外文翻譯---gps的精密單點(diǎn)定位技術(shù)在空中三角測(cè)量的應(yīng)用

1、<p><b>　　附錄1：英文原文</b></p><p>　　ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing</p><p>　　YUAN Xiu-xiao(袁繡蕭)FU Jan-hong(福劍虹)SUN Hong-xing( 孫紅星)</p><p>　　The applic

2、ation of GPS precise point positioning technology in aerial triangulation </p><p><b>　　Abstract</b></p><p>　　In traditional GPS-supported aero triangulation, differential GPS (DGPS)

3、positioning technology is used to determine the 3-dimensional coordinates of the perspective centers at exposure time with an accuracy of centimeter to decimeter level. This method can significantly reduce the number o

4、f ground control points (GCPs).However, the establishment of GPS reference stations for DGPS positioning is not only labor-intensive and costly, but also increases the implementation difficulty of aerial pho</p>&

5、lt;p>　　' 2009 International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, </p><p>　　Inc. (ISPRS). Published by </p><p>　　Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p><p>　　Key word

6、s: deformation monitoring; landslide; single epoch GPS positioning; ambiguity resolution</p><p>　　Introduction</p><p>　　Aerial triangulation (AT) is the basicmethod for analyzing aerial images i

7、n order to calculate the 3-dimensional coordinates of object points and the exterior orientation elements of images. Up until now, bundle block adjustment has been commonly employed for AT, and numerous ground control po

8、ints (GCPs) are necessary for the adjustment computation (Wang, 1990). In the 1950s, photogrammetrists began exploiting other auxiliary data to reduce the number of GCPs. However, investigation did not achi</p>&l

9、t;p>　　with centimeter accuracy in differential mode, it was therefore applied in AT to measure the spatial position coordinates of the projection centers (referred to as GPS camera stations or airborne GPS control poi

10、nts). In this way, the number of GCPs could be significantly reduced. Block adjustment of combined photogrammetric observations and GPS-determined positions of perspective centers is regarded as GPS-supported AT. Since t

11、he beginning of the 1980s, many papers have presented the significant</p><p>　　In the late 1990s, with the development of sensor technology, an integrated systemof GPS / Inertial Navigation System(POS)was fi

12、rst used in AT to obtain the position and attitude information of aerial images directly. This technology, in theory, can eliminate the need for GCPs. However, research indicates that the digital orthophoto map can be ma

13、de directly by image orientation parameters obtained via a POS (Cannon and Sun, 1996; Cramer et al., 2000; Heipke et al., 2001), but there will be large</p><p>　　Whether exploiting GPS data or POS data in AT

14、, DGPS positioning is necessary to provide the GPS camera stations at present. In the DGPS mode, one or more GPS reference stations should be emplaced on the ground and observed synchronously and continuously together wi

15、th the airborne GPS receiver during the entire flight mission. Additionally, signals from GPS satellites should be received as few transmission interruptions as possible. Initialization surveying is also required before

16、aircraft takes </p><p>　　GPS differential baselines are typically limited to within 20 km if centimeter level accuracy is required with high reliability (Sun, 2004). When it comes to aerial photogrammetry, t

17、his is difficult because the length of survey areas is typically more than 200 km and the distance between the survey area and the airport may be greater. For baselines with long length, the atmospheric delay mainly comp

18、osed of ionospheric delay and tropospheric delay will degrade positioning accuracy significantly. </p><p>　　If GPS PPP technology is applied in GPS-supported AT, only one GPS receiver is mounted on the aircr

19、aft and GPS reference stations on the ground are no longer required. GPS-supported AT can therefore be implemented very easily andwith great flexibility, which is obviously significant in large survey blocks or areas wit

20、h difficult terrain. Therefore, GPS PPP technology is discussed in this paper based on the highly dynamic characteristic of aerial remote sensing. The error law of GPS camera statio</p><p>　　2. GPS precise p

21、oint positioning for aerial triangulation In contrast to DGPS positioning technology, GPS PPP is a type of absolute GPS positioning which uses IGS precise orbit parameters and clock error products. The main algorithms an

22、d correction models for the GPS PPP have been discussed in many papers (Han et al., 2001; Kouba and Heroux, 2001; Holfmann et al., 2003; Chen et al., 2004) and the most widely used data type is un-differenced ionosphere-

23、free carrier phase measurements, or an ionos</p><p><b>　　(A-1)</b></p><p>　　Here, j denotes satellite; Q j is the ionosphere-free combination of </p><p>　　L1 and L2 code

24、 pseudorange; j is the geocentric distance from the GPS receiver to the satellite j; dt is the GPS receiver clock error; dt j is the clock error of the satellite j, which can be obtained from IGS products; c is the vacu

25、um speed of light; T is the zenith tropospheric delay; Mj is the mapping function of tropospheric delay for satellite j, for which several models can be used; j is the ionosphere-free combination of L1 and L2 carrier ph

26、ase; Nj is the non-integer ambiguity of ionos</p><p>　　There are five unknown parameters in Eq. (1), including the 3-dimensional spatial coordinates of the receiver (X; Y; Z) lying in j , the zenith tropos

27、pheric delay T and the receiver clock error dt. Furthermore, in Eq. (2), besides the same parameters in Eq. (1), the ambiguity Nj is unknown. For these unknown parameters, the ambiguity Nj is constant if the cycle slip i

28、s repaired and the zenith tropospheric delay T changes very slowly or remains unchanged over a short time span, for example, over</p><p><b>　　(A-2)</b></p><p>　　where L is observatio

29、n vector; X is correction vector of the coordinates of GPS receiver antenna phase center and clock error; Y is vector of ambiguity parameters and the correction parameters to zenith tropospheric delay; A and B are design

30、 matrices; " is the noise vector; 0 is the standard deviation of the noise; P is the weight matrix of observations. </p><p><b>　　附錄2：中文翻譯</b></p><p>　　GPS的精密單點(diǎn)定位技術(shù)在空中三角測(cè)量的應(yīng)用<

31、/p><p>　　袁繡蕭 福劍虹 孫紅星</p><p>　　摘 要 在傳統(tǒng)的GPS輔助空中三角測(cè)量,差分全球定位系統(tǒng)（DGPS）定位技術(shù)用于確定曝光時(shí)間透視中心的3維坐標(biāo)厘米到分米級(jí)精度。這種方法可以大大減少地面控制點(diǎn)控制點(diǎn)的數(shù)量。但是DGPS定位的GPS基準(zhǔn)站的建立不僅勞動(dòng)密集和昂貴的但同時(shí)也增加了航拍的實(shí)施難度。本文建議空中三角GPS精密單點(diǎn)定位的方式以避免使用的GPS基準(zhǔn)站和簡(jiǎn)化的

32、航拍工作PPP的支持。首先我們提出了在空中三角測(cè)量應(yīng)用中的GPS的單點(diǎn)定位技術(shù)算法。其次使用GPS的PPP確定的角度中心的坐標(biāo)錯(cuò)誤的法律進(jìn)行了分析。第三四套測(cè)繪項(xiàng)目的實(shí)際空中拍攝的圖像不同的地形和攝影的比例基于GPS的單點(diǎn)定位技術(shù)和由作者自行研制的空中三角測(cè)量軟件給出了實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)Ｐ?。平坦地區(qū)為1:2500 的比例一個(gè)多山的地區(qū)為1:3000的比例在高山區(qū)和高地地區(qū)比例分別為1:32000和1:60000。在這些實(shí)驗(yàn)中GPS的PPP結(jié)果進(jìn)行

33、比較結(jié)果獲得通過(guò)DGPS定位和傳統(tǒng)的平差。在這樣的GPS的單點(diǎn)定位技術(shù)的實(shí)證定位在空中三角測(cè)量精度可以估算的。最后從GPS的單點(diǎn)定位技術(shù)的機(jī)載GPS控制的平差結(jié)果進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)分析。實(shí)證結(jié)果表明PPP的GPS空中三角測(cè)量應(yīng)用有一個(gè)</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞　　形變監(jiān)測(cè)滑坡　GPS單歷元定位　模糊度解算</p><p><b>　　緒論 </b></p>&

34、lt;p>　　空中三角測(cè)量（AT）是用于分析天線的基本方法為了計(jì)算3維坐標(biāo)的圖像對(duì)象點(diǎn)和影像的外方位元素。到現(xiàn)在為止已普遍采用平差A(yù)T和大量的地面控制點(diǎn)控制點(diǎn)是必要的調(diào)整計(jì)算。在20世紀(jì)50年代攝影測(cè)量開(kāi)始利用其他輔助數(shù)據(jù)以減少控制點(diǎn)的數(shù)量。然而當(dāng)時(shí)調(diào)查并沒(méi)有達(dá)到因?yàn)榧夹g(shù)限制許多實(shí)施結(jié)果（李和山，1989） 在20世紀(jì)70年代隨著應(yīng)用全球定位系統(tǒng)（GPS）況發(fā)生了很大變化。GPS可提供測(cè)點(diǎn)的三維坐標(biāo)厘米級(jí)精度在差分模式，因此它是適

35、用于AT來(lái)衡量的空間位置坐標(biāo)投影中心（以下簡(jiǎn)稱來(lái)GPS相機(jī)站或作為機(jī)載GPS控制點(diǎn)）在這種方式控制點(diǎn)的數(shù)量可顯著降低。</p><p>　　聯(lián)合平差攝影觀測(cè)和全球衛(wèi)星定位系統(tǒng)確定位置透視中心被認(rèn)為是作為GPS的支持。自從20世紀(jì)80年代開(kāi)始，許多論文已提交的大量的研究和實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果的GPS支持（阿克曼，1984；弗里斯1986；盧卡斯，1987 ）。經(jīng)過(guò)約20年這些努力， GPS的支持，廣泛應(yīng)用于空中三角測(cè)量在許多尺

36、度和所有類型的地形。這是特別有利的地方，他們是難以建立地面控制(阿克曼 1994)。 </p><p>　　在20世紀(jì)90年代后期，隨著傳感器技術(shù)的發(fā)展，GPS 慣性導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)( POS) 第一次使用在AT直接航拍圖像獲得的立體像對(duì)和地形的信息。在理論上,這種技術(shù)可以消除為控制點(diǎn)的需要。然而研究表明,數(shù)字正射影像圖可直接由地面點(diǎn)定位坐標(biāo);通過(guò)一臺(tái)POS(Cannon和sun, 1996年獲得的參數(shù)等人2000年,

37、Heipke等,2001 )但將有較大的垂直視差立體模型重建時(shí)使用這些圖像定向參數(shù)和高程精度不能滿足大比例尺地形圖測(cè)繪的要求。因此束塊應(yīng)作出調(diào)整合并后的圖像通過(guò)POS和攝影獲得的定向參數(shù)意見(jiàn)(Greening等2000) 。 是否利用POS機(jī)在AT 差分全球定位系統(tǒng)GPS數(shù)據(jù)或數(shù)據(jù)定位是提供必要的GPS相機(jī)站呈現(xiàn)。在差分全球定位系統(tǒng)模式下一個(gè)或多個(gè)GPS基準(zhǔn)站應(yīng)布設(shè)在地面上,并同步觀察期間不斷連同機(jī)載GPS接收機(jī)整個(gè)飛行任務(wù)。此外,從G

38、PS衛(wèi)星信號(hào)應(yīng)收到盡可能少的傳輸中斷。還需要之前飛機(jī)起飛和初始化測(cè)量著陸后靜態(tài)測(cè)量應(yīng)當(dāng)執(zhí)行。 </p><p>　　在處理GPS觀測(cè)載波相位差技術(shù)被用來(lái)消除或減少GPS定位誤差,包括衛(wèi)星時(shí)鐘誤差,衛(wèi)星軌道誤差,大氣延遲誤差等。一般來(lái)說(shuō)它是很難放列正確的GPS參考站時(shí)航空攝影區(qū)域與大范圍或難以進(jìn)行訪問(wèn)和交流。為了航拍圖像以保證質(zhì)量,調(diào)查面積必須等很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間拍攝,這是為了適合天氣來(lái)攝影。 GPS基準(zhǔn)站因此很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)

39、間留在原地。此外準(zhǔn)確性還和DGPS定位基線長(zhǎng)度有關(guān)。時(shí)間越長(zhǎng)基線之間電離層的相關(guān)性較弱折射誤差,對(duì)流層延遲誤差越小。由于需要大氣延遲誤差,長(zhǎng)度的空間相關(guān)性GPS差分基準(zhǔn)通常限制在20公里內(nèi).如果厘米級(jí)精度要求高可靠性(星期日2004年),當(dāng)它涉及到航空攝影測(cè)量,這是很難的,因?yàn)檎{(diào)查區(qū)域的長(zhǎng)度通常是200多公里調(diào)查區(qū)和機(jī)場(chǎng)之間的距離可能更大。對(duì)于長(zhǎng)基線大氣延遲主要由電離層延遲和對(duì)流層延遲將顯著降低定位精度。在這種情況下,甚至幾乎可以除去使

40、用雙電離層延遲頻 GPS接收機(jī)。但是仍然可以成為一個(gè)有對(duì)流層推遲幾個(gè)分米,這意味著長(zhǎng)基線通常是在分米級(jí)的定位精度。同時(shí)建立了GPS基準(zhǔn)站有時(shí)一項(xiàng)調(diào)查計(jì)劃難以實(shí)施由于交通通訊和成本的考慮。作為一個(gè)結(jié)果,取代連續(xù)的GPS基準(zhǔn)站的方法提出并獲得運(yùn)行參考站( COR</p><p>　　國(guó)際GNSS服務(wù)（IGS）可以提供精確的衛(wèi)星軌道和鐘差產(chǎn)品精度為5厘米和0.1納秒（3厘米） 。利用IGS的產(chǎn)品，如果可以去除大氣延遲

41、誤差建?；蚬烙?jì)在厘米級(jí)。將有可能獲得厘米級(jí)定位精度只有觀察一個(gè)單一的GPS接收機(jī)。提出了GPS精密單點(diǎn)定位（PPP）的方法，根據(jù)非差分模式并取得了厘米靜態(tài)定位水平精度。后來(lái)，Muellerchoen等，提交為實(shí)現(xiàn)GPS全球精密實(shí)時(shí)動(dòng)態(tài)的方法聯(lián)合國(guó)通過(guò)使用單歷元定位差雙頻初始化后的意見(jiàn)。在這方式，厘米到分米級(jí)精度可以實(shí)現(xiàn)航空目前的GPS導(dǎo)航定位。如果GPS的單點(diǎn)定位技術(shù)應(yīng)用于GPS的支持只有一臺(tái)GPS接收機(jī)安裝在飛機(jī)上和GPS參考不再需要

42、地面站GPS的支持，因此可以實(shí)施非常容易并有極大的靈活性這顯然是顯著的大型調(diào)查塊或地區(qū)地勢(shì)險(xiǎn)要。因此 GPS的單點(diǎn)定位技術(shù)技術(shù)討論本文基于天線高度的動(dòng)態(tài)特性遙感。錯(cuò)誤法獲得的GPS相機(jī)站用這種方法進(jìn)行了分析定位精度和可行性GPS利用GPS的單點(diǎn)定位技術(shù)技術(shù)支持討論。這項(xiàng)工作的目標(biāo)是消除需要在GPS基準(zhǔn)站的GPS輔助空中攝影的GPS的單點(diǎn)定位技術(shù)技術(shù)。這項(xiàng)技術(shù)不僅可以減少航拍成本，但也增加了空中的靈活性攝影業(yè)務(wù)。這是有利于廣</p&

43、gt;<p>　　空中三角測(cè)量的GPS精密單點(diǎn)定位相比之下DGPS定位技 </p><p>　　GPS的單點(diǎn)定位技術(shù)是一種類型使用IGS精密軌道參數(shù)的絕對(duì)GPS定位和鐘差產(chǎn)品。主要算法和校正的GPS的單點(diǎn)定位技術(shù)模式已經(jīng)在許多論文討論，并使用最廣泛的數(shù)據(jù)類型是非差電離層載波相位測(cè)量或電離層自由組合載波相位和偽代碼測(cè)量。一些研究中所使用的另一種數(shù)據(jù)類型代碼相電離層自由組合，旨在加速參數(shù)解決方案的收斂速

44、度。在本文中采用單差模型下面將要討論的原因。為了簡(jiǎn)化錯(cuò)誤，更正衛(wèi)星相位中心偏移，太陽(yáng)風(fēng)海洋負(fù)荷改變等這里將不討論。原非差分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)類型是由一個(gè)電離層自由組合的雙頻GPS數(shù)據(jù)：</p><p><b>　?。˙-1）</b></p><p>　　在這里，J表示衛(wèi)星是電離層自由組合L1和L2碼偽距是研究地心的距離GPS接收機(jī)的衛(wèi)星j ; dt是GPS接收機(jī)的時(shí)鐘誤差; 是表示

45、衛(wèi)星J的時(shí)間誤差，并且可以得到時(shí)鐘誤差從IGS的產(chǎn)品; c為真空中的速度;光T是天頂對(duì)流層延遲; 是對(duì)流層的映射功能延遲衛(wèi)星J。這幾個(gè)模型可以用來(lái)研究是L1和L2載波相位的電離層自由組合;是電離層無(wú)載波相位非整周模糊度相結(jié)合的的噪音。式中有5個(gè)未知參數(shù)。 （1）包括接收機(jī)的依靠的三維空間坐標(biāo)（X，Y，Z）,對(duì)流層延遲T和接收機(jī)時(shí)鐘誤差dt。此外,在方程中 (2)除了在相同的參數(shù)方程。(1)含糊不清的是未知的。對(duì)于這些未知參數(shù)，含糊不清的

46、是恒定的。如果修復(fù)周跳和天頂對(duì)流層延遲T改變非常緩慢或保持不變，在很短的時(shí)間跨度例如大約兩個(gè)多小時(shí)。接收器時(shí)鐘錯(cuò)誤DT變化很快的坐標(biāo)接收（X，Y， Z）依賴于車輛運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài)。在航空攝影測(cè)量的應(yīng)用,工藝往往帶有出大動(dòng)作,基于動(dòng)態(tài)連續(xù)過(guò)濾器所有參數(shù)的模型,可以不為實(shí)現(xiàn)高精度定位.因?yàn)檫@個(gè)過(guò)程汽車運(yùn)動(dòng)噪聲和接收機(jī)時(shí)鐘誤差非常大。在這種情況下,遞歸最小二乘算法用于分離接收機(jī)坐標(biāo)和鐘差其他參數(shù)保持不變或變化非常緩慢。假設(shè)X和Y兩種要估計(jì)的</