)外文資料翻譯</p><p>　　系　　部： 機械工程 </p><p>　　專 業(yè)： 機械工程及自動化 </p><p>　　姓 名： </p>&

2、lt;p>　　學 號： </p><p>　　外文出處： Nikravesh P E. Mechanical Engineering Design. McGraw-Hill，2006 </p><p>　　附 件： 1.外文資料翻譯譯文；2.外文原文。 </p&

3、gt;<p>　　注：請將該封面與附件裝訂成冊。</p><p>　　附件1：外文資料翻譯譯文</p><p><b>　　步進電機的工作原理</b></p><p>　　步進電機是將電脈沖信號轉變?yōu)榻俏灰苹蚓€位移的開環(huán)控制元件。在非超載的情況下，電機的轉速、停止的位置只取決于脈沖信號的頻率和脈沖數(shù)，而不受負載變化的影響，即給電機

4、加一個脈沖信號，電機則轉過一個步距角。這一線性關系的存在，加上步進電機只有周期性的誤差而無累積誤差等特點。使得在速度、位置等控制領域用步進電機來控制變的非常的簡單。</p><p>　　雖然步進電機已被廣泛地應用，但步進電機并不能象普通的直流電機，交流電機在常規(guī)下使用。它必須由雙環(huán)形脈沖信號、功率驅動電路等組成控制系統(tǒng)方可使用。因此用好步進電機卻非易事，它涉及到機械、電機、電子及計算機等許多專業(yè)知識。 </

5、p><p>　　目前,生產步進電機的廠家的確不少，但具有專業(yè)技術人員，能夠自行開發(fā)，研制的廠家卻非常少，大部分的廠家只一、二十人，連最基本的設備都沒有。僅僅處于一種盲目的仿制階段。這就給用戶在產品選型、使用中造成許多麻煩。簽于上述情況，我們決定以廣泛的感應子式步進電機為例。敘述其基本工作原理。望能對廣大用戶在選型、使用、及整機改進時有所幫助。</p><p>　　二、感應子式步進電機工作原理&

6、lt;/p><p>　?。ㄒ唬┓磻讲竭M電機原理</p><p>　　由于反應式步進電機工作原理比較簡單。下面先敘述三相反應式步進電機原理。</p><p><b>　　1、結構：</b></p><p>　　電機轉子均勻分布著很多小齒，定子齒有三個勵磁繞阻，其幾何軸線依次分別與轉子齒軸線錯開。0、1/3て、2/3て,（相鄰

7、兩轉子齒軸線間的距離為齒距以て表示），即A與齒1相對齊，B與齒2向右錯開1/3て，C與齒3向右錯開2/3て，A'與齒5相對齊，（A'就是A，齒5就是齒1）</p><p><b>　　2、旋轉：</b></p><p>　　如A相通電，B，C相不通電時，由于磁場作用，齒1與A對齊，（轉子不受任何力以下均同）。如B相通電，A，C相不通電時，齒2應與B對齊

8、，此時轉子向右移過1/3て，此時齒3與C偏移為1/3て，齒4與A偏移（て-1/3て）=2/3て。如C相通電，A，B相不通電，齒3應與C對齊，此時轉子又向右移過1/3て，此時齒4與A偏移為1/3て對齊。如A相通電，B，C相不通電，齒4與A對齊，轉子又向右移過1/3て這樣經過A、B、C、A分別通電狀態(tài)，齒4（即齒1前一齒）移到A相，電機轉子向右轉過一個齒距，如果不斷地按A，B，C，A……通電，電機就每步（每脈沖）1/3て,向右旋轉。如按A，

9、C，B，A……通電，電機就反轉。</p><p>　　由此可見：電機的位置和速度由導電次數(shù)（脈沖數(shù)）和頻率成一一對應關系。而方向由導電順序決定。</p><p>　　不過，出于對力矩、平穩(wěn)、噪音及減少角度等方面考慮。往往采用A-AB-B-BC－C-CA-A這種導電狀態(tài)，這樣將原來每步1/3て改變?yōu)?/6て。甚至于通過二相電流不同的組合，使其1/3て變?yōu)?/12て，1/24て，這就是電機細分

10、驅動的基本理論依據(jù)。</p><p>　　不難推出：電機定子上有m相勵磁繞阻，其軸線分別與轉子齒軸線偏移1/m,2/m……(m-1)/m,1。并且導電按一定的相序電機就能正反轉被控制——這是步進電機旋轉的物理條件。只要符合這一條件我們理論上可以制造任何相的步進電機，出于成本等多方面考慮，市場上一般以二、三、四、五相為多。 </p><p><b>　　3、力矩：</b>

11、;</p><p>　　電機一旦通電，在定轉子間將產生磁場（磁通量Ф）當轉子與定子錯開一定角度產生力F與（dФ/dθ）成正比 S 其磁通量Ф=Br*S Br為磁密，S為導磁面積 F與L*D*Br成正比L為鐵芯有效長度，D為轉子直徑 Br=N?I/R N?I為勵磁繞阻安匝數(shù)（電流乘匝數(shù)）R為磁阻。</p><p><b>　　力矩=力*半徑</b></p>

12、<p>　　力矩與電機有效體積*安匝數(shù)*磁密 成正比（只考慮線性狀態(tài)）因此，電機有效體積越大，勵磁安匝數(shù)越大，定轉子間氣隙越小，電機力矩越大，反之亦然。</p><p>　?。ǘ└袘邮讲竭M電機</p><p><b>　　1、特點：</b></p><p>　　感應子式步進電機與傳統(tǒng)的反應式步進電機相比，結構上轉子加有永磁體，以

13、提供軟磁材料的工作點，而定子激磁只需提供變化的磁場而不必提供磁材料工作點的耗能，因此該電機效率高，電流小，發(fā)熱低。因永磁體的存在，該電機具有較強的反電勢，其自身阻尼作用比較好，使其在運轉過程中比較平穩(wěn)、噪音低、低頻振動小。</p><p>　　感應子式步進電機某種程度上可以看作是低速同步電機。一個四相電機可以作四相運行，也可以作二相運行。（必須采用雙極電壓驅動），而反應式電機則不能如此。例如：四相，八相運行（A-

14、AB-B-BC-C-CD-D-DA-A）完全可以采用二相八拍運行方式.不難發(fā)現(xiàn)其條件為C=,D=. </p><p>　　一個二相電機的內部繞組與四相電機完全一致，小功率電機一般直接接為二相，而功率大一點的電機，為了方便使用，靈活改變電機的動態(tài)特點，往往將其外部接線為八根引線（四相），這樣使用時，既可以作四相電機使用，可以作二相電機繞組串聯(lián)或并聯(lián)使用。</p><p><b>　

15、　2、 分類</b></p><p>　　感應子式步進電機以相數(shù)可分為：二相電機、三相電機、四相電機、五相電機等。以機座號（電機外徑）可分為：42BYG(BYG為感應子式步進電機代號)、57BYG、86BYG、110BYG、（國際標準），而像70BYG、90BYG、130BYG等均為國內標準。</p><p>　　3、電機的靜態(tài)指標術語</p><p>

16、;　　相數(shù)：產生不同對極N、S磁場的激磁線圈對數(shù)。常用m表示。</p><p>　　拍數(shù)：完成一個磁場周期性變化所需脈沖數(shù)或導電狀態(tài)用n表示，或指電機轉過一個齒距角所需脈沖數(shù)，以四相電機為例，有四相四拍運行方式即AB-BC-CD-DA-AB，四相八拍運行方式即 A-AB-B-BC-C-CD-D-DA-A.</p><p>　　步距角：對應一個脈沖信號，電機轉子轉過的角位移用θ表示。θ=36

17、0度（轉子齒數(shù)J*運行拍數(shù)），以常規(guī)二、四相，轉子齒為50齒電機為例。四拍運行時步距角為θ=360度/（50*4）=1.8度（俗稱整步），八拍運行時步距角為θ=360度/（50*8）=0.9度（俗稱半步）。</p><p>　　定位轉矩：電機在不通電狀態(tài)下，電機轉子自身的鎖定力矩（由磁場齒形的諧波以及機械誤差造成的）</p><p>　　靜轉矩：電機在額定靜態(tài)電作用下，電機不作旋轉運動時，

18、電機轉軸的鎖定力矩。此力矩是衡量電機體積（幾何尺寸）的標準，與驅動電壓及驅動電源等無關?！　‰m然靜轉矩與電磁激磁安匝數(shù)成正比，與定齒轉子間的氣隙有關，但過份采用減小氣隙，增加激磁安匝來提高靜力矩是不可取的，這樣會造成電機的發(fā)熱及機械噪音。</p><p>　　4、 步進電機動態(tài)指標及術語：</p><p>　　4.1、步距角精度：</p><p>　　步進電機每轉

19、過一個步距角的實際值與理論值的誤差。用百分比表示：誤差/步距角*100%。不同運行拍數(shù)其值不同，四拍運行時應在5%之內，八拍運行時應在15%以內。</p><p><b>　　4.2、失步：</b></p><p>　　電機運轉時運轉的步數(shù)，不等于理論上的步數(shù)。稱之為失步。</p><p><b>　　4.3、失調角：</b&g

20、t;</p><p>　　轉子齒軸線偏移定子齒軸線的角度，電機運轉必存在失調角，由失調角產生的誤差，采用細分驅動是不能解決的。</p><p>　　4.4、載起動頻率：</p><p>　　電機在某種驅動形式、電壓及額定電流下，在不加負載的情況下，能夠直接起動的最大頻率。</p><p>　　4.5、大空載的運行頻率：</p>

21、<p>　　電機在某種驅動形式，電壓及額定電流下，電機不帶負載的最高轉速頻率。</p><p>　　4.6、運行矩頻特性：</p><p>　　電機在某種測試條件下測得運行中輸出力矩與頻率關系的曲線稱為運行矩頻特性，這是電機諸多動態(tài)曲線中最重要的，也是電機選擇的根本依據(jù)。如下圖所示：</p><p>　　4.7、其它特性還有慣頻特性、起動頻率特性等。<

22、;/p><p>　　電機一旦選定，電機的靜力矩確定，而動態(tài)力矩卻不然，電機的動態(tài)力矩取決于電機運行時的平均電流（而非靜態(tài)電流），平均電流越大，電機輸出力矩越大，即電機的頻率特性越硬。其中，曲線3電流最大、或電壓最高;曲線1電流最小、或電壓最低，曲線與負載的交點為負載的最大速度點。 要使平均電流大，盡可能提高驅動電壓，使采用小電感大電流的電機。</p><p>　　4.8、電機的共振點：<

23、/p><p>　　步進電機均有固定的共振區(qū)域，二、四相感應子式步進電機的共振區(qū)一般在180-250pps之間（步距角1.8度）或在400pps左右（步距角為0.9度），電機驅動電壓越高，電機電流越大，負載越輕，電機體積越小，則共振區(qū)向上偏移，反之亦然，為使電機輸出電矩大，不失步和整個系統(tǒng)的噪音降低，一般工作點均應偏移共振區(qū)較多。</p><p>　　4.9、電機正反轉控制：</p>

24、<p>　　當電機繞組通電時序為AB-BC-CD-DA或()時為正轉，通電時序為DA-CA-BC-AB或()時為反轉。</p><p><b>　　驅動控制系統(tǒng)組成</b></p><p>　　使用、控制步進電機必須由環(huán)形脈沖，功率放大等組成的控制系統(tǒng)，其方框圖如下：</p><p><b>　　脈沖信號的產生。<

25、/b></p><p>　　脈沖信號一般由單片機或CPU產生，一般脈沖信號的占空比為0.3-0.4左右，電機轉速越高，占空比則越大。</p><p><b>　　信號分配</b></p><p>　　我廠生產的感應子式步進電機以二、四相電機為主，二相電機工作方式有二相四拍和二相八拍二種，具體分配如下：二相四拍為,步距角為1.8度；二相八拍

26、為,步距角為0.9度。四相電機工作方式也有二種，四相四拍為AB-BC-CD-DA-AB,步距角為1.8度；四相八拍為AB-B-BC-C-CD-D-AB,(步距角為0.9度)。</p><p><b>　　功率放大</b></p><p>　　功率放大是驅動系統(tǒng)最為重要的部分。步進電機在一定轉速下的轉矩取決于它的動態(tài)平均電流而非靜態(tài)電流（而樣本上的電流均為靜態(tài)電流）。平

27、均電流越大電機力矩越大，要達到平均電流大這就需要驅動系統(tǒng)盡量克服電機的反電勢。因而不同的場合采取不同的的驅動方式，到目前為止，驅動方式一般有以下幾種：恒壓、恒壓串電阻、高低壓驅動、恒流、細分數(shù)等。</p><p>　　為盡量提高電機的動態(tài)性能，將信號分配、功率放大組成步進電機的驅動電源。我廠生產的SH系列二相恒流斬波驅動電源與單片機及電機接線圖如下：</p><p><b>　　

28、說明：</b></p><p>　　CP 接CPU脈沖信號（負信號，低電平有效）</p><p>　　OPTO 接CPU+5V</p><p>　　FREE 脫機，與CPU地線相接，驅動電源不工作</p><p>　　DIR 方向控制，與CPU地線相接，電機反轉</p><p>　　VCC 直流電源正端&l

29、t;/p><p>　　GND 直流電源負端 </p><p>　　A 接電機引出線紅線</p><p><b>　　接電機引出線綠線 </b></p><p>　　B 接電機引出線黃線</p><p>　　接電機引出線藍線 步進電機一經定型，其性能取決于電機的驅動電源。步進電機轉速越高，力距越大則要求

30、電機的電流越大，驅動電源的電壓越高。電壓對力矩影響如下：</p><p><b>　　細分驅動器</b></p><p>　　在步進電機步距角不能滿足使用的條件下，可采用細分驅動器來驅動步進電機，細分驅動器的原理是通過改變相鄰（A，B）電流的大小，以改變合成磁場的夾角來控制步進電機運轉的。</p><p><b>　　步進電機的應用&

31、lt;/b></p><p>　　（一）步進電機的選擇</p><p>　　步進電機有步距角（涉及到相數(shù)）、靜轉矩、及電流三大要素組成。一旦三大要素確定，步進電機的型號便確定下來了。</p><p><b>　　1、步距角的選擇</b></p><p>　　電機的步距角取決于負載精度的要求，將負載的最小分辨率（當量

32、）換算到電機軸上，每個當量電機應走多少角度（包括減速）。電機的步距角應等于或小于此角度。目前市場上步進電機的步距角一般有0.36度/0.72度（五相電機）、0.9度/1.8度（二、四相電機）、1.5度/3度 （三相電機）等。</p><p><b>　　力矩的選擇</b></p><p>　　步進電機的動態(tài)力矩一下子很難確定，我們往往先確定電機的靜力矩。靜力矩選擇的依

33、據(jù)是電機工作的負載，而負載可分為慣性負載和摩擦負載二種。單一的慣性負載和單一的摩擦負載是不存在的。直接起動時（一般由低速）時二種負載均要考慮，加速起動時主要考慮慣性負載，恒速運行進只要考慮摩擦負載。一般情況下，靜力矩應為摩擦負載的2-3倍內好，靜力矩一旦選定，電機的機座及長度便能確定下來（幾何尺寸）</p><p><b>　　電流的選擇</b></p><p>　　

34、靜力矩一樣的電機，由于電流參數(shù)不同，其運行特性差別很大，可依據(jù)矩頻特性曲線圖，判斷電機的電流（參考驅動電源、及驅動電壓）</p><p><b>　　力矩與功率換算</b></p><p>　　步進電機一般在較大范圍內調速使用、其功率是變化的，一般只用力矩來衡量，力矩與功率換算如下：</p><p>　　P= Ω?M Ω=2π?n/60 P=2

35、πnM/60</p><p>　　其P為功率單位為瓦，Ω為每秒角速度，單位為弧度，n為每分鐘轉速，M為力矩單位為牛頓?米</p><p>　　P=2πfM/400(半步工作)</p><p>　　其中f為每秒脈沖數(shù)（簡稱PPS）</p><p>　　(二)、應用中的注意點</p><p>　　1、步進電機應用于低速場合

36、---每分鐘轉速不超過1000轉，（0.9度時6666PPS），最好在1000-3000PPS(0.9度)間使用，可通過減速裝置使其在此間工作，此時電機工作效率高，噪音低。</p><p>　　2、步進電機最好不使用整步狀態(tài)，整步狀態(tài)時振動大。</p><p>　　3、由于歷史原因，只有標稱為12V電壓的電機使用12V外，其他電機的電壓值不是驅動電壓伏值 ，可根據(jù)驅動器選擇驅動電壓（建議：

37、57BYG采用直流24V-36V，86BYG采用直流50V,110BYG采用高于直流80V），當然12伏的電壓除12V恒壓驅動外也可以采用其他驅動電源， 不過要考慮溫升。</p><p>　　4、轉動慣量大的負載應選擇大機座號電機。</p><p>　　5、電機在較高速或大慣量負載時，一般不在工作速度起動，而采用逐漸升頻提速，一電機不失步，二可以減少噪音同時可以提高停止的定位精度。

38、 6、高精度時，應通過機械減速、提高電機速度,或采用高細分數(shù)的驅動器來解決，也可以采用5相電機，不過其整個系統(tǒng)的價格較貴，生產廠家少，其被淘汰的說法是外行話。</p><p>　　7、電機不應在振動區(qū)內工作，如若必須可通過改變電壓、電流或加一些阻尼的解決。</p><p>　　8、電機在600PPS（0.9度）以下工作，應采用小電流、大電感、低電壓來驅動。</p><p

39、>　　9、應遵循先選電機后選驅動的原則。</p><p>　　附件2：外文原文（復印件）</p><p>　　Electrical work principles one step</p><p>　　First Preface</p><p>　　Walk into the working principle step of gen

40、erator to enter generator is will electrical pulse signal the open loop that changes angular displacement or displacement of the lines into control element. Under not overloaded condition the rotational speed of generato

41、r , the location that stops depend on pulse number and the frequency of pulse signal, and the influence that does not get load change gives generator to add a pulse signal, generator has turned a angle of step pitch. The

42、 existence of thi</p><p>　　Though, step had been applied into generator extensively, but walk into generator and can not resemble the ordinary machine of direct current, the machine of alternating current is

43、 used under routine. It must drive from double-loop shape pulse signal and power the composition control systematic sides such as circuit can use. Therefore enter generator with good step but is not easy matter, it is co

44、ncerned with a lot of professional knowledge’s such as machinery, generator, electron and computer. </p><p>　　Now, the production manufacturer that walks into generator is really a lot of, but have professio

45、nal technology people, the manufacturer that can develop independently and develops is very few , the most of manufacturers a, 20 persons, most basic equipment of company has no. Is in only a kind of blindly copy stage.

46、This gives user, cause a lot of troubles in product type selecting and use. Sign in above-mentioned condition, we decide to enter generator with extensive inductor type step, is regul</p><p>　　Second Induct

47、or type step enter generator working principle </p><p>　　(1) reaction type step enter generator principle because of reaction type step enter generator working principle comparison simple. Downstairs, narrat

48、e three-phase reaction type step into generator principle first. </p><p>　　1 . structure: </p><p>　　Generator rotor even distribution a lot little tooth, stator tooth has 3 excitations to wind h

49、indrance, its geometry axis is differentiated in proper order with rotor tooth axis stagger. </p><p>　　0 1/3 て , 2/3 て, ( the distance between adjacent two rotor tooth anises is pitch with て show ), A and to

50、oth 1 are relatively even, B and tooth 2 stagger towards the right 1/3 て, C and tooth 3 stagger towards the right 2/3 て, A 'Yu Chi 5Xiang Dui Qi , ( A' is A , tooth 5 is tooth 1 ) Downstairs decide rotor spread o

51、ut picture:</p><p>　　2 , spin: </p><p>　　If A is interlinked, is electrical, B, C appearance do not start electricity, because of the role of magnetic field tooth 1 and A for even, (rotor do not

52、 get any force below with). If B is interlinked , is electrical , A, C appearance do not start electricity , tooth 2 should with B for even, right now rotor have moved towards the right 1/3 て, right now tooth 3 and C def

53、lection is 1/3 て, tooth 4 and A deflection ( て - 1/3 て ) = 2/3 て. If C is interlinked , is electrical , A, B appearance do not </p><p>　　Thus it can be seen: Speed and the location of generator from conducti

54、ve frequency (pulse number) with frequency become 11 corresponding relation. And direction is decided by conductive order. </p><p>　　However stem from for moment, steady, noise and decreasing the aspect cons

55、iderations such as angle. Often adopt A-AB-B-BC － C-CA-A this kind of conductive state, so will originally each step 1/3 て change is 1/6 て. Pass through the different combination of 2 phase currents even, make it 1/3 て c

56、hange is 1/12 て, 1/24 て, this is the basically theoretical basis that generator divides into drive carefully. </p><p>　　Do not not put to the market: On generator stator have m appearance excitation wind hin

57、derance, its axis is differentiated with rotor tooth axis deflection 1/m, 2/m … …( m-1 )/m, 1. And conduct electricity press certain appearance order generator for can pros and cons turn controlled - - this is step the p

58、hysical condition that spins into generator. So long as according with this condition, we can make any step of appearance into generator theoretically, wait for various consideration in view of</p><p>　　3 .

59、moment: </p><p>　　Generator once start eclectricity , between deciding rotor will produce magnetic field ( magnetic flux quantity Ф ) to pawn rotor and stator stagger certain angle produce force F with ( d Ф

60、 / d θ ) its S magnetic flux of direct ratio quantity Ф = Br * S Br is magnetism dense, S is Dao magnetic area F and L * D * Br L of direct ratio is core effective length, D is rotor diameter Br = N*I/R N*I installs circ

61、le several( current multiply circle number) R for excitation to wind hinderance, is magneto</p><p>　　Moment = force * radius moment and generator effective volume * install circle number * magnetism dense be

62、come direct ratio ( consideration linear state ) therefore, generator effective volume is the more big, it is big that excitation install circle to count, decide rotor between air gap the more little, generator moment is

63、 the more big, otherwise also Ran. </p><p>　　( 2 ) inductor type step enter generator </p><p>　　1 . characteristic: </p><p>　　Inductor type step is compared with into the reaction t

64、ype step of generator and tradition into generator, on structure rotor add have permanent magnet, with the working point that offers soft magnetic material , and stator excitation need to offer the magnetic field of chan

65、ge only and need not offer magnetic material work point consume can, therefore this generator efficiency has little current high, give out heat to low. Because of the existence of permanent magnet, this generator has , i

66、s mor</p><p>　　Inductor type step is certain into generator to be able to regard as at low speed synchronous generator on kind level. A 4 appearance generator can make 4 appearance operation, can also make 2

67、 appearance operation. ( must drive with ambipolar voltage ), and reaction type generator can not be such. For instance: </p><p>　　4 appearance, 8 appearance operation ( A-AB-B-BC-C-CD-D-DA-A ) can adopt 2 c

68、ompletely 8 appearance racket run modes. Do not not discover its condition is C =, D =. A 2 4 and the internal winding of appearance generator appearance generator complete consistent, small-power generator directly rece

69、ive normally is 2 appearance, and the generator of a little bit big power uses to facilitate , is flexible to change the development characteristic of generator, is often its external wiring 8 leads ( 4 a</p><

70、p>　　2 Classify </p><p>　　Inductor type step can divide into into generator with appearance number: 2 appearance generator, three-phase generator and 4 appearance generator and 5 appearance generator. Can

71、 divide into with baseplate number ( generator external diameter ): 42 BYG ( BYG is inductor type step enter generator code name ) , 57 BYG, 86 BYG and 110 BYG , ( international standard ), and like 70 BYG, 90 BYG and 13

72、0 BYG etc. is domestic standard. </p><p>　　3 Walk into the index terminology of static quiet of generator </p><p>　　Appearance number: Produce difference for very the excitation coil logarithm o

73、f N and S magnetic field. Show frequently with m.</p><p>　　Number of beats: The pulse number or conductive state needed by a complete periodicity change of magnetic field is expressed with n, or point at gen

74、erator to turn a pulse number needed by pitch angle, with 4 appearance generator is regular, have 4 4 appearance racket run modes AB-BC-CD-DA-AB, 4 8 appearance racket run modes A-AB-B-BC-C-CD-D-DA-A. The angle of step p

75、itch: In correspondence with a pulse signal the angular displacement that generator rotor has turned use θ show. θ = 360 degrees ( r</p><p>　　Torque positions: </p><p>　　Generator in do not star

76、t eclectricity state take off , the locking moment of generator rotor self ( from mechanical error as well as the harmonic of the tooth form of magnetic field cause ) quiet torque: Generator is under the specified electr

77、ical role of static quiet , when generator does not make revolving sport, the locking moment of generator runner shaft. This moment is to measure driving voltage and the standard of generator volume (geometry size) and d

78、rive power source etc. is unconcerne</p><p>　　Though, quiet torque and electromagnetism excitation install circle to count into direct ratio , are concerning the surely tooth air gap between rotor , but redu

79、ce stingy crack after adopting, increase excitation to install circle raising quiet moment is not desirable, so can cause generator give out heat and mechanical noise. </p><p>　　4, walk into generator develo

80、pment index and terminology: </p><p>　　1 . the angle precision of step pitch: </p><p>　　Step worths the error with theoretical value into generator per the reality that has turned a angle of ste

81、p pitch. Show with percentage: The error / angle of step pitch * 100%. Its different operation value of number of beats is different, when 4 rackets run , should be in 5% , when 8 rackets run , should be within 15%. <

82、/p><p>　　2, lose step: </p><p>　　The step that generator operation luck turns is counted, do not be equal to theoretically step number. Fit Zhi is to lose step. </p><p>　　3 . imbalance

83、 angle: </p><p>　　The rotor tooth angle and generator of axis deflection stator tooth axis operate, have imbalance angle surely, by the error that imbalance angle produces, with thin minute, drive can not so

84、lve. </p><p>　　4, year starts frequency: </p><p>　　Generator in certain kind drive form, voltage and specified current take off, under the condition of not add load the biggest frequency that ca

85、n directly start. </p><p>　　5 . the running frequency of big weight empty: </p><p>　　Generator in certain kind drive form, under voltage and specified current, generator does not take the highes

86、t frequency of rotational speed of load. </p><p>　　6 . operation rules frequency property: </p><p>　　Generator measures the curve of export moment and frequency relation in operation under certa

87、in kind test condition to be called as operation rules frequency property, this is generator many development curve in most important, it is also the basic basis of generator option. Following picture shows: </p>

88、<p>　　Other property still has to spoil frequency property, starts frequency property. </p><p>　　Generator once choose , the quiet moment of generator determines , and development moment otherwise, the

89、development moment of generator depends on the average current in generator operation ( instead of the current of static quiet ), average current is the more big, generator export moment is the more big, the frequency pr

90、operty of generator is the more hard. In which, 3 curve currents are biggest , or voltage highest; Curve 1 currents are minimum , or voltage minimum, the intersection of curve</p><p>　　7 . the resonance poin

91、t of generator: </p><p>　　Step has regular resonance area and 2 into generator , 4 the appearance inductor type resonance district that walks into generator general in 180-250 pps between ( the 1.8 angle deg

92、rees of step pitch ) or in 400 pps control ( the angle of step pitch is 0.9 degrees ), generator driving voltage is the more high, generator current has the more light load the more , generator volume is the more little,

93、 resonance district upward deflection, otherwise also Ran, to make generator export electrical rule</p><p>　　8, generator is pros and cons to turn control: </p><p>　　When generator winding start

94、s electricity, sequential is AB-BC-CD-DA or () is turning, start electricity sequential is DA-CA-BC-AB or ( ) is turn on the contrary. </p><p>　　Third Drive to control system composition</p><p>

95、;　　Use and control step into generator must from annular pulse, power enlarge the control system of etc. composition, its block diagram is as follows: </p><p>　　1 pulse signal produce. </p><p>　

96、　Pulse signal is produced normally by only flat machine or CPU, general pulse signal take leave empty than is 0.3-0.4 around, generator rotational speed is the more high, take to leave empty than the more big. </p>

97、<p>　　2 the signal inductor that distributes </p><p>　　my factory production type step enter generator with 2 and 4 appearance generator mainly with, 2 appearance generator working way have 2 4 appear

98、ance racket and 2 appearance 8 pat 2 kinds, specific distribution is as follows: 4 appearance rackets are 2, the angle of step pitch is 1.8 degrees; 8 appearance rackets are 2, the angle of step pitch is 0.9 degrees. 4 a

99、ppearance generator working way also have 2 kinds, 44 appearance rackets is AB-BC-CD-DA-AB, the angle of step pitch is 1.8 degrees; 48 </p><p>　　3 power enlarge </p><p>　　power enlarge is drive

100、the part with the most important system. The torque that step takes off into generator in certain rotational speed depends on it's development average current instead of the current of static quiet ( the current on s

101、ample is the current of static quiet ). Average current the bigger generator moment the more big, to reach average current big this need to drive system surmount generator as far as possible turn over electromotive force

102、. Thus different occasion adopt differenc</p><p>　　To raise the development performance of generator as far as possible enlarge signal distribution and power to form step enter the drive of generator power s

103、ource. The SH series 2 of my factory production appearance constant current chop wave drive power source and only flat machine and generator wiring diagram is as follows: </p><p>　　Explanation: </p>&