外文翻譯--中美貿(mào)易摩擦+動(dòng)態(tài)與理性透視

1、<p>　　Sino-US trade friction: A Dialectic Analysis of</p><p>　　來(lái)源：Public Relations Review 作者： Boonlert Supadhiloke</p><p>　　Since the late 70s of the 20th century China in the early 80s b

2、egan to reform and opening up policy, the rapid development of Sino-US trade; into the 21st century, China's "accession" is to inject a strong Sino-US trade of live power, Sino-US trade made significant pro

3、gress. By 2006, total bilateral trade increased to a record 262.7 billion U.S. dollars. Sino-US trade large scale, rapid development, world-renowned, but also bound to be affected countries and the world economy is an im

4、portant fac</p><p>　　Vigorous development of China-US trade, China also faces the United States and other trading partners are frequent .The great challenges of trade friction. According to statistics, from

5、1979 to the end of September 2006, the cumulative total of 38 countries initiated against Chinese exports from 815 anti-dumping, countervailing, safeguard measures and special safeguard measures investigation. Among them

6、, the United States from July 1980 to China menthol anti-dumping investigations initiated by t</p><p>　　(A)Trade friction involved widening the scope of Sino-US trade products trade friction in the past focu

7、sed mainly on light industry, textile and other traditional industrial products, among the most prominent China-US textile trade friction. But the current Sino-US trade friction from individual products to multiple indus

8、tries and structural phase direction development of trade from goods to services trade, intellectual property, standards direction. U.S. anti-dumping cases in the total number o</p><p>　　(B) Increasing diver

9、sification of trade friction in the form of the United States to China product exports to the U.S. antidumping investigation is still a major Sino-US trade friction .Form, but has started to "safeguard clause",

10、 safeguard measures, "337" and other aspects of the transfer. To "337" as an example, based on "337", the United States according to national law, realized foreign goods "violation of t

11、heir intellectual property right" to interfere. In recent years, the United States ha</p><p>　　(C)Trade frictions related to the fields of finance, in recent years, with further increase bilateral trade

12、 imbalance, the U.S. Congress and The White House has frequently shot, to seek the grounds of the United States balance of trade pressure on people RMB appreciation. First there is the 2003 so-called "Schumer - Grah

13、am Act "(Schumer-Graham Bill), and then again in 2006, 3 Launched a more rigorous "Grassley - Baucus bill" (Grassley-Baucus Bill). U.S. Treasury Secretary John Snow and the last </p><p>　　(D)

14、The emergence of trade friction between the two countries bilateral relations and comprehensive on the development of signs of linking between the United States should stand for all Are put on the table to discuss issues

15、, calling on China to act to present and U.S. cooperation in good faith. Graham claimed that China's economic issues no action will affect the future of other relations between the two countries. Display United State

16、s growing trade relations between countries and between the </p><p>　　Two Inevitable trade friction and has the development of Sino-US economic and trade relations cause significant negative impact, it is be

17、yond doubt. According to the Ministry of Commerce Statistics, 1980 to 2003, subject to allegations of U.S. anti-dumping investigation Chinese products have nearly the coverage of species in the United States has been clo

18、sed China anti-dumping investigations, 80% of the products China exports to the U.S. tax rate increase ranging from the U.S. anti-dumping dutie</p><p>　　In addition to these two countries to trade relations

19、with the political issues linked to aggressive domineering display outside of the United States in the Sino-US trade dispute End of treatment, the United States also implemented a number of Chinese enterprises discrimina

20、tory measures, Chinese enterprises actually "enjoy" to the unfair treatment. If ignoring China's reform and opening up, especially since 1992, the socialist establishment and development of market economy r

21、esults, stubbornly r</p><p>　　China-US trade friction in the subject of unfair treatment remain "silent" is obviously not desirable. China's export manufacturing enterprises industry, related t

22、rade associations and other intermediary organizations, relevant governmental departments are should be given high priority, in each case be carefully studied to China's overall national interests, with respect for r

23、ules, fair competition, mutual cooperation .For the principle, according to the relevant legal provisions and internation</p><p>　　First, the Sino-US trade friction is the world's economic imbalances, th

24、e U.S. economy become increasingly prominent in the various conflicts and trade protectionism in the United States payable to the "normal" reflected. Overall imbalance in the current world economy, the States,

25、economies and trade exchanges between the environment against the background of tightening, Sino-US trade friction is the world's group of economic friction and dispute as part of the. Sino-US trade friction between

26、th</p><p>　　These data clearly show that trade friction has become the world will Must face the reality of a universal. China's "accession", in deeper surface and on a larger scale involved in

27、the process of economic globalization, the first when it Washed in from other countries facing the pressure of trade friction is inevitable. As China's most important trading partner, the United States as China initi

28、ated anti-dumping sales than any other country to initiate an investigation, it is not surprising. Sinc</p><p>　　China's foreign trade such a large and rapid growth, will inevitably impact on the interna

29、tional market both in the interests of the pattern of trade friction in the hard Free. To the textile trade, for example, in 2004 China's global textile exports Textiles 95.1 billion U.S. dollars, accounting for the

30、global textile trade volume of 1 / 4; </p><p>　　In 2005, China's fiber processing capacity 24 million tons, about the World Health production . In 2005, the United States, various types of textile import

31、s from China Product total 16.8 billion square meters, up 43.8%; import value 22.4 billion U.S. dollars, up 53.9%. In China since 2002 Remained the largest U.S. supplier of the status of textile products in 2005 the mark

32、et share of more than 2 to 6 supply country (region) combined. In 2002 as the base year, 2005, China's textile products expor</p><p>　　Rational perspective of Sino-US trade friction, in addition to under

33、standing the Sino-US trade the objective necessity of friction, it also should be clear to see that trade friction. Sino-US trade friction is not the subject of trade protectionism the theme of Sino-US trade. Not to say,

34、 the United States adopted some trade protectionist measures taken on the development of Sino-US economic and trade relations is indeed. System had a negative impact to China's export manufacturers are caused rea<

35、/p><p>　　Four More significantly, rational perspective of Sino-US trade friction, we Should be realistic and understand that things are always two, and now Sino-US trade friction to a certain extent in fact the

36、re are positive meaning. </p><p>　　(A)Regarding the promotion of export market diversification strategy and the change of the economic growth patterns present, China's exports more than 75% of sales to t

37、he United States, Japan, the European Union the three markets. Exports to the United States .And most are concentrated in labor-intensive products such as textiles, footwear, playing equipment and so on. The added value,

38、 low product differentiation and prices .The competitiveness of products once formed a strong focus on the large</p><p>　　(B) Of the vicious price competition on a long time, China indeed, some export produc

39、tion enterprises that use low-cost competitive strategy has a strong preference, which means the competition is the best at price war. These enterprises often focus on production growth, technological innovation and ente

40、rprise improve the product's value added less focus, focus only on immediate the lack of long-term strategic considerations. What can make money, flew on a Coax into the sky, the rush to squeeze </p><p>

41、　　(C) Guidance on national foreign trade policy issues over a period of time .Room, the state's foreign trade policy to encourage export-oriented, the export record meeting as a top priority. China's export trade

42、 in a low-fat development phase of reform and opening up, the export strategy is the development of such cooperation reasonable. But so far China has become the world's third largest trading nation, if it wants to ke

43、ep emphasis on increasing exports, brought its policy-oriented one-sidedne</p><p>　　(D) On the promotion of technological change, transition and development strategies upgrading of industrial structure adjus

44、tment of a long time, "labor costs advantage "for the formation of the comparative advantages of China's exports have played a major dry core, a number of labor-intensive industries was a great development.

45、 But stubbornly cling to "the labor cost advantage," that is bound to form a single category of Chinese export products, the technological content and added value low, bus</p><p>　　External pressur

46、e from the trade friction technology related businesses will Strategic restructuring, innovation and development of a strong driving force, forcing them high-end business transfer to the industry chain, from a simple qua

47、ntitative expansion to qualitative capacity to improve and enhance the value-added model transformation from a focus on production and processing .Link to technology innovation, brand development, optimal management and

48、development of export channels .Road and oth</p><p>　　Not worth thinking seriously about it on the improvement of China's overall national welfare, building socialism .Harmonious social justice issues ov

49、er the years, the Chinese enjoy low labor costs .Honest it, in the international market competition "to be rightly," External .The rapid development of trade, foreign exchange reserves rose sharply, it seems th

50、at the formation of the "China product is competitive, "a certain way of thinking. However, this excellent situation to a certain extent even</p><p>　　We Americans have trouble with trade frictions

51、, promote China's Business, government and society more concerned about the livelihood of the people, pay attention to the protection of labor Fu Interest and welfare of the people, have a strong environmental awaren

52、ess, attention to resource conservation .And environmental protection, including positive significance is obvious.</p><p>　　中美貿(mào)易摩擦: 動(dòng)態(tài)與理性透視</p><p>　　來(lái)源：公共關(guān)系評(píng)估 作者： Boonlert Supadhiloke</p>

53、;<p>　　自20世紀(jì)70年代末80年代初中國(guó)開(kāi)始實(shí)行改革開(kāi)放政策以來(lái),中美貿(mào)易快速發(fā)展；入21世紀(jì)以后,中國(guó)“入世”更是給中美貿(mào)易發(fā)展注入了強(qiáng)勁的活力,中美貿(mào)易取得長(zhǎng)足進(jìn)展。2006年,中美雙邊貿(mào)易總額增加到創(chuàng)紀(jì)錄的2627億美元。中美貿(mào)易規(guī)模之巨大,發(fā)展速度之快,世所矚目,也必然成為影響兩國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)乃至世界經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的一個(gè)重要因素。</p><p>　　在中美貿(mào)易蓬勃發(fā)展的同時(shí),中國(guó)也面臨著同美國(guó)及

54、其它貿(mào)易伙伴國(guó)頻繁發(fā)生貿(mào)易摩擦的巨大挑戰(zhàn)。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),自1979-2006年9月底,共有38個(gè)國(guó)家累計(jì)發(fā)起815起針對(duì)中國(guó)出口商品的反傾銷(xiāo)、反補(bǔ)貼、保障措施及特別保障措施的調(diào)查案件。其中,從1980 年7月美國(guó)對(duì)中國(guó)薄荷醇發(fā)起首次反傾銷(xiāo)調(diào)查算起,截至2005年,美國(guó)已累計(jì)對(duì)中國(guó)發(fā)起114起反傾銷(xiāo)調(diào)查,19起保障措施,占中國(guó)涉案總數(shù)的20%,是迄今同中國(guó)發(fā)生貿(mào)易摩擦最多的國(guó)家。綜合起來(lái)看, 中美貿(mào)易摩擦主要呈現(xiàn)以下四個(gè)方面的特點(diǎn):</p

55、><p>　　(一)貿(mào)易摩擦涉案產(chǎn)品范圍逐漸擴(kuò)大中美貿(mào)易摩擦過(guò)去主要集中于輕工、紡織等傳統(tǒng)工業(yè)產(chǎn)品,其中以中美紡織品貿(mào)易摩擦最為突出。但當(dāng)前,中美貿(mào)易摩擦已從個(gè)別產(chǎn)品逐步向多產(chǎn)業(yè)和結(jié)構(gòu)性方向發(fā)展,從貨物貿(mào)易向服務(wù)貿(mào)易、知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)、技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方向發(fā)展。在美國(guó)對(duì)華反傾銷(xiāo)案件總數(shù)中,傳統(tǒng)工業(yè)產(chǎn)品所占比例從20世紀(jì)80年代的88.8%下降至2005 年的48%, 而同期,機(jī)電產(chǎn)品、汽車(chē)、醫(yī)藥產(chǎn)品所占比重卻由5.5%上升至25.4

56、%。</p><p>　　(二)貿(mào)易摩擦的形式日益多樣化美國(guó)對(duì)中國(guó)輸美產(chǎn)品提起反傾銷(xiāo)調(diào)查仍是中美貿(mào)易摩擦的主要形式,但目前已開(kāi)始向“特保條款”、保障措施、“337 條款”等方面轉(zhuǎn)移。以“337條款”為例,依據(jù)“337條款”,美國(guó)可以根據(jù)本國(guó)法律,實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)外國(guó)貨物“侵犯本國(guó)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)行為”的干涉。近年來(lái),美國(guó)在多份報(bào)告中均稱(chēng)中國(guó)政府對(duì)美國(guó)企業(yè)的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)不力,迄今已對(duì)中國(guó)產(chǎn)品啟動(dòng)10 余次“337條款”調(diào)查。<

57、/p><p>　　(三)貿(mào)易摩擦向金融等相關(guān)領(lǐng)域延伸近年來(lái),隨著中美雙邊貿(mào)易不平衡進(jìn)一步加劇,美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)和白宮更是頻頻出手,以謀求美中貿(mào)易平衡為由壓人民幣升值。先是有2003年的所謂“舒默—格雷厄姆法案”( Schumer- Graham Bill) , 繼而又在2006年3月推出了更為嚴(yán)格的“格拉斯利- 鮑克斯法案”( Grassley- Baucus Bill)。美國(guó)的近兩任財(cái)長(zhǎng)斯諾與鮑爾森在人民幣匯率問(wèn)題上也不斷

58、對(duì)我國(guó)施加壓力,敦促中國(guó)政府按美國(guó)的意愿進(jìn)行匯率改革,改變現(xiàn)有匯率制度。</p><p>　　(四)出現(xiàn)將兩國(guó)間的貿(mào)易摩擦與全面雙邊關(guān)系發(fā)展掛鉤的苗頭舒默就主張美中之間應(yīng)該把所有議題都放到臺(tái)面上討論, 要求中國(guó)以行動(dòng)來(lái)展示與美國(guó)合作的誠(chéng)意。格雷厄姆則稱(chēng),中國(guó)在經(jīng)濟(jì)議題上不采取行動(dòng), 將影響兩國(guó)未來(lái)的其他關(guān)系。顯示中美貿(mào)易問(wèn)題日益與兩國(guó)間全面國(guó)家關(guān)系的發(fā)展等問(wèn)題聯(lián)系在一起。</p><p>

59、　　貿(mào)易摩擦必然并且已經(jīng)對(duì)中美經(jīng)貿(mào)關(guān)系的發(fā)展帶來(lái)了明顯的消極影響, 這是毋庸置疑的。據(jù)商務(wù)部統(tǒng)計(jì),1980-2003年,遭受美國(guó)反傾銷(xiāo)調(diào)查立案指控的中國(guó)產(chǎn)品涉及范圍已近百種,在已經(jīng)結(jié)案的美國(guó)對(duì)華反傾銷(xiāo)調(diào)查中,80%左右的中國(guó)對(duì)美出口產(chǎn)品被美國(guó)加征稅率不等的反傾銷(xiāo)稅。中美貿(mào)易摩擦的不斷加劇, 使中國(guó)出口生產(chǎn)企業(yè)蒙受了巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。除上述將貿(mào)易問(wèn)題與兩國(guó)國(guó)家關(guān)系等政治問(wèn)題掛鉤, 顯示美國(guó)咄咄逼人的霸氣以外, 在中美貿(mào)易爭(zhēng)端的處理上,美國(guó)還

60、對(duì)中國(guó)企業(yè)實(shí)施了許多歧視性措施,中國(guó)企業(yè)實(shí)際上是“享受”到了不公平待遇。如無(wú)視中國(guó)改革開(kāi)放特別是自1992 年起社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制建立與發(fā)展的成果, 頑固地拒絕承認(rèn)中國(guó)企業(yè)的“完全市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位”,濫用“非市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位”條款；又如在反傾銷(xiāo)調(diào)查中,硬是要將基本經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況和總體經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平與中國(guó)相去甚遠(yuǎn)的國(guó)家作為中國(guó)的“替代國(guó)”,掛公平貿(mào)易之名,行貿(mào)易保護(hù)之實(shí); 再如濫用“特保措施”的低門(mén)檻特點(diǎn), 輕易對(duì)中國(guó)采取特保措施等。</p>

61、;<p>　　對(duì)于中美貿(mào)易摩擦中中國(guó)受到的不公正對(duì)待,保持“沉默”顯然是不可取的。中國(guó)的出口生產(chǎn)企業(yè)、相關(guān)行業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)等中介組織、有關(guān)政府職能部門(mén)都應(yīng)給予高度重視,逐案加以認(rèn)真研究,以中國(guó)的整體國(guó)家利益為依歸,本著尊重規(guī)則、公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)、互利合作的原則,依據(jù)相關(guān)的法律規(guī)定和國(guó)際經(jīng)貿(mào)慣例,積極應(yīng)訴。通過(guò)中美雙邊磋商或借助多邊框架,據(jù)理力爭(zhēng),爭(zhēng)取正當(dāng)、合理的權(quán)益。事實(shí)上, 1999 年的中美蘋(píng)果汁爭(zhēng)端、2002年的中美球軸承爭(zhēng)端等,中

62、國(guó)都爭(zhēng)取到了勝訴或部分勝訴的結(jié)果。</p><p>　　當(dāng)前對(duì)待中美貿(mào)易摩擦問(wèn)題, 既不可以掉以輕心,要看到它的嚴(yán)重性,對(duì)它能形成的破壞力給予足夠的估計(jì),并充分預(yù)設(shè)有效的防范機(jī)制。同時(shí),更加至關(guān)重要因而也更加難能可貴的是對(duì)中美貿(mào)易摩擦保持一顆“平常心”,以理性、平和的心態(tài),對(duì)中美貿(mào)易摩擦加以科學(xué)辯證的分析。理性透視中美貿(mào)易摩擦,可以看到中美貿(mào)易摩擦的發(fā)生并呈愈演愈烈之勢(shì)有其客觀必然性。此種客觀必然性主要體現(xiàn)在以下

63、兩個(gè)方面。首先,中美貿(mào)易摩擦是世界經(jīng)濟(jì)失衡、美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)中各方面矛盾日益凸顯以及美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義抬頭的“正?！狈从?。在當(dāng)前世界經(jīng)濟(jì)整體失衡,各國(guó)、各經(jīng)濟(jì)體之間的經(jīng)貿(mào)往來(lái)環(huán)境趨緊的大背景下,中美貿(mào)易摩擦只是世界范圍內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)摩擦與爭(zhēng)端的組成部分。中美之間發(fā)生貿(mào)易摩擦是再正常不過(guò)的事情, 不值得大驚小怪。</p><p>　　美國(guó)雖然頻頻發(fā)起對(duì)其他國(guó)家的反傾銷(xiāo)調(diào)查,它自己也是被其他國(guó)家調(diào)查立案的主要對(duì)象之一,歐盟、日本、

64、韓國(guó)等國(guó)都概莫能外。這些資料明確顯示貿(mào)易摩擦已成為當(dāng)今世界各國(guó)必須直面的一個(gè)普遍現(xiàn)實(shí)。中國(guó)“入世”后,在更深層面以及更大規(guī)模上卷入了經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化進(jìn)程,首當(dāng)其沖地面臨來(lái)自別國(guó)貿(mào)易摩擦的壓力在所難免。作為中國(guó)最重要的貿(mào)易伙伴,美國(guó)成為對(duì)中國(guó)發(fā)起反傾銷(xiāo)立案調(diào)查最多的國(guó)家,就一點(diǎn)也不奇怪了。既然如此,對(duì)中美貿(mào)易摩擦就只能平心靜氣, 坦然面對(duì),大可不必?fù)诫s太多經(jīng)濟(jì)民族主義情緒。其次,中美之間發(fā)生貿(mào)易摩擦是中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)高速發(fā)展,中國(guó)的國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)地位迅速

65、提升的必然產(chǎn)物。改革開(kāi)放以前的中國(guó)基本處在閉關(guān)鎖國(guó)的狀態(tài),偌大一個(gè)中國(guó),其國(guó)際貿(mào)易額在全球貿(mào)易中的份額少得可憐,貿(mào)易摩擦又從何而來(lái)呢? 然而,近30年改革開(kāi)放,中國(guó)迅速崛起成為在全球經(jīng)濟(jì)中具有舉足輕重地位的第四大經(jīng)濟(jì)體。在經(jīng)濟(jì)保持長(zhǎng)期高速發(fā)展的同時(shí),中國(guó)積極融入世界經(jīng)濟(jì)主流進(jìn)程,2006年中國(guó)的對(duì)外貿(mào)易總額超過(guò)了17607 億美元,順差達(dá)到1775 億美元。已從1978 年排名世界第32 位的貿(mào)易體, 發(fā)展成為世界第3 位的貿(mào)易大國(guó)。中

66、國(guó)對(duì)外貿(mào)易如此巨大而快速</p><p>　　中國(guó)自2002 年以來(lái)一直保持美國(guó)最大的紡織產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)國(guó)地位,2005年的市場(chǎng)份額已經(jīng)超過(guò)2-6位供應(yīng)國(guó)(地區(qū))的總和。以2002年為基期, 2005年中國(guó)紡織產(chǎn)品對(duì)美出口數(shù)量增長(zhǎng)了238%,金額增長(zhǎng)了156%。這樣巨額的增長(zhǎng),必然會(huì)引起美國(guó)相關(guān)業(yè)者的反彈。于是,美國(guó)紡織品生產(chǎn)商強(qiáng)烈要求政府使用對(duì)華紡織品特保措施限制進(jìn)口。結(jié)果美國(guó)在2003年發(fā)動(dòng)1起,2004 年發(fā)動(dòng)3

67、 起,2005年發(fā)起9 起特保限制,除此以外還對(duì)中國(guó)的24 類(lèi)紡織品進(jìn)行設(shè)限調(diào)查。</p><p>　　理性透視中美貿(mào)易摩擦, 除了認(rèn)識(shí)到中美貿(mào)易摩擦的客觀必然性以外, 還應(yīng)該明確地看到,貿(mào)易摩擦并不是中美雙邊貿(mào)易的主體, 貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義也并不是代表中美雙邊貿(mào)易的主旋律。無(wú)須諱言,美國(guó)采取的一些貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義措施的確對(duì)發(fā)展中美經(jīng)貿(mào)關(guān)系帶來(lái)了負(fù)面影響,給中國(guó)出口生產(chǎn)企業(yè)造成了現(xiàn)實(shí)的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。盡管兩國(guó)間的貿(mào)易摩擦?xí)r有發(fā)生

68、,也時(shí)常可以聽(tīng)到貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義的雜音。但這些并不構(gòu)成中美雙邊貿(mào)易的主體。統(tǒng)計(jì)資料表明,2005年美國(guó)同中國(guó)出現(xiàn)貿(mào)易摩擦的涉案金額為14.8 億美元,與中國(guó)當(dāng)年對(duì)美出口相比,所占比例不過(guò)區(qū)區(qū)0.89%。如若不然,如何理解在不斷發(fā)生貿(mào)易摩擦的同時(shí),中美雙邊貿(mào)易何以仍在高位實(shí)現(xiàn)高速增長(zhǎng)(年增速25%-35%)</p><p>　　更具意義的是,理性透視中美貿(mào)易摩擦,我們還應(yīng)該實(shí)事求是地認(rèn)識(shí)到,事物總是一分為二的, 眼下的

69、中美貿(mào)易摩擦其實(shí)在相當(dāng)程度上也存在著積極的正面意義。</p><p>　　(一) 關(guān)于推動(dòng)出口市場(chǎng)多元化戰(zhàn)略和轉(zhuǎn)變經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)模式問(wèn)題目前,中國(guó)的出口產(chǎn)品75%以上銷(xiāo)往美國(guó)、日本、歐盟這三大市場(chǎng)。向美國(guó)出口的產(chǎn)品又大多集中在勞動(dòng)密集型產(chǎn)品,如紡織品、鞋類(lèi)、玩具等。這些附加值不高、產(chǎn)品差異化水平較低而價(jià)格競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力又較強(qiáng)的產(chǎn)品一旦形成對(duì)美國(guó)市場(chǎng)集中的大批量低價(jià)出口,極易引起美方的強(qiáng)烈反彈,引發(fā)中美貿(mào)易摩擦。而中美貿(mào)易摩擦所

70、以有更大的破壞力,其中一個(gè)重要原因就是中國(guó)對(duì)美國(guó)市場(chǎng)的嚴(yán)重依賴(lài)性。中國(guó)對(duì)美貿(mào)易依存度由1997年的5.4%上升到2003年的8.95% 。中國(guó)對(duì)美出口占中國(guó)出口總額的20%以上,而美國(guó)對(duì)華出口僅占其出口總額的2%。中國(guó)自美進(jìn)口占中國(guó)進(jìn)口總額的比重約為10%,而美國(guó)自華進(jìn)口僅占其進(jìn)口總額的2.5%。</p><p>　　出口過(guò)于集中不利于分散風(fēng)險(xiǎn),也不利于充分利用全球資源,更易引起貿(mào)易摩擦。從這個(gè)意義上看,中美貿(mào)易

71、摩擦有助于促進(jìn)中國(guó)加快推動(dòng)出口市場(chǎng)多元化戰(zhàn)略,也有助于中國(guó)企業(yè)積極發(fā)展對(duì)外直接投資,提高中國(guó)企業(yè)的綜合國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力。此外,中美貿(mào)易摩擦頻發(fā)的現(xiàn)實(shí),也從另一個(gè)側(cè)面充分說(shuō)明將中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的增長(zhǎng)模式從“投資推進(jìn)型”和“出口帶動(dòng)型”轉(zhuǎn)換為“內(nèi)需拉動(dòng)型”的必要性和緊迫性。</p><p>　　關(guān)于惡性?xún)r(jià)格競(jìng)爭(zhēng)問(wèn)題長(zhǎng)期以來(lái),中國(guó)確有部分出口生產(chǎn)企業(yè)對(duì)實(shí)行低價(jià)格競(jìng)爭(zhēng)戰(zhàn)略有強(qiáng)烈偏好,它們最擅長(zhǎng)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)手段就是打價(jià)格戰(zhàn)。這些企業(yè)往往只注

72、重產(chǎn)量的增長(zhǎng),在企業(yè)的技術(shù)創(chuàng)新和提高產(chǎn)品的附加值方面較少著力,只顧及眼前利益而缺乏長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的戰(zhàn)略考慮。什么東西能賺錢(qián),立馬就一哄而起,一窩蜂地?cái)D將過(guò)去。以中國(guó)出口襪子為例,一項(xiàng)調(diào)查表明,某省出口到歐美市場(chǎng)的襪子,在美國(guó)可以賣(mài)到4美元1 打,在日本可以賣(mài)到6美元1打,但是由于出口襪子的企業(yè)太多, 企業(yè)之間相互殺價(jià),惡性競(jìng)爭(zhēng),最后把襪子價(jià)格降到99美分一打。</p><p>　　價(jià)格戰(zhàn)之狀況慘烈可見(jiàn)一斑。其結(jié)果自然是既擠

73、壓了出口企業(yè)自身的利潤(rùn)空間, 又極易授人以柄,致外國(guó)的反傾銷(xiāo)調(diào)查, 導(dǎo)致發(fā)生貿(mào)易摩擦。</p><p>　　關(guān)于國(guó)家外貿(mào)政策導(dǎo)向問(wèn)題過(guò)去一段時(shí)間內(nèi),國(guó)家的外貿(mào)政策以鼓勵(lì)出口為導(dǎo)向,把出口創(chuàng)匯當(dāng)成第一要?jiǎng)?wù)。在中國(guó)的出口貿(mào)易處在低水平發(fā)展階段的改革開(kāi)放之初,制定這樣的出口戰(zhàn)略是合理的。但至今中國(guó)已經(jīng)發(fā)展成為世界第三大貿(mào)易國(guó),如仍一味強(qiáng)調(diào)增加出口,其政策導(dǎo)向片面性帶來(lái)的負(fù)面影響就必然愈益凸顯。這種政策導(dǎo)向下中美貿(mào)易順差

74、增幅過(guò)快,客觀上給美國(guó)造成巨大“壓力”,人家不跟你鬧貿(mào)易摩擦那才怪了。美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家斯蒂格里茨用經(jīng)濟(jì)模型證明,如果對(duì)一國(guó)的貿(mào)易順差超過(guò)該國(guó)貿(mào)易額的25%-30%,那就不僅是經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題,而且成為政治問(wèn)題。大多數(shù)年份,中國(guó)貿(mào)易順差占到美國(guó)總逆差額的10%-40% 。在這樣的形勢(shì)下,中美發(fā)生貿(mào)易摩擦就在所難免了。</p><p>　　關(guān)于促進(jìn)企業(yè)技術(shù)變革、發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)型和產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整升級(jí)問(wèn)題長(zhǎng)期以來(lái),“勞動(dòng)力成本優(yōu)勢(shì)”對(duì)于形

75、成中國(guó)出口貿(mào)易的比較優(yōu)勢(shì)發(fā)揮了主干核心作用, 一批勞動(dòng)密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)獲得了巨大發(fā)展。然而一味固守“勞動(dòng)力成本優(yōu)勢(shì)”,則勢(shì)必形成中國(guó)的出口產(chǎn)品品類(lèi)單一,產(chǎn)品的技術(shù)含量和附加價(jià)值低,企業(yè)科技創(chuàng)新和營(yíng)銷(xiāo)能力發(fā)展滯后等結(jié)構(gòu)性問(wèn)題,陷入只能依靠數(shù)量擴(kuò)張和價(jià)格競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的窘境,甚至掉進(jìn)“比較優(yōu)勢(shì)陷阱”。來(lái)自貿(mào)易摩擦的外部壓力將對(duì)相關(guān)企業(yè)的技術(shù)革新和發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)型產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)大的推動(dòng)力,迫使這些企業(yè)向產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈的高端轉(zhuǎn)移,由單純的數(shù)量擴(kuò)張向質(zhì)量提高和附加值提升模式轉(zhuǎn)型,由

76、集中于生產(chǎn)加工環(huán)節(jié)向技術(shù)創(chuàng)新、品牌培育、優(yōu)化管理和拓展外銷(xiāo)渠道等環(huán)節(jié)傾斜,最終提升自身的綜合競(jìng)爭(zhēng)實(shí)力。此外,來(lái)自貿(mào)易摩擦的外部壓力也可以強(qiáng)制性地淘汰一些缺乏競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的企業(yè)和產(chǎn)業(yè),促進(jìn)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整和升級(jí)。以日本為例,從歷史的角度考察,日本和美國(guó)的貿(mào)易摩擦從20世紀(jì)50年代的輕工業(yè)到60年代的重化工業(yè),再到70年代和80年代的加工組裝產(chǎn)業(yè)。伴隨著日美貿(mào)易摩擦,日本抓住機(jī)會(huì)加快推動(dòng)其國(guó)內(nèi)的產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整和升級(jí),完成了從勞動(dòng)密集型到資本(資源)密集

77、型,再到技術(shù)密集型的轉(zhuǎn)換。</p><p>　　關(guān)于提高中國(guó)整體國(guó)民福利,建設(shè)社會(huì)主義和諧社會(huì)問(wèn)題多年來(lái),中國(guó)盡享勞動(dòng)力成本低廉之便,在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中“無(wú)往而不利”,對(duì)外貿(mào)易迅速發(fā)展,外匯儲(chǔ)備急劇攀升,似乎形成了“中國(guó)產(chǎn)品就是有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力”的某種思維定勢(shì)。然而, 這種優(yōu)勢(shì)在相當(dāng)程度上是通過(guò)透支當(dāng)代甚至后代的福利形成的。有些企業(yè)不要說(shuō)達(dá)到SI8000 標(biāo)準(zhǔn),就連起碼的員工社會(huì)保障、加班付酬、工時(shí)限制等都很難做到。環(huán)境污

78、染、生態(tài)破壞等“外部性”代價(jià)基本上都沒(méi)有計(jì)入成本。企業(yè)看似強(qiáng)勁的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力實(shí)質(zhì)上是多層面“扭曲”的產(chǎn)物?，F(xiàn)在看來(lái),如果我們還像過(guò)去那樣, 鼓勵(lì)低價(jià)出口的措施越多,我國(guó)國(guó)民福利犧牲的代價(jià)就越大。這明顯與樹(shù)立科學(xué)發(fā)展觀、建設(shè)資源節(jié)約型社會(huì)、環(huán)境友好型社會(huì)以及社會(huì)主義和諧社會(huì)的目標(biāo)相悖。美國(guó)人跟我們鬧貿(mào)易摩擦,促使中國(guó)企業(yè)、政府和全社會(huì)更加關(guān)注民生, 注重保障勞工福利和人民福祉,樹(shù)立強(qiáng)烈的環(huán)境意識(shí),重視資源節(jié)約和環(huán)境保護(hù), 其中的積極意義是顯而易